Environmental Technology & Innovation最新文献

{"title":"A novel strategy for the management of drug-resistant bacteria in wastewater: Preparation and application of bacteriophage-loaded functionalized Fe3O4 nanoparticles","authors":"Pei Wang ,&nbsp;Xiangyu Kong ,&nbsp;Qibai Chen ,&nbsp;Shenyu Pang ,&nbsp;Shunyuan Pan ,&nbsp;Zepeng Zhao ,&nbsp;He Li ,&nbsp;Dongyang Gao ,&nbsp;Jun Song","doi":"10.1016/j.eti.2025.104702","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eti.2025.104702","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Water resource contamination by drug-resistant bacteria is a critical issue, which directly increases the complexity and difficulty of wastewater treatment. Given the limitations of conventional wastewater treatment methodologies in addressing drug-resistant bacterial contamination, there is an imperative need for the development of novel wastewater treatment technologies. In this study, magnetic Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles was selected as a bacteriophage (phage) delivery system to improve the bacterial capture efficiency of phages. The specific recognition ability of phages and the functional characteristics of Fe₃O₄ were used to achieve efficient targeted removal of drug-resistant bacteria in wastewater through a synergistic effect. The magnetism of the system makes it highly recyclable, minimizes the use of chemical reagents, and reduces the risk of secondary pollution. The results demonstrated that magnetic Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles exhibit good magnetism and can load phages from various host genera as well as different phage families. Surfactin can effectively improve the dispersion and loading capacity of Fe₃O₄. The highest loading efficiency is achieved within 2 h. The loading amount of phage GEP101 reached 2.44 × 10⁸ PFU/mL, with a loading rate of 85.12 %. The loading rate of other phages can exceed 75 %. Within 3 h, it removed 96.82 % of <em>Escherichia coli</em>, significantly inhibited biofilm formation, and maintained a recovery rate of 84.67 % and a loading rate of 53.71 % after 6 cycles. In simulated wastewater, its sterilization rate (97.39 %) was significantly higher than that of other groups, offering a novel solution to the contamination of wastewater by drug-resistant bacteria.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11725,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology & Innovation","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 104702"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145798431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revealing controlled release mechanism of starch-based polyurethane coated urea: A kinetics insight","authors":"Minhui Pang ,&nbsp;Zirui Liu ,&nbsp;Hongyan Li ,&nbsp;Xuan Guo ,&nbsp;Lixia Li","doi":"10.1016/j.eti.2025.104679","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eti.2025.104679","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bio-based coated fertilizers are promising alternatives to conventional chemical fertilizers due to their excellent performances. Identifying key influencing factors and deciphering controlled release mechanism are essential for their development. Kinetic modeling is a powerful tool for elucidating the complex mechanism governing nutrient release. However, a significant technical bottleneck lies in the gap between idealized laboratory evaluations and practical field performance. Herein, controlled release mechanism of starch-based polyurethane coated urea (BPCU), was elucidated based on the synergistic effect of coating materials and environmental factors. Nutrient release behaviors of BPCU were investigated under different temperatures and soil moisture contents. Structural changes of BPCU coating at various release stages were analyzed by using techniques such as SEM in detail, and release kinetics were evaluated using four classical models. It was found that temperature was the key factor affecting its nutrient release, and higher temperature favored the swelling rate resulting in a rapid nutrient release and the shortening release longevity. SEM and CT results indicated that the expansion of the bio-based coating in water increased the volume and number of micropores. Furthermore, the BPCU release process exhibited two kinetic patterns, namely, polymer swelling and relaxation conforming to non-Fickian diffusion in the first half and non-swelling diffusion belonging to Fickian diffusion in the second half. A release kinetics prediction model was proposed, with an average relative error of 14.5 %. This study narrows the gap between laboratory evaluation and practical field application, providing support for the development of bio-based coated fertilizers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11725,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology & Innovation","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 104679"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145693017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low-cost CO₂ sensors reveal seasonal and management-driven soil carbon fluxes in a Mediterranean agroecosystem","authors":"Humberto Flores-Landeros ,&nbsp;Ana Grace Alvarado ,&nbsp;Anna Jurusik ,&nbsp;Jorge Andres Morande ,&nbsp;Emily Waring ,&nbsp;Thomas C. Harmon","doi":"10.1016/j.eti.2025.104743","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eti.2025.104743","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soil is the Earth’s second-largest carbon sink, and understanding soil carbon dynamics is critical for sustainable climate mitigation. Monitoring soil gas emissions offers an effective way to track changes in soil carbon storage driven by climate and agricultural practices. This study assessed seasonal soil CO₂ efflux from 5 ha of agricultural land in Merced, California, a Hot-Summer