Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata最新文献

{"title":"From nature to nurture: Shifts in the gut microbiota of the brown marmorated stink bug under laboratory rearing conditions","authors":"Maja Fluch,&nbsp;Erika Corretto,&nbsp;Stefanie Fischnaller,&nbsp;Hannes Schuler","doi":"10.1111/eea.13561","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eea.13561","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Halyomorpha halys</i> (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is an invasive pest for agricultural production. It is associated with the primary symbiont “<i>Candidatus</i> Pantoea carbekii”, which is essential for the host's fitness. In a laboratory rearing, a significant loss of fitness was observed, but the reasons remained unknown. Since bacterial symbionts are known to have an important impact on the fitness of their hosts, we investigated the gut microbiota of laboratory-reared <i>H. halys</i> individuals based on 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding. We analyzed individuals from different generations and compared their microbiota to field-collected individuals. The results showed significant differences between natural and laboratory-reared insects. Especially, the primary symbiont <i>Pantoea</i>, which was the most abundant taxon in the field, was lost and replaced by unclassified <i>Enterobacteriaceae</i> and <i>Yersiniaceae</i>. Our results indicate that changes in the composition of the microbial community of the laboratory-reared <i>H. halys</i> had a significant negative influence on the fitness in the laboratory and highlight the impact of changing conditions to the microbial community of insects with consequences on their fitness.</p>","PeriodicalId":11741,"journal":{"name":"Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata","volume":"173 5","pages":"435-441"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/eea.13561","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143793345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlated response to selection for increased body weight on fecundity in Hermetia illucens","authors":"Kriti Shrestha,&nbsp;Petra Junes,&nbsp;Estelle van den Boer,&nbsp;Ilse Christianen,&nbsp;Roland Jacobse,&nbsp;Eric Schmitt","doi":"10.1111/eea.13564","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eea.13564","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Genetic improvement through artificial selection holds potential for improving production of the black soldier fly, <i>Hermetia illucens</i> L. (Diptera: Stratiomyidae). A long-term artificial selection for increased larval body weight is in place for the black soldier fly. To investigate the impact of body weight selection on egg production in this species, four tests were conducted, assessing the phenotypic relationship between pupal body weight, egg clutch weight, number of eggs, and egg size. To measure fecundity, egg clutches were collected from individual females. The egg clutches from the body weight (BW) line, selected for 14, 21, and 32 generations, were compared with those of the base population (BP) line to evaluate the effect of long-term selection for body weight on the reproductive output of the black soldier fly. The maternal pupae weight showed a strong positive correlation (0.73) with egg clutch weight and a moderate positive correlation (0.47) with the number of eggs. The egg clutch weight showed a strong positive correlation (0.79) with the number of eggs and a moderate positive correlation (0.51) with the length of an egg. The BW line showed significantly higher performance over the BP line, with about an 18%–49% increase in egg clutch weight per female, a 24%–30% increase in the number of eggs per clutch, and a 3%–4% increase in the length of an egg. The linear mixed model showed that the selection had significantly increased egg clutch weight over the generations of selection in the BW line. Assessment of phenotypic relationships showed no evidence of reproductive trade-offs with higher body weight in female black soldier flies in this study. This research provides the first empirical evidence of increased fecundity in response to artificial selection for increased larval body weight in the black soldier fly.