Environmental Technology & Innovation最新文献

{"title":"Tailoring antifouling properties of hollow fiber membranes via controlled ZnO nanoparticle reinforcement for real water applications","authors":"Inalmar D. Barbosa Segundo ,&nbsp;Benjamin Gabas ,&nbsp;Antoine Roudiere ,&nbsp;Giovana Boaventura de Oliveira ,&nbsp;Karine Cappuccio de Castro ,&nbsp;Daiana Kotra Deda ,&nbsp;João de Deus Pereira de Moraes Segundo ,&nbsp;Jonathan C. Espíndola ,&nbsp;José C. Mierzwa","doi":"10.1016/j.eti.2025.104700","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eti.2025.104700","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hollow fiber membranes are widely applied in water treatment due to their compact design and high surface area-to-volume ratio, yet their practical use is still hindered by fouling and structural instability. Here, we report a tailored approach to overcome these limitations by reinforcing polyethersulfone (PES) membranes with zinc oxide nanoparticles (nano-ZnO) synthesized under controlled precursor and calcination conditions. Among the tested routes, nano-ZnO derived from zinc acetate and calcined at 250 °C for 5 h exhibited exceptional colloidal stability and dispersion in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, enabling seamless integration into the membrane matrix. Incorporation of 4 % nano-ZnO yielded hollow fiber membranes with a uniform asymmetric structure, improved hydrophilicity (60.6° contact angle), and enhanced antifouling behavior, reducing flux decline to 48.5 % (vs. 65.9 % for the control). These membranes achieved significant removal of real-water contaminants (28.1 % COD, 93.2 % turbidity, 69.2 % color), demonstrating performance improvements under natural surface water conditions rather than model foulants. Higher nanoparticle loadings (6–8 %) increased surface area but compromised structural integrity, underscoring the critical role of nanoparticle–polymer compatibility. This work highlights a reproducible pathway to engineer fouling-resistant membranes through controlled nanomaterial synthesis and incorporation, advancing the practical deployment of nanocomposite membranes for sustainable water treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11725,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology & Innovation","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 104700"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145939163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Automated waste classification for smart recycling: A multi-class CNN approach with transfer learning and pre-trained models","authors":"Fatih Gurcan ,&nbsp;Ahmet Soylu","doi":"10.1016/j.eti.2025.104673","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eti.2025.104673","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a comparative analysis of pre-trained CNN models using transfer learning for the multi-class classification of recyclable waste. The dataset used is publicly available and comprises 15,150 images belonging to 12 different categories of recyclable household waste: paper, cardboard, biological, metal, plastic, green-glass, brown-glass, white-glass, clothes, shoes, batteries, and trash. The methodology involves implementing 14 different CNN models pre-trained on ImageNet (e.g., ConvNeXt_V1, ResNet50, MobileNet_V3_Large) on this dataset through a transfer learning procedure. In all pre-trained models, only the final classifier layer was trained, while all other layers were kept frozen, utilizing a feature extraction strategy that leverages previously learned visual representations. This approach significantly reduced training time and computational cost, while minimizing the risk of overfitting in scenarios with limited data. Model performance was evaluated using classification metrics such as accuracy, F1-score, precision, and recall, as well as computational efficiency indicators including architectural depth, parameter count, and training time. According to the findings, the ConvNeXt_V1 model achieved the highest performance with a test accuracy of 96.95 %. On the other hand, MobileNet_V2 (93.90 %), MobileNet_V3_Large (93.69 %), MNASNet_1_0 (93.69 %), RegNet_Y_800MF (92.87 %), and SqueezeNet_1_0 (92.10 %) offered shorter training times (ranging from 2856 to 7219 s) and stood out as efficient alternatives for embedded system applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11725,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology & Innovation","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 104673"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145665352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mitigating