Mediterranean climate region, as it transitioned from flood-irrigated pasture to sprinkler-irrigated cropland. Five distinct land management events or practices were examined: flood irrigation, pasture grazing, soil disking, rainfed winter forage cultivation, and sprinkler-irrigated row cropping. We hypothesize that efflux regimes are primarily driven by seasonal changes in soil moisture, temperature, and vegetation and that land management activities will restructure these conditions to produce distinct efflux responses. Efflux rates were measured using low-cost portable CO₂ sensors during synoptic sampling campaigns from Summer/Fall 2022 through Fall 2024. The highest mean CO₂ efflux occurred during flood (5.1 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹) and sprinkler irrigation (3.5 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹), approximately 2–4 × greater than during disking, pasture, or cultivation periods. Ordinary least squares regression identified soil moisture as the strongest predictor of efflux (β = 5.91, p &lt; 0.001), followed by vegetation cover (β = 2.92, p &lt; 0.001), and soil temperature (β = 0.04, p &lt; 0.043). Unsupervised cluster analysis grouped observations into three distinct seasonal regimes: (1) Winter (Pasture), (2) Summer (Flood), and (3) Fall (Disking, Pasture, and Sprinkler). These results mainly supported our hypothesis advancing the understanding of how seasonal and management-driven factors shape carbon cycling in Mediterranean agroecosystems and inform practical strategies for monitoring and managing CO₂.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11725,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology & Innovation","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 104743"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145938948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Use of zinc-rich extracts recovered from black mass of spent batteries as a sustainable and efficient alternative source of zinc for plants","authors":"Patricia Almendros ,&nbsp;Gabriel Gascó ,&nbsp;Laura Sánchez-Martin ,&nbsp;Alba Martínez-Nuñez ,&nbsp;Ana Méndez","doi":"10.1016/j.eti.2025.104716","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eti.2025.104716","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores the potential of glycine-based and glycine/NH₃ leaching of zinc (Zn) from pyrolyzed black mass (PBM) of spent Zn/C and alkaline batteries to obtain extracts with fertilizer properties. Zinc recovery was optimized under different extractant/black mass ratios, pH levels and particle size. The most effective extraction conditions were achieved using glycine solutions at pH 10, with a particle size &lt; 50 µm, and a molar ratio of 1:8 (Zn:glycine). The effect of the extracts on germination and vigour of vetch, tomato, lettuce and mustard seedlings was evaluated, as well as their impact on Zn availability in the soil, plant nutrient uptake and microbial biomass after application in a lettuce crop. The results showed that the use of glycine at pH 10 (adjusted with NaOH) allowed the extraction of more than 95 % by weight of Zn from PBM. The extracts showed no phytotoxicity, although their effect depended on the dose, pH and plant species. At doses up to 5 mg Zn L-¹ , they improved the development of vetch, lettuce and mustard seedlings. Zn-glycine was as effective as ZnSO₄ in nutrient uptake by lettuce and in increasing Zn availability in the soil. No synergistic effects of Zn and glycine were detected. These findings support the potential of Zn-glycine extracts from battery waste as an alternative source of micronutrients in agriculture, promoting circular economy strategies and sustainable nutrient recycling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11725,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology & Innovation","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 104716"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145938967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of coexisting ions on Cr(VI) interfacial structures: A charge distribution multi-site complexation (CD-MUSIC) modeling study","authors":"Shenmin Zhou,&nbsp;Xinru Zhang,&nbsp;Shan Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.eti.2025.104710","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eti.2025.104710","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite the fact that chromate [Cr(VI)] adsorption mechanisms have been extensively studied, there is still a lack of knowledge on the influence of typical coexisting ions on Cr(VI) surface structures. Ferrihydrite (Fh), a common naturally occurring material with enormous active sites, and titanium dioxide (TiO₂), the basis for many modified nanomaterials in wastewater treatment, were chosen as the interaction surfaces. Although TiO₂ has a higher specific surface area (196 m²·g⁻¹) than Fh (135 m²·g⁻¹), Cr(VI) adsorption on Fh significantly surpassed that of TiO₂ within pH 3.0 ∼ 8.0. The results of FTIR, XPS, and charge distribution multi-site complexation (CD-MUSIC) model testified that Cr(VI) retention on Fh occurred through monodentate and bidentate inner-sphere adsorption, whereas the inner- and outer-sphere complexes were formed on TiO₂. ClO₄^-, HCO₃^-, and SO₄^2-, which mostly undergo outer-sphere adsorption, could barely interfere with Cr(VI) adsorption on Fh, but the outer-sphere adsorption of Cr(VI) on TiO₂ was greatly inhibited. By creating a cation-bridged surface complex, Cd²⁺ significantly improved the adsorption and immobilization stability of Cr(VI), whereas Fe³⁺ competed with Cr(VI) for the surface sites. According to desorption experiments, the Cr(VI) bidentate species was less likely to redissolve than the monodentate and outer-sphere complexes. Arsenate severely inhibited Cr(VI) adsorption but increased the percentage