Environmental Toxicology最新文献

{"title":"Subchronic Exposure of Tri‐Ortho‐Cresyl Phosphate Reduces T‐Cell Population in Mice","authors":"Jiaqi Wang, Jie Chen, Zixuan Pan, Pan Wang","doi":"10.1002/tox.24552","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.24552","url":null,"abstract":"Tri‐ortho‐cresyl phosphate (TOCP) is a widely used organophosphorus compound in industry and agriculture, but its immunotoxicity has not been thoroughly investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the immunotoxicity of TOCP in mice by examining changes in immune cell populations and histopathological alterations in the spleen. Male ICR mice were administered TOCP via daily oral gavage at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight (BW)/d for 28 days to evaluate its effects on immune cell populations in blood and spleen. TOCP treatment at 400 mg/kg BW/d reduced white blood cell counts by 18% and decreased lymphocyte counts by 10.5% compared to the control group. Specifically, CD3<jats:sup>+</jats:sup>CD4<jats:sup>+</jats:sup> T cell counts in blood decreased by 17.4%. In the spleen, TOCP exposure reduced the proportion of T cells by 13.3%. TOCP also disrupted the structural integrity of the splenic white pulp. In vitro the TOCP metabolite cresyl saligenic phosphate (CBDP) inhibited splenic lymphocyte proliferation, selectively increasing T cell proportions by 21.25% and inhibiting B cell proportions by 13.18%, different from in vivo findings. This suggests that the reduction of T cells observed in vivo may not be solely due to direct cytotoxic effects of TOCP on T cells. These observed changes in immune cell counts and spleen histology indicate that TOCP has a systemic immunotoxicity in vivo, which could lead to compromised immune surveillance and defense function.","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":"66 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144532941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ecotoxicology of Mercerized Cellulose–Treated Tannery Effluents Using Salvinia auriculata (Salviniaceae) as a Bioindicator","authors":"Alex Rodrigues Gomes, Letícia Paiva de Matos, Abner Marcelino Silva, Abraão Tiago Batista Guimrães, Thiarlen Marinho da Luz, Rafaela Ribeiro de Brito, Aline Sueli Lima de Rodrigues, Juraci Alves de Oliveira, Ivandilson Pessoa Pinto de Menezes, Guilherme Malafaia","doi":"10.1002/tox.24550","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.24550","url":null,"abstract":"Given the growing concern over the environmental impacts of industrial effluents, particularly from tanneries, assessing the ecotoxicological risks associated with these effluents, even after remediation treatments, is crucial. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the potential effects of exposure to raw and treated tannery effluents with mercerized microcrystalline cellulose particles (MCPs) on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Salvinia auriculata</jats:italic></jats:styled-content>. This study addresses the need for sustainable treatment alternatives that can reduce toxicity while assessing the residual impacts on aquatic plants. Plants were exposed to effluent dilutions (0.3% and 3.1%) for 15 days under controlled conditions. Biomarkers related to growth, photosynthesis (chlorophyll <jats:italic>a</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>b</jats:italic>, and total), oxidative stress (ROS, MDA, nitrite), and antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, and SOD/CAT ratio) were analyzed. Although MCPs reduced chromium concentrations, treated effluents still caused significant toxicity, with root growth inhibition reaching 40% and chlorophyll <jats:italic>a</jats:italic> decreasing by over 30%. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Cluster Analysis revealed clear group separation, driven by Cr accumulation and changes in key physiological and biochemical markers. These findings highlight the partial effectiveness of MCPs and the importance of including ecotoxicological endpoints when evaluating treatment technologies. Although MCPs represent a promising step toward environmentally friendly remediation, further optimization is needed to reduce residual toxicity and assess long‐term and multispecies effects. The study also reinforces the utility of aquatic macrophytes as sentinel organisms in environmental monitoring and supports the development of more robust effluent management strategies that integrate both chemical and biological evaluations.","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":"93 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144319558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to “LINC01572 Promotes Triple‐Negative Breast Cancer Progression Through EIF4A3‐Mediated β‐Catenin mRNA Nuclear Exportation”","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/tox.24551","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.24551","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144311360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic Diversity in Commercial Danio rerio and Its Implications for Ecotoxicology.","authors":"Carmen M Flores-Farfan, Alejandro J Condori-Flores, Sergio B Bernuy-Rodriguez, Mário J Araújo, Rodrigo A Caceres-Zegarra, Eusebio W Colque-Rondon, Daniel S Luque-Zurita, Edgar Quispe-Chipana, Luis C Lizarraga-Vargas, Alexandre Campos, Vitor Vasconcelos, Armando J Arenazas-Rodriguez","doi":"10.1002/tox.24548","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.24548","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a widely used aquatic model organism. However, fish from confined groups may experience inbreeding and loss of heterozygosity, which could affect biological responses and research outcomes. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the genetic differences among zebrafish populations from different commercial suppliers and assess their influence on responses to copper exposure. Seven groups of 3-month-old zebrafish were obtained from the major commercial breeders in the Arequipa region, Peru, and coded as zfRS, zfRN, zfHN, zfHV, zfHS, zfDN, and zfCN. Morphometric and morphological analyses were performed on a subsample, while genetic assessments focused on the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene, examining phylogeny, haplotypes, and polymorphisms. Additionally, mortality, sublethal effects, and liver histology were evaluated in response to four copper concentrations (ranging from 0.125 to 1.0 mg/L). No evident morphometric or morphological distinctions were observed between groups. On the contrary, COI gene assessment classified the seven groups into two main genetic clades, with the zfRS group being genetically distinct from the others. Two primary origins (Asian and North American) were identified, and moderate haplotype diversity (0.43 ± 0.06) and low nucleotide diversity (0.00137 ± 0.00) were observed. The zfHS and zfRN groups exhibited the highest intra-group variability. Significant differences in lethal and sublethal responses to copper exposure were found, along with distinct forms of histological damage (e.g., steatosis, hemorrhages, fibrosis, and nuclear damage). Notably, the most genetically diverse groups (zfHS and zfRN) exhibited the highest resistance to copper-induced stress. Relying exclusively on fish from commercial breeders with uncontrolled confined populations for ecotoxicology research may lead to biased conclusions, as these factors affect the consistency and reliability of biological responses in laboratory testing. Therefore, the use of fish from potentially long-standing confined groups in research must be avoided.</p>","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144274475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biopesticide Exposure Increases Aggression Without Impairing Nestmate Recognition in a Social Paper Wasp","authors":"Livia De Fazi,&nbsp;Rita Cervo,&nbsp;David Baracchi,&nbsp;Claudia Bruschini,&nbsp;Federico Cappa","doi":"10.1002/tox.24547","DOIUrl":"10.1002/tox.24547","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Biopesticides have gained increased attention as sustainable substitutes for synthetic pest control products. Nonetheless, in recent years, a growing body of research has highlighted their undesired effects on non-target organisms, including sublethal impacts on social behavior. Here, we investigate the potential adverse effects of a common biopesticide, the entomopathogenic fungus <i>Beauveria bassiana</i>, on the nestmate recognition ability of the paper wasp <i>Polistes dominula</i>. Nestmate recognition, based on individual cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) profiles, plays a key role in the colony integrity of social insects, avoiding foreign intrusion and the spread of pathogens inside the nest. <i>P. dominula</i> workers were topically exposed to the biopesticide, and subsequent presentation behavioral assays and GC–MS chemical analyses were carried out to evaluate possible changes both in the nestmate recognition ability and chemical profile induced by <i>B. bassiana</i>. Biopesticide exposure altered the CHCs profile of exposed wasps and triggered increased aggression toward both exposed nestmates and foreign individuals, while not disrupting the colony nestmate recognition system. The higher aggressive response toward exposed wasps likely represents an adaptive strategy to prevent the entrance of pathogen-infected individuals into the nest. The present study demonstrates how an integrated approach based on behavioral bioassays and chemical analyses can effectively evaluate the sublethal effects of plant protection products on non-target organisms.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":"40 11","pages":"1321-1331"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144265731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nano Zinc Oxide Toxicity Varies With Age and Sex in Panagrellus redivivus","authors":"Lola Virág Kiss,&nbsp;Dóra Klára Baranyi,&nbsp;András Ittzés,&nbsp;Anikó Seres,&nbsp;Péter István Nagy","doi":"10.1002/tox.24544","DOIUrl":"10.1002/tox.24544","url":null,"abstract":"<p>ZnO NPs can adsorb onto soil particles and potentially enter groundwater. Nematodes and other soil microfauna are vital to the soil's health and nutrient cycles, yet they are seriously endangered by ZnO NPs. A dose–response study using <i>Panagrellus redivivus</i> was applied. The study evaluated the effects of ZnO NPs with sizes of 15 and 140 nm on various age groups (J2, J3-J4 and adult) and sexes. After nematodes were exposed to