soluble phosphorus loss in legacy phosphorus soils: Biosolids characterization and phosphorus-transformation studies","authors":"Gurpal S. Toor,&nbsp;Emileigh Lucas,&nbsp;Fajun Sun,&nbsp;Quin Zabel,&nbsp;Taylor Roswall,&nbsp;Zachary Kiedrowski,&nbsp;Danielle Pressley","doi":"10.1016/j.eti.2025.104685","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eti.2025.104685","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Legacy phosphorus (P) from agricultural soils continues to leak into surface waters. We investigated how biosolids treated with metals (Fe, Al, and Ca) immobilize soluble P (water-extractable P, WEP) in soils while maintaining plant-available P (Mehlich 3-P, M3-P). Two complementary incubations (3–8 weeks; 25 °C) in non-legacy and legacy-P soils (M3-P: 58–139 mg kg⁻¹; 230–953 mg kg⁻¹) tracked WEP, M3-P, and M3-P saturation ratio (M3-PSR). Poultry litter and compost produced the largest WEP and the highest M3-P time-weighted means (TWM: 0.31 and 0.21 mg kg⁻¹ per kg of P), reflecting rapid P release. Fe/Al-treated biosolids (e.g., Bloom ±WTR)) showed small or negative WEP and lower M3-P TWM that declined with increasing application rate (0.12–0.04 mg kg⁻¹ from 1x to 4x). Thermo-hydrolyzed biosolid (low Fe) had a mid-range M3-P TWM (∼0.19 mg kg⁻¹) but the largest delta (Δ) over 8 weeks, consistent with sustained mineralization. WEP_i TWM was –0.002–0.027 across products; increasing Bloom rates reduced WEP_i TWM ( 0.007 to –0.0002 mg kg⁻¹) and Δ (–0.007 to –0.0005 mg kg⁻¹), confirming Fe/Al control of P solubility. M3-PSR changes mirrored product chemistry, with ΔPSR near zero for Bloom and minimal or negative for Fe/Al-treatments. Overall, Fe/Al-treated biosolids effectively reduced soluble P, while some products (e.g., thermo-hydrolyzed, lime-stabilized+WTR) gradually increased plant-available P. We suggest prioritizing Fe/Al-treated biosolids (±WTR) on legacy-P or sandy soils to immobilize soluble P, and applying labile materials (poultry litter, compost, thermo-hydrolyzed biosolids) in split doses on P-deficient soils, guided by M3-P, texture, WEPᵢ, and pH.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11725,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology & Innovation","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 104685"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145749174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tamarix chinensis Lour. cultivation drives microbial succession and network reconfiguration in saline-alkali soil restoration","authors":"Zijian Zhang ,&nbsp;Weishuai Wang ,&nbsp;Ruinan Hou ,&nbsp;Changxiong Zhu ,&nbsp;Yali Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.eti.2026.104770","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eti.2026.104770","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Long-term cultivation of the halophyte as an effective phytoremediation strategy for saline-alkali soils. In this study, soil samples were collected from plots planted with Tamarix chinensis Lour for 5 years (CL5Y), 10 years (CL10Y), and 20 years (CL20Y) at the Experimental Base for Efficient Utilization of Saline-Alkali Land Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences. An unplanted plot was designated as the control (CK). After two decades of continuous planting, soil total salt content and electrical conductivity decreased by 83.7% and 82.9%, respectively, while key nutrient indicators showed marked increases—organic matter increased by 103.7%, available phosphorus by 986.8%, and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen by 127.6%. These substantial shifts collectively indicate a significant improvement in soil quality, with salinity strongly suppressed and fertility substantially enhanced. Soil microbial communities exhibited clear temporal succession in response to planting duration. Short-term (5-year) cultivation significantly enriched functional taxa involved in nitrogen cycling, such as <em>Proteobacteria</em> and <em>Rozellomycota</em>. Medium-term (10-year) planting resulted in peak bacterial α-diversity, with the abundance-based coverage estimator (ACE) index increasing by 20.9%. Long-term (20-year) planting fosters the development of a more complex and robust microbial co-occurrence network. β NTI analysis revealed that deterministic processes increasingly dominated microbial community assembly over time. This study underscores the pivotal role of plant-microbe interactions in mediating soil reclamation, thereby providing a scientific foundation for ecological restoration of saline-alkali lands.