</p>","PeriodicalId":11741,"journal":{"name":"Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata","volume":"173 6","pages":"532-544"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/eea.13564","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143926203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three-dimensional flight analysis shows associative learning enhances foraging behavior of the specialist parasitoid, Microplitis croceipes","authors":"Basu Dev Kafle,&nbsp;Julio S. Bernal,&nbsp;Henry Y. Fadamiro","doi":"10.1111/eea.13560","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eea.13560","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The reproductive fitness of parasitoids is dependent on their ability to find optimal hosts for oviposition and nectar/honeydew as a sugar source for survival and reproduction. Learning of ecologically relevant odors helps parasitoids refine their foraging behavior to enhance their reproductive success. However, little is known about how associative learning may help parasitoids optimize their flight behavior while foraging for food and/or hosts. This study compared the inflight behavioral responses of naïve and experienced <i>Microplitis croceipes</i> (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) toward two ecologically relevant, host-related volatile compounds, α-pinene and α-farnesene. Using wind tunnel bioassays, we tested the hypothesis that associative learning of ecologically relevant odors would improve the flight responses of <i>M. croceipes</i> females, resulting in oriented and motivated flight toward the odor sources. A behavioral tracking software, which records the flight behavior of insects in three dimensions, was used to track the inflight behaviors of naïve and experienced parasitoids to ecologically relevant odors (α-pinene and α-farnesene) and compare relevant flight-related parameters (response time, time in upwind flight, speed, angular velocity, and tortuosity). The results showed that associative learning significantly improved the foraging behavior of <i>M. croceipes</i> females. Odor learning resulted in more directly oriented upwind flight toward odor sources compared to naïve females. In addition, comparisons of individual flight parameters revealed that learning enables parasitoids to adapt to specific cues, thereby increasing responsiveness and attractiveness to the learned odor. These findings highlight the adaptive significance of associative learning during foraging and host location strategies in parasitoids.</p>","PeriodicalId":11741,"journal":{"name":"Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata","volume":"173 5","pages":"376-385"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143793854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Size and sex in early developmental stages in a frog-biting mosquito","authors":"Richa Singh,&nbsp;Kanishka Singh,&nbsp;Krisha Shah,&nbsp;Ximena E. Bernal","doi":"10.1111/eea.13554","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eea.13554","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Sexual size variation in adult holometabolous insects may arise from selective pressures impacting ontogenetic stages associated with diverse habitats and resource use. In addition, scaling relations of these sexually dimorphic traits play an important role in morphological diversification. In mosquitoes, given the sexual differences in feeding strategies, investigations of the ontogeny of sexually dimorphic traits are of particular interest to understanding their reproductive biology and implementing early sex-separating technologies for vector control. However, our current knowledge of the morphological scaling of body parts over development across sexes is centered around a few well-known species of anthropophilic mosquitoes. In general, there is a noticeable gap in our understanding of the developmental biology of mosquitoes with limited medical consequences. One such mosquito is <i>Uranotaenia lowii</i> (Diptera: Culicidae), a species of growing interest due to its unique host use of feeding exclusively on frogs by eavesdropping on their mating calls. This study takes a step forward toward filling this gap by investigating sexual size dimorphism during the ontogeny of <i>Ur. lowii</i>. We examined larval and pupal stages to focus on traits that allow sex identification to evaluate various sex-sorting techniques that provide a foundation for experimental manipulation. We found that sex identification in <i>Ur. lowii</i> is possible during both larval and pupal stages. In the fourth larval instar, thorax length, abdomen length, and total body length differ significantly between the sexes, showing allometric scaling. In the pupal stage, the allometry of the head and thorax to body size remains consistent, as these parts fuse into the cephalothorax. Successful sorting based on cephalothorax length enables highly accurate pupal sex identification. This research sheds light on the biology of <i>Ur. lowii,</i> an understudied mosquito species, and lays the foundation for future studies on the developmental and reproductive biology of frog-biting mosquitoes.