varying ZnO concentrations, their survival was assessed 24 h later using a microplate setup. Males demonstrated increased mortality at higher concentrations of ZnO (15 nm), due to their size and morphological differences. As for the age groups, J2 larvae showed the lowest survival rate to ZnO NPs. However, the larger-size ZnO NPs proved to be more toxic in the case of younger age groups and marginally more toxic in adult and female individuals due to their irregular shape and higher ion release. Our results highlight significant differences in survival to ZnO NPs based on nematode sex and age. Larvae (J2) were the most responsive, and the difference between the two applied compounds was the most visible there, suggesting the importance of involving various life stages in toxicity assessments.</p>","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":"40 11","pages":"1308-1320"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/tox.24544","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144183952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maternal Exposure to an Environmentally Relevant Phthalate Mixture Modulates the Steroidogenic Genes in the Adrenal Glands Throughout Postnatal Development of Male Rats","authors":"Natália Magosso,&nbsp;Patrick Vieira de Souza,&nbsp;Ariana Musa Aquino,&nbsp;Vanessa Aguiar Rocha,&nbsp;Matheus Naia Fioretto,&nbsp;Luiz Guilherme Alonso Costa,&nbsp;Silvana Gisele Pegorin de Campos,&nbsp;Luiz Fernando Barbisan,&nbsp;Luis Antonio Justulin,&nbsp;Jodi A. Flaws,&nbsp;Wellerson Rodrigo Scarano","doi":"10.1002/tox.24545","DOIUrl":"10.1002/tox.24545","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Phthalates are a group of chemicals used as plasticizers to enhance the malleability and flexibility of various products. The adrenal glands are responsible for producing hormones that maintain homeostasis, regulate blood pressure, and mediate stress responses. Early exposure of the adrenal glands to environmental toxicants can impair important responses, which can result in damage of adrenal development and functionality. This study aimed to investigate the effects of maternal exposure to a phthalate mixture on the development of the offspring's adrenal glands. Pregnant females (SD) were divided into three groups and treated daily, orally, from gestational day (GD) 10 to postnatal day (PND) 21 with corn oil (vehicle; Control: C) or a phthalate mixture containing 21% DEHP, 35% DEP, 15% DBP, 8% DiBP, 5% BBzP and 15% DiNP at doses of 20 μg/kg/day (T1) or 200 mg/kg/day (T2). The pups were weighed and euthanized at PND22, PND120, and PND540. Adrenal glands were collected and analyzed for steroidogenesis. Our results indicate that both doses of the mixture affected cholesterol metabolism and its mitochondrial internalization, altered the expression of <i>StAR</i>, <i>Cyp11a1</i>, and <i>Cyp19a1</i>, and created a microenvironment conducive to estrogenization. With aging, both doses modulated steroidogenic genes, leading to indications of hyposecretion. The higher dose (T2) also induced mitochondrial stress through the overexpression of <i>Gpx1</i>. In conclusion, our findings highlight the genic expression alterations in the adrenal glands of offspring exposed to phthalates during gestation and lactation, as well as their long-term consequences across different developmental stages, as potential impacts on adrenal homeostasis and metabolic functions.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":"40 11","pages":"1294-1307"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144157574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RETRACTION: Lipoic Acid and Calligonum Comosumon Attenuate Aroclor 1260‐Induced Testicular Toxicity in Adult Rats","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/tox.24543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.24543","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:mixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\">RETRACTION: <jats:string-name><jats:given-names>H.A.A.</jats:given-names> <jats:surname>Aly</jats:surname></jats:string-name>, <jats:string-name><jats:given-names>A.M.</jats:given-names> <jats:surname>Alahdal</jats:surname></jats:string-name>, <jats:string-name><jats:given-names>A.A.</jats:given-names> <jats:surname>Nagy</jats:surname></jats:string-name>, <jats:string-name><jats:given-names>H.M.</jats:given-names> <jats:surname>Abdallah</jats:surname></jats:string-name>, <jats:string-name><jats:given-names>E.A.</jats:given-names> <jats:surname>Abdel‐Sattar</jats:surname></jats:string-name>, and <jats:string-name><jats:given-names>A.S.</jats:given-names> <jats:surname>Azhar</jats:surname></jats:string-name>, “,” <jats:source>Environmental Toxicology</jats:source> <jats:volume>32</jats:volume>, no. (<jats:year>2017</jats:year>): <jats:fpage>1147</jats:fpage>–<jats:lpage>1157</jats:lpage>, <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.22310\">https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.22310</jats:ext-link>.