of monodentate adsorption of Cr(VI) on Fh, which in turn improved the mobility of Cr(VI). Our findings provide molecular-level surface structures and predictive models for Cr(VI) removal in the presence of coexisting ions, which is important in the co-removal of multiple pollutants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11725,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology & Innovation","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 104710"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145939164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bulking agents enhance humification and mitigate odor during kitchen waste composting by modulating bacterial dynamics","authors":"Jingyuan Ma,&nbsp;Ruolan Tang,&nbsp;Ziyang Bao,&nbsp;Tianlong Song,&nbsp;Guoxue Li,&nbsp;Qianlin Gao,&nbsp;Jing Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.eti.2025.104698","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eti.2025.104698","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aerobic composting is a promising strategy for kitchen waste valorization, yet inadequate humification and odor emissions hinder its efficiency and sustainability. This study investigated the effects of corn straw (CS) as a bulking agent in kitchen waste composting, employing watermelon seedlings (WS) with varying attributes to assess the influence of its physicochemical characteristics. CS addition markedly enhanced humification (HA/FA ratio increased from 0.76 to 3.11) and reduced emissions of key odorants like methyl mercaptan (MM) and H₂S by 68.12 % and 43.64 %, respectively, leading to a 62.81 % decrease in overall odor intensity. In contrast, WS addition increased the overall odor intensity by 84.42 %. Analysis of bacterial community dynamics in the CS treatment elucidated the underlying microbial mechanisms. The enhanced efficacy stems from its bidirectional microbial regulation: it propelled diversity and selectively enriched key functional guilds (e.g., <em>Bacillus</em>, <em>Thermobifida</em>, and <em>Flavobacterium</em>) critical for the mineralization of recalcitrant organics and humification. Concurrently, CS suppressed proliferation of taxa linked to anaerobic fermentation and sulfur reduction (e.g., <em>Pseudomonas</em>, <em>Thermobacillus</em>), thereby disrupting core malodorous metabolic pathways. These findings reveal the microbial basis for how lignocellulosic bulking agents improve compost quality and provide a practical strategy for the sustainable management of kitchen waste.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11725,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology & Innovation","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 104698"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145939509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the removal of PFAS during hydrothermal carbonization of sewage sludge","authors":"G. Altiparmaki ,&nbsp;G. Gatidou ,&nbsp;Emma Knight ,&nbsp;Ian Allan ,&nbsp;D. Liakos ,&nbsp;A.S. Stasinakis ,&nbsp;S. Vakalis","doi":"10.1016/j.eti.2025.104727","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eti.2025.104727","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are frequently detected in sewage sludge and pose significant health risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation. Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) offers a promising thermochemical method to manage sewage sludge while destroying embedded PFAS. This study investigated PFAS fate during HTC of PFAS-spiked sewage sludge under varied conditions (200–300 °C, 2 h), including tests on anaerobically digested sludge at 250 °C with different pressures and pH adjustments. Removal efficiencies for seven targeted PFAS were quantified across solid, liquid, and gas phases. The C5–C10 perfluorocarboxylates were removed by over 94 % under all experimental conditions included different temperatures (200–300 °C), pressures (38.3–68.3 bar) and pH rates (7 – 9) with NaOH and KOH, while C11 perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) showed only 55–75 % removal, indicating greater recalcitrance. Mass balance calculations confirmed extensive PFAS degradation, with less than 0.001 % transferred to the gas phase, as verified by UPLC/QTOF analysis. Notably, trace amounts of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA) were detected in the gas phase at neutral pH but were absent at pH 9. Overall HTC performance (mass balances, pH, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)) was evaluated, and phytotoxicity tests highlighted that the resulting hydrochar is unsuitable for use as a soil amendment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11725,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology & Innovation","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 104727"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146034620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamics of solvent and hydrogen production profile of a coculture of Clostridium beijerinckii and Clostridium pasteurianum","authors":"Okezie Emmanuel ,&nbsp;Christopher Chukwudi Okonkwo ,&nbsp;Thaddeus Chukwuemeka Ezeji","doi":"10.1016/j.eti.2026.104755","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eti.2026.104755","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Exploiting renewable waste streams, such as crude glycerol from biodiesel plants and anaerobic digestate effluent (ADE), as fermentation substrates provides a sustainable route for decreasing their discharge into the environment. This study investigated the coculture of <em>Clostridium beijerinckii</em> NCIMB 8052 and <em>Clostridium pasteurianum</em> ATCC 6013 with the following objectives: (i) to determine whether coculturing enhances glycerol metabolism, (ii) to understand the interactions and population dynamics between the two species, and (iii) to characterize the fermentation products, including acetone, butanol, ethanol (ABE), 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PDO), and gases, during fermentation of mixed glucose and glycerol substrates and in a 100 % ADE-borne glucose-glycerol medium. The coculture grew in ADE-borne medium, albeit at a reduced rate, to produce ABE. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (real-time quantitative PCR) analysis of <em>recA</em> and <em>gyrA</em> copy numbers revealed that the microbial consortium comprised ⁓60 % <em>C. beijerinckii</em> and 40 % <em>C. pasteurianum</em> during ABE fermentation. Gas chromatography showed that cumulative hydrogen production by the coculture was ⁓1.47- and 1.48-fold higher than in <em>C. pasteurianum</em> and <em>C. beijerinckii</em> monocultures, respectively. Interestingly, the coculture did not produce 1,3-PDO, and gene expression and enzymatic assays indicated significant (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05) repression of glycerol-to-1,3-PDO production pathways in <em>C. pasteurianum</em>. These findings demonstrate synergistic interactions within the coculture of <em>C. pasteurianum</em> and <em>C. beijerinckii</em>, as evidenced by enhanced growth, increased butanol and hydrogen production profiles, and the elimination of 1,3-PDO formation. The study further highlights the feasibility of employing ADE as a renewable, waste-derived substitute for conventional potable water and nutrients in ABE fermentation and sustainability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11725,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology & Innovation","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 104755"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146034617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria as ecological architects of soil ecosystems; Future perspectives","authors":"Ugur Azizoglu,&nbsp;Estibaliz Sansinenea,&nbsp;Aurelio Ortiz,&nbsp;Leandris Argentel-Martínez,&nbsp;Ofelda Peñuelas-Rubio,&nbsp;Jae-Ho Shin","doi":"10.1016/j.eti.2026.104759","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eti.2026.104759","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soil degradation from intensive agriculture, erosion, and climate change increasingly threatens critical functions such as nutrient cycling, water retention, aggregate stability, and biodiversity. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are emerging as key players in redesigning resilient soil ecosystems. Beyond conventional biofertilizer roles, PGPR enable green synthesis of nanoparticles for soil remediation and targeted nutrient delivery, support engineered microbial consortia for optimized rhizosphere functions, and enhance climate resilience through improved drought tolerance, salinity resistance, and carbon sequestration. These advances position PGPR as ecological architects that can restore soil health and support sustainable agriculture under environmental stress.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11725,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology & Innovation","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 104759"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146034615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable biodiesel production from waste cooking oil: Process design and techno-economic comparison of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis","authors":"Maya Yaghi ,&nbsp;Nancy Zgheib ,&nbsp;Hosni Takache ,&nbsp;Denys Grekov ,&nbsp;Youssef El Rayess ,&nbsp;Sary Awad","doi":"10.1016/j.eti.2026.104775","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eti.2026.104775","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aims to design and model four different semi-continuous process scenarios for biodiesel production, using virgin oil (VO) as a reference feedstock and waste cooking oil (WCO) collected from restaurants in Beirut. Both heterogeneous and homogeneous catalyst configurations were assessed by a thorough techno-economic analysis to identify the most efficient and cost-effective approach. A total collectable quantity of 22,740 kg/week of WCO was processed for the biodiesel production, representing a collection rate of 45 %. The project was developed with a 15 years lifetime and a target payback period (PBP) of 5 years. CaO and Amberlyst 46 were chosen as heterogeneous catalysts for transesterification and esterification, respectively, while KOH and H₂SO₄ were identified as reference homogeneous catalysts. Technical evaluations revealed that heterogeneous configurations were simpler, requiring fewer treatment steps compared to homogeneous ones, which necessitate catalyst neutralization and extensive purification of biodiesel and glycerol. The economic impact of the catalyst regeneration section was analyzed, particularly for the heterogeneous configurations examined without the CaO regeneration section. The economic feasibility of each setup was evaluated with focus on production capacity and how it impacts the PBP, using a 5-year payback as the reference. Among all configurations, the heterogeneous process without CaO regeneration required the lowest feedstock input of 5600 kg/day to achieve the 5-year payback target. However, as production capacity increased, the economic difference between configurations with and without catalyst regeneration decreased, indicating that catalyst regeneration becomes economically advantageous at larger scales.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11725,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology & Innovation","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 104775"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146074113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}