</p>","PeriodicalId":11741,"journal":{"name":"Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata","volume":"173 5","pages":"425-434"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/eea.13554","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143793855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editor's Choice: May 2025","authors":"Leo W. Beukeboom","doi":"10.1111/eea.13562","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eea.13562","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Thermal performance drifts between the egg-parasitoid <i>Telenomus remus</i> and the fall armyworm may threaten the efficacy of biological control under climate change—<i>M. Mubayiwa, H. Machekano, B. M. Mvumi, W. A. Opio, B. Segaiso, F. Chidawanyika, &amp; C. Nyamukondiwa</i> (https://doi.org/10.1111/eea.13557).\u0000 <figure>\u0000 <div><picture>\u0000 <source></source></picture><p></p>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </figure></p>","PeriodicalId":11741,"journal":{"name":"Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata","volume":"173 5","pages":"337"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/eea.13562","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143793916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Irradiated males of the mosquito Aedes aegypti as disseminators of the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae under laboratory conditions","authors":"Juan Leonardo Farfán-Ávila,&nbsp;Carlos F. Marina,&nbsp;Ariane Dor,&nbsp;Alfredo Castillo Vera","doi":"10.1111/eea.13556","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eea.13556","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The mosquito <i>Aedes aegypti</i> (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) is a vector of diseases of global importance, such as dengue fever, chikungunya, and Zika. The increasing geographic expansion of this species, as well as its resistance to chemical insecticides, has prompted the search for alternatives to reduce its populations. The sterile insect technique (SIT) is a promising technique that is applied to regulate mosquito vector populations through the release of sterile males. The use of entomopathogens is another promising technique for vector control. In this study, we evaluated the capacity of irradiated <i>Ae. aegypti</i> males to transport spores of the entomopathogenic fungi <i>Beauveria bassiana</i> (Bals.-Criv.) Vuill. (Ascomycota) and <i>Metarhizium anisopliae</i> (Metchn.) Sorokin (Ascomycota) and infect conspecific females. Our results show that irradiated <i>Ae. aegypti</i> males are able to transport and transmit an infection of both entomopathogens to conspecific females. The time to locate a female is more variable for irradiated males, but overall similar to that for nonirradiated males, and independent of fungal infection status. Thus, irradiation does not appear to affect the capacity of males to transmit a fungal infection to conspecific females. A combination of both control strategies, entomopathogens and SIT, is promising for the control of disease-carrying mosquitoes, but future studies of male sexual competitiveness, in the field in addition to the laboratory, are still required.</p>","PeriodicalId":11741,"journal":{"name":"Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata","volume":"173 5","pages":"417-424"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143793428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal performance drifts between the egg parasitoid Telenomus remus and the fall armyworm may threaten the efficacy of biological control under climate change","authors":"Macdonald Mubayiwa,&nbsp;Honest Machekano,&nbsp;Brighton M. Mvumi,&nbsp;Winnifred A. Opio,&nbsp;Bame Segaiso,&nbsp;Frank Chidawanyika,&nbsp;Casper Nyamukondiwa","doi":"10.1111/eea.13557","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eea.13557","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The fall armyworm, <i>Spodoptera frugiperda</i> J.E. Smith, is a significant global agricultural pest known for its rapid invasion and devastating impact on crops. While pesticides may be effective for controlling the pest in the short-term, they cause several socioeconomic and ecological costs that highlight the need for more sustainable management strategies. <i>Telenomus remus</i> (Nixon) is a promising egg parasitoid for its biological control. For the parasitoid to provide effective ecosystem services, it should be able to survive and coexist within the same ecological niches as its host. However, there is limited information regarding the potential responses of <i>T. remus</i> to thermal changes. In the context of the changing climate environments, it is key to understand the parasitoid's overall environmental fitness in relation to its host. We investigated the effects of short-term (2 h) and long-term (6 h) acclimation pretreatment of <i>T. remus</i> adults and <i>S. frugiperda</i> eggs to high and low temperatures (18°C and 32°C, respectively) in comparison with the control (28°C). <i>Telenomus remus</i> thermal fitness (critical thermal maxima [CT_max], heat knockdown time and