</jats:mixed-citation>The above article, published online on 1 September 2016 in Wiley Online Library (<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http://wileyonlinelibrary.com\">wileyonlinelibrary.com</jats:ext-link>), has been retracted by agreement between the journal Editor‐in‐Chief, April Rodd; and Wiley Periodicals LLC. A third party notified the publisher that they had found evidence of image manipulation in Figure 7. An investigation by the publisher confirmed that Figure 7 panel F is a duplication and 180‐degree rotation of Figure 7 panel E. The retraction has been agreed due to the evidence of image manipulation which fundamentally compromises the conclusions presented in the article. The authors were notified of this decision but did not respond.","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144113799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mixture Matters: Exploring the Overlooked Toxicity of Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim in Aquatic Environments","authors":"Bárbara S. Diogo,&nbsp;Sara Rodrigues,&nbsp;Sara C. Antunes","doi":"10.1002/tox.24528","DOIUrl":"10.1002/tox.24528","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and trimethoprim (TRIM) are two antibiotics included in the third Watch list to be monitored in inland waters by the Water Framework Directive. However, their mixture (MIX) is overlooked and is especially concerning because it mirrors the real conditions in natural aquatic ecosystems. This study aimed to evaluate the toxic effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of SMX (150 μg/L), TRIM (30 μg/L), and MIX (150 μg/L SMX + 30 μg/L TRIM) in different standard species: <i>Aliivibrio fischeri</i> (bioluminescence inhibition), \u0000 <i>Escherichia coli</i>\u0000 ATCC 25922 (growth inhibition), \u0000 <i>Lemna minor</i>\u0000 (growth inhibition and biochemical biomarkers), \u0000 <i>Daphnia magna</i>\u0000 (immobilization/mortality, reproductive effects, and biochemical biomarkers), and \u0000 <i>Danio rerio</i>\u0000 (survival, hatchability, abnormalities, and biochemical biomarkers). Considering all the parameters evaluated, and using the Independent Action model and the antibiotics ecotoxicological assessment approach, the results reveal that: (i) all antibiotics affect the bacteria \u0000 <i>A. fischeri</i>\u0000 and \u0000 <i>E. coli</i>\u0000 differently, causing a pronounced \u0000 <i>E. coli</i>\u0000 inhibition growth; (ii) SMX and MIX were slightly toxic to \u0000 <i>D. magna</i>\u0000 (after 48 h) and \u0000 <i>D. rerio</i>\u0000 (after 96 h), and moderately toxic to \u0000 <i>L. minor</i>\u0000 (after 7 days) and \u0000 <i>D. magna</i>\u0000 (after 10 days); (iii) TRIM was slightly toxic to all organisms tested, except for \u0000 <i>L. minor</i>\u0000 , which exhibited moderate toxicity; (iv) the interaction of the antibiotics in mixture varied significantly depending on the parameter; however, it revealed similar toxicity to SMX. Significant ecotoxicological data were obtained, clarifying the ecological risks of these antibiotics in aquatic ecosystems. Remaining vigilant regarding environmental contamination linked to levels of SMX and TRIM in surface waters is crucial. Assessing the combined impacts of multiple stressors is essential for prioritizing environmental safety and ecotoxicity assessments for antibiotics amidst climate change, preserving the health and integrity of aquatic ecosystems.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":"40 11","pages":"1277-1293"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144122041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bisphenol A Induces Neuronal Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress Through TRPV4 Channel Signaling Pathways: Protective Role of Alpha-Lipoic Acid","authors":"Ramazan Çinar,&nbsp;Mustafa Nazıroğlu","doi":"10.1002/tox.24541","DOIUrl":"10.1002/tox.24541","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Bisphenol A (BPA), an environmental toxin, exerts adverse effects by increasing mitochondrial (mROS) and intracellular (iROS) reactive oxygen species, apoptosis, and Ca²⁺ influx in neurological diseases. However, antioxidants can mitigate these detrimental effects. This study aimed to investigate the protective role of antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) against BPA-induced TRPV4 channel stimulation, oxidant, and apoptotic changes in SH-SY5Y neuronal cells. Five experimental groups were established: control, ALA, BPA, BPA + ALA, and BPA + TRPV4 antagonist (ruthenium red, RuR). BPA increased excessive Ca²⁺ influx and TRPV4 current density, while BPA- and TRPV4 agonist (GSK1016790A)-induced TRPV4 stimulations were downregulated following incubation with ALA and RuR. BPA-induced increases in oxidant markers (lipid peroxidation, mROS, iROS), apoptotic markers (caspase-3, −8, and −9), Zn²⁺, and cell death were reduced by ALA and RuR treatment. Conversely, BPA-induced reductions in cell viability, glutathione, and glutathione peroxidase levels were restored following treatment. In summary, ALA attenuated BPA-induced excess Ca²⁺ influx, Zn²⁺ accumulation, apoptosis, and oxidative neurotoxicity via TRPV4 inhibition. Therefore, ALA may offer protection against BPA-induced neuronal cell death associated with oxidative neurotoxicity.</p>","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":"40 11","pages":"1261-1276"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/tox.24541","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144103879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}