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11725,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology & Innovation","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 104770"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146074112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-efficiency selective removal of PHE from soil washing effluent using CX-(TiO₂(x)Zn(y)) composites","authors":"Pengqi Zhang ,&nbsp;Qiang Wu ,&nbsp;Axi Huo ,&nbsp;Yingying Cheng ,&nbsp;Yan Wu ,&nbsp;Xiao Peng ,&nbsp;Xinyue Zhang ,&nbsp;Guanghao Li","doi":"10.1016/j.eti.2026.104790","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eti.2026.104790","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study successfully developed a novel ternary composite material, CX-(TiO₂(x)Zn(y)), for the efficient and selective removal of phenanthrene (PHE) solubilized by the surfactant TX-100 from soil washing effluent (SWE). Through a one-pot sol-gel approach, a ZnTiO₃/TiO₂ Type-II heterojunction was constructed in situ within the carbon xerogel (CX) framework, while ZnCl₂ activation precisely tailored the dominant pore size to ∼3–4 nm. This architecture combines high specific surface area with size-sieving capability, enabling selective enrichment of PHE molecules. Performance evaluation revealed that the optimal material, CX-(TiO₂(0.1)Zn(3)), achieved a total PHE removal of 97.5 % under UV irradiation, significantly outperforming commercial P25 (47.8 %). The high efficiency stems from the synergy between rapid adsorption (reaching 90.42 % in 30 min dark adsorption for CX-(TiO₂(0.05)Zn(3))) and heterojunction-enhanced photocatalytic degradation. The adsorption process followed pseudo-second-order kinetics and the Langmuir monolayer model. Importantly, the material retained &gt; 90 % removal efficiency after four consecutive cycles, demonstrating excellent structural stability and reusability. This work provides a new material strategy for the selective removal and potential resource recovery of persistent organic pollutants in soil washing wastewater, contributing to the development of closed-loop, sustainable soil remediation technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11725,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology & Innovation","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 104790"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146074120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel hybrid machine learning approach for biorefinery products in pesticide-rich wastewater","authors":"Canberk Üngörmüş ,&nbsp;Aytun Onay","doi":"10.1016/j.eti.2026.104758","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eti.2026.104758","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microalgae can produce products with high economic value within the scope of the biorefinery concept. In this study, machine learning (ML) approaches were used to enhance the production of carotenoids and biodiesel from <em>Chlorella minutissima</em> cultured in pesticide-contaminated wastewater, including malathion (Mal), chlorpyrifos (Chl), cypermethrin (Cyp), and atrazine (Atr). The highest carotenoid content reached 8.73 mg/g biomass under specific pesticide stress and cultivation conditions, while biodiesel production attained a maximum value of 139 % under a distinct parameter combination. The hybrid model exhibited strong predictive performance (R²:0.89–0.95), effectively reproducing the experimental responses for both carotenoid (Y₁, mg/g) and biodiesel (Y₂, %) outputs. Model interpretation using SHAP analysis indicated that Mal was the dominant factor influencing carotenoid accumulation, whereas biodiesel production was governed by a more intricate interaction involving Mal, Chl, and LI. Compared to conventional single-output modeling approaches, the proposed hybrid framework enables the simultaneous identification of high-yield operating regions for multiple products under multi-pesticide stress. These data driven observations are consistent with established stress-response mechanisms in microalgae and demonstrate the capacity of ML-based modeling to support informed decision-making in multi-product biorefinery systems operating under complex wastewater conditions. The proposed modeling approach therefore offers practical insight into balancing wastewater remediation with the sustainable production of high-value microalgal bioproducts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11725,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology & Innovation","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 104758"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146034611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From risk