critical thermal minima [CT_min]), parasitism rates, and adult emergence were determined. Pretreated <i>S. frugiperda</i> eggs were assessed for hatchability under the control conditions. Acclimation at low (18°C) and high (32°C) temperatures significantly reduced and increased heat tolerance, respectively. Both temperatures, however, reduced cold tolerance. The parasitoid thermal tolerance polygons following acclimation pretreatment, showed significant heat- but not cold-tolerance gains. Fall armyworm eggs short-term acclimated to 32°C had significantly higher (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) but comparable hatchability to the control treatment. Similarly, parasitism and adult emergence rates were significantly lower (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001) following long-term acclimation of host eggs and the parasitoid to 32°C. These findings suggest that high temperatures may decouple the <i>T. remus</i>-fall armyworm ecological relationship, threatening its success in warming regions. The findings provide valuable insights into the potential environmental resilience and suitability of <i>T. remus</i> as a biological control agent across different climates or geographies.</p>","PeriodicalId":11741,"journal":{"name":"Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata","volume":"173 5","pages":"338-350"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/eea.13557","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143793843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wax moth larvae demonstrate a high level of humoral immunity after envenomation by parasitoid Habrobracon hebetor","authors":"Elena S. Kosman,&nbsp;Olga N. Yaroslavtseva,&nbsp;Natalia A. Kryukova,&nbsp;Ulyana N. Rotskaya,&nbsp;Viktor V. Glupov,&nbsp;Vadim Y. Kryukov","doi":"10.1111/eea.13559","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eea.13559","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A successful development of parasitoids on their insect hosts is determined by various factors, including the host's physiological response and proliferation of concomitant microbes. However, such interactions have not been sufficiently studied from the point of view of host immunity. In this report, we studied parameters of immunity in <i>Galleria mellonella</i> L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae after envenomation by <i>Habrobracon hebetor</i> Say (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), infection with the entomopathogenic fungus <i>Metarhizium robertsii</i> JF Bisch, SA Rehner et Humber (Hypocreales) and combination of these treatments. We utilized qPCR to analyze the expression of genes encoding antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), metalloproteinase inhibitors (IMPI), as well as reactive oxygen species-, stress- and apoptosis-related genes in the fat body and integuments of the larvae. The parasitoid's venom upregulates the expression of host genes coding for AMPs, NADP-H oxidase 4 (<i>nox-4</i>), <i>impi</i>, and heat shock proteins (<i>hsp</i> 70). Surprisingly, the envenomated insects responded actively to fungal infection by upregulation of <i>galiomycin</i>, <i>gallerimycin</i>, <i>gloverin</i>, <i>cecropin-like</i>, <i>nox-4</i>, and <i>inhibitor of apoptosis</i> genes in the fat body and/or integuments. We conclude that envenomated wax moth larvae retain a high level of humoral immunity in response to the infection. We discuss that these reactions could be beneficial for the parasitoid, as they prevent the development of opportunistic infections. However, an increase in these immune parameters does not defend wax moth larvae from infection caused by entomopathogenic fungi.</p>","PeriodicalId":11741,"journal":{"name":"Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata","volume":"173 5","pages":"351-360"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143793844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterizing brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys Stål, host plant usage and acceptability: Methodological strengths and shortcomings","authors":"Whitney T. Hadden,&nbsp;James R. Hepler,&nbsp;Elizabeth H. Beers,&nbsp;William Rodney Cooper,&nbsp;Tracy C. Leskey,&nbsp;J. Christopher Bergh","doi":"10.1111/eea.13553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eea.13553","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We assessed the brown marmorated stink bug, <i>Halyomorpha halys</i> (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), seasonal patterns of host use and/or preference using three diverse approaches. We compared <i>H. halys</i> captures in small pyramid traps baited with <i>H. halys</i> aggregation pheromone and deployed them in the mid-canopy of individual host trees during discrete intervals over two seasons. Whereas captures were greatest in the late season, there was no significant effect of host tree species on captures, with the presence of pheromone lures likely confounding the results. Harmonic radar was used to measure the retention duration of tagged <i>H. halys</i> on potted trees, including <i>Ailanthus altissima</i> (Mill.) Swingle (Simaroubaceae), <i>Robinia pseudoacacia</i> L. (Fabaceae), <i>Celtis occidentalis</i> L. (Cannabaceae), <i>Morus rubra</i> L. Moraceae, <i>Prunus persica</i> (L.) Batsch (Rosaceae), and <i>Malus domestica</i> Mill. (Rosaceae) as a proxy for host acceptability. Season-long, adults were retained significantly longer on <i>P. persica</i> and pheromone-baited <i>M. domestica</i> (positive control) compared with the non-host grass treatment (negative control). For nymphs, significantly longer retention was recorded on nearly all hosts compared with the non-host grass treatment. We also evaluated the results of molecular gut content analysis of adults collected in the early and late seasons. Plant DNA from 22 genera across 18 families was detected. Commonly detected early-season hosts included <i>Betula</i>, <i>Diospyros</i>, <i>Juglans</i>, <i>Liriodendron</i>, <i>Prunus</i>, <i>Rubus</i>, and <i>Sisymbrium</i> and late-season hosts included <i>Ailanthus</i>, <i>Chenopodium</i>, <i>Juglans</i>, <i>Persicaria</i>, and <i>Prunus</i>. Overall, harmonic radar provided context for seasonal changes in host acceptability, and gut content results provided confirmation of specific host usage at different points in the season. Combining these two methods could provide a more comprehensive approach for defining host use patterns of this polyphagous pest.</p>","PeriodicalId":11741,"journal":{"name":"Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata","volume":"173 5","pages":"403-416"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/eea.13553","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143793915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing field collection and laboratory conservation of the parasitoid Trichomalus perfectus before release against the cabbage seedpod weevil Ceutorhynchus obstrictus","authors":"Marie D'Ottavio,&nbsp;Geneviève Labrie,&nbsp;Eric Lucas","doi":"10.1111/eea.13555","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eea.13555","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In Canada, the cabbage seedpod weevil pest, <i>Ceutorhynchus obstrictus</i> (Marsham) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), causes damage to canola (<i>Brassica napus</i> L., Brassicaceae) crops. <i>Trichomalus perfectus</i> (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) is the most effective larval parasitoid for controlling it in Quebec and Ontario, but it is absent from the Canadian Prairies. This study aimed to optimize <i>T. perfectus</i> field collection (using sampling methods and selecting optimal collection sites based on local and landscape scales) and laboratory conservation according to cold temperatures, relative humidity (RH), and diet conditions before field releases. Two sampling methods were compared: 54 sweeping nets were conducted for 30 s each, and 20 pod collections lasted 90 s each. At a local scale, 1000 pods were collected from two edges, distributed along adjacent environments, and at two distances of 58 canola fields. At a landscape scale, landscape predictors were measured within a 500-m radius from 37 canola fields. Regarding laboratory conservation, parasitoid females were divided into five groups containing between 50 and 60 females and subjected to different conservation combinations of temperature, RH, and diet to assess survival rates every 8 to 10 days over 105 days. Results indicated that pod collection was superior to sweeping nets for maximizing <i>T. perfectus</i> collection. To release 2000 parasitoids, 223 emergence boxes, each containing 740 pods and generating about 9 parasitoids, would be required, and all pods could be collected in 5.5 h. At a local scale, pod collection along all canola field edges, without specific targeting of adjacent environments, proved effective, maintaining a 5-m distance. At a landscape scale, the collection of <i>T. perfectus</i> is maximized in a more diversified landscape, correlating with eight different landscape elements resulting in 10 <i>T. perfectus</i> per 1000 collected pods. Regarding laboratory conservation, female parasitoids' survival was highest when fed a protein-free diet (only honey solution) and cold-stored for at least 3 months at 5°C and 30%–50% RH.</p>","PeriodicalId":11741,"journal":{"name":"Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata","volume":"173 5","pages":"361-375"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/eea.13555","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143793795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}