to weapon: Composting transforms phytopathogen-contaminated vegetable waste into a sanitized and disease-suppressive fertilizer","authors":"Y. Yang ,&nbsp;J.Q. Liu ,&nbsp;Y.X. Sun ,&nbsp;Z. Xu ,&nbsp;S.N. Dai ,&nbsp;H. Sun ,&nbsp;J. Zhang ,&nbsp;L.R. Celi ,&nbsp;X.H. Wu ,&nbsp;Y.M. Li ,&nbsp;R.X. Chang","doi":"10.1016/j.eti.2025.104725","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eti.2025.104725","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increase of vegetable cultivation areas and frequent plant diseases caused by continuous cropping have made the disposal of phytopathogen-contaminated vegetable waste a pressing problem that needs to be solved. The study carried out a composting experiment of <em>Fusarium oxysporum</em> - contaminated cucumber residues amended with sawdust, sugarcane bagasse, or Chinese herbal residues, in which pathogen concentration was 10⁴CFU/g. Pathogen presence did not disrupt the core biodegradation dynamics of the composting process. After 18 days of composting, the pathogens were effectively removed across all treatments. Sugarcane bagasse emerged as the optimal amendment, as it delivered an 85.47 % <em>Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Cucumerinum</em> (FOC) removal rate and superior maturity (germination index, GI &gt;80 %). Integrated multi-modal analytics revealed that carbon amendments regulate FOC suppression (83.33–85.47 %) via bacillus-mediated pathways and ammonia emissions, while pH governs GI through organic acid conversion. All treatments developed disease-suppressive microbiomes enriched with <em>Bacillus</em>, <em>Aspergillus</em>, and <em>Penicillium,</em> and also showed reduced occurrence of soil borne diseases. Network analyses confirmed functional redundancy despite pathogen-induced taxonomic shifts. This work establishes a circular economy paradigm where composting transforms phytopathogen-contaminated vegetable waste into a sanitized and disease-suppressive fertilizer.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11725,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology & Innovation","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 104725"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145939507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Utilizing industrial waste for preparation of rGO-like carbon /TiO2 composites derived from cassava residue for counter electrodes in dye-sensitized solar cells","authors":"Woranuch Sudthongkong ,&nbsp;Sudarat Premsiripat ,&nbsp;Nattakan Kanjana ,&nbsp;Akkawat Ruammaitree ,&nbsp;Orapan Saensuk ,&nbsp;Poramed Wongjom ,&nbsp;Yingyot Infahsaeng ,&nbsp;Wasan Maiaugree","doi":"10.1016/j.eti.2025.104703","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eti.2025.104703","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Industries utilizing cassava-derived products generate significant waste during production, including cassava residue (CR), yeast-fermented cassava residue (YCR), cassava peels (CPs), and yeast-fermented cassava peels (YCPs). Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was synthesized from these wastes to utilize this biomass while creating value-added materials, using a modified Hummers' method followed by reduction under nitrogen gas at 700 °C. rGO-like carbon was mixed with titanium dioxide (TiO₂) to enhance its properties and subsequently coated onto FTO glass substrates using a doctor blade. This composite material was specifically developed to serve as a counter electrode (CE) in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), providing a sustainable approach by valorizing cassava biomass for renewable energy devices. The DSSCs of champion cell based on rGO-like carbon/TiO₂ composite derived from cassava peels achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 6.86 %, with an open-circuit voltage (<em>V</em>_<em>oc</em>) of 0.76 V, a short-circuit current density (<em>J</em>_<em>sc</em>) of 15.80 mA/cm², and a fill factor (FF) of 0.57. The solar cell efficiency of rGO-like carbon/TiO₂ CE is comparable to that of a platinum (Pt) based device (6.68 %).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11725,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology & Innovation","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 104703"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145939508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable approach to cobalt recycling: Levulinic acid leaching of waste lithium-ion battery cathode materials","authors":"Himanshu Gupta ,&nbsp;Soniya Dhiman ,&nbsp;Pascal G. Stam ,&nbsp;Savi Chaudhary ,&nbsp;Ramaswamy Murugavel ,&nbsp;N. Raveendran Shiju","doi":"10.1016/j.eti.2025.104675","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eti.2025.104675","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The global consumption of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has increased significantly due to the widespread application of electronic devices and electric vehicles. These batteries contain valuable metals, among which cobalt is a critical component. As a strategic material, it is desirable to recover cobalt from spent LIBs, thereby reducing reliance on primary resources. This study presents a sustainable recycling method that utilizes levulinic acid, a biomass-derived organic acid, in combination with hydrogen peroxide for the recovery of cobalt, with analysis conducted via UV-Visible spectrophotometry. The process specifically targets cobalt recovery from the cathode material of waste LIBs sourced from mobile phones. Key experimental parameters including acid concentration, solid-to-liquid (S/L) ratio, reaction time and temperature were systematically optimized. Under optimal conditions of S/L ratio of 1:50 and 80 °C, over 92 % of the cobalt was successfully leached. Complete cobalt leaching was observed at an S/L ratio of 1:500, demonstrating the high leaching capability of the system. The results demonstrate that levulinic acid is both an efficient and environmentally benign leaching agent for critical metal recovery. This approach aligns with circular economy principles by utilizing a renewable, waste-derived leachant and offers a promising green pathway for LIB recycling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11725,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology & Innovation","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 104675"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145972838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of biobutanol-associated genes and pathway limitations in non-virulent Bacillus anthracis 3B1 through functional genome analysis and fermentation optimization","authors":"Rosamond Chan ,&nbsp;Nia Rossiana ,&nbsp;Dedat Prismantoro ,&nbsp;Abdullah Bilal Ozturk ,&nbsp;Kah-Ooi Chua ,&nbsp;Nurul Shamsinah Mohd Suhaimi ,&nbsp;Wan Abd Al Qadr Imad Wan-Mohtar ,&nbsp;Febri Doni","doi":"10.1016/j.eti.2025.104687","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eti.2025.104687","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biobutanol is a promising biofuel alternative that addresses the energy crisis and reduces the environmental impact of fossil fuels. This study investigates the metabolic potential of <em>Bacillus anthracis</em> 3B1, isolated from rice cultivated under the system of rice intensification (SRI). As a facultative anaerobe, <em>Bacillus anthracis</em> 3B1 may offer greater metabolic flexibility and higher tolerance to butanol compared to strictly anaerobic <em>Clostridium</em>. Further gene annotation revealed that the genome of <em>B. anthracis</em> 3B1 lacks virulence genes such as <em>pag</em>, <em>cya</em>, and <em>lef</em>, indicating that the strain is non-virulent. The study integrates descriptive, exploratory, and experimental approaches by combining whole genome sequencing with the screening of various fermentation factors to optimize biobutanol yields and fermentation efficiency, supporting its application in sustainable bioenergy solutions. Functional genome analysis revealed key genes and enzymes involved in butanol biosynthesis. Annotation using the Rapid Annotations using Subsystems Technology (RAST) platform identified a butanol biosynthesis subsystem. Further functional annotation through Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG), Gene Ontology (GO), and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) via eggNOG-mapper indicated the presence of genes encoding butanol-related enzymes, although KEGG analysis suggested an incomplete pathway. Despite these genomic indicators, no butanol was detected under the tested fermentation conditions. However, the strain produced metabolites such as propanol, ethanol, acetoin, carbon dioxide, and acetic acid. Fermentation experiments showed up to 72.57 % glucose consumption and a 0.5 pH drop, indicating active metabolism. These findings suggest that optimizing fermentation or metabolic engineering may be needed to realize <em>B. anthracis</em> 3B1 butanol potential.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11725,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology & Innovation","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 104687"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145798430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}