Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring and Management最新文献

{"title":"Toxicity analysis and degradation studies of chlorpyrifos in agricultural wastewater using magnesium ferrite-gelatin nanocomposites","authors":"Adhithya S ,&nbsp;K.P. Anupama Raj ,&nbsp;Asha Sathish ,&nbsp;K. Nithya","doi":"10.1016/j.enmm.2025.101075","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmm.2025.101075","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In addressing the pressing environmental challenge of Chlorpyrifos (CPF) contamination in agricultural wastewater, we successfully synthesized a novel organic/inorganic bio-adsorbent known as Magnesium-Ferrite Gelatin (MFGEL) nanocomposites using a co-precipitation method. To thoroughly investigate this issue, we collected agricultural wastewater from various locations near Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, and employed the QuEChERS method followed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Our results confirmed that CPF concentrations exceeded the permissible limits established by the EU and USEPA. From our calibration curve, we determined the limit of detection (LOD) to be 0.0225 mg/L and the limit of quantification (LOQ) to be 0.0683 mg/L, demonstrating the sensitivity of our method. Batch studies on the MFGEL nanocomposites revealed a removal efficiency of 99 % for CPF under optimized conditions. Elemental analysis using Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) provided clear evidence of effective CPF adsorption, identifying the presence of chlorine, phosphorus, and sulfur within the MFGEL structure. Our characterization studies showed a significant reduction in crystallinity, confirming the formation of an amorphous structure due to gelatin’s interference in MFGEL. The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis displayed a rough and highly porous surface with irregular shapes, highlighting the effectiveness of the adsorption process. Furthermore, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis indicated that MFGEL possesses a mesoporous structure with a surface area of 30.652 m2/g. The results from Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy analyses further revealed that gelatin in MFGEL introduces functional groups (such as O–H, N–H, and amide groups) that significantly enhance interaction with CPF. In addition, the ferrite component facilitates additional binding through surface complexation. Our reusability studies demonstrate that MFGEL maintains outstanding performance, retaining an adsorption efficiency of 98.7 % to 87 % and a regeneration efficiency of 96 % to 81 % over five cycles. This emphasizes the remarkable effectiveness and robustness of the MFGEL nanocomposite for CPF remediation in agricultural wastewater.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11716,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring and Management","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article 101075"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143906483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon-Based adsorbents for heavy metal removal in Wastewater: Green technology or environmental Burden?","authors":"Yudha Gusti Wibowo","doi":"10.1016/j.enmm.2025.101051","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmm.2025.101051","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Water pollution from industrial, agricultural, and municipal sources demands effective and sustainable treatment solutions. Carbon-based adsorbents, such as activated carbon, biochar, carbon nanotubes, and graphene, offer promising pollutant removal capabilities due to their high adsorption capacities and versatility. However, their energy-intensive production, emissions, and challenges in regeneration raise concerns about environmental sustainability. This is the first study to provide a comprehensive evaluation of both the performance and environmental trade-offs associated with carbon-based adsorbents. Novelty of this study presents a new perspective, highlighting the double-edged nature of these materials—they offer significant pollutant removal potential but impose environmental burdens through energy consumption and chemical waste. It explores key applications, challenges, and trade-offs, such as variability in adsorption efficiency, high production costs, and risks of nanoparticle toxicity. Additionally, this study emphasizes the need for green production processes, composite adsorbents, and sustainable regeneration technologies to optimize their use. This review contributes a new perspective by addressing the dual role of carbon-based adsorbents as both solutions for and contributors to environmental challenges, providing actionable insights for advancing their application in sustainable water treatment systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11716,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring and Management","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article 101051"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143430222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nano-Chitosan coated sand: A sustainable superadsorbent for removal of heavy metals and dye particles from industrial effluents","authors":"Md. Nuruzzaman,&nbsp;Md. Ibrahim H. Mondal","doi":"10.1016/j.enmm.2025.101076","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmm.2025.101076","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nano-chitosan-coated sand adsorbent was prepared by coating chitosan nanoparticles onto treated Padma River sand. CNPs were produced through the application of ionotropic gelation methodology. The effects of parameters such as pHs, adsorbent dosages, contact times, initial dye concentrations, and temperatures were examined on the maximum adsorption capacity. The maximum adsorption capacities of brilliant green, methylene blue, reactive brown dyes, chromium, and nickel heavy metal ions by NCCS were observed at a temperature of 318 K, which were 5.001 mg/g, 8.012 mg/g, 6.386 mg/g, 48.387 mg/g, and 24.258 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption process conformed to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, indicating that the adsorption was monolayer. The adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic across the temperature ranges. As the reaction kinetics analysis indicated, the adsorption process followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The adsorption capacity of NCCS is exceptionally high, allowing for the effective capture and removal of a diverse array of heavy metals and dyes from aqueous solutions, consequently contributing to the advancement of environmental remediation and pollution abatement initiatives.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11716,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring and Management","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article 101076"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143937178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of human health risk related with arsenic and other metal contamination in water of İznik lake (Turkey)","authors":"Şehnaz Şener ,&nbsp;Erhan Şener ,&nbsp;Cafer Bulut","doi":"10.1016/j.enmm.2025.101041","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmm.2025.101041","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This comprehensive study examines the environmental dynamics of the İznik Lake which is the fifth largest natural lake of our country, investigating temporal and spatial trends in heavy metal pollution and its effects on human health. Lake water samples were taken from various areas of the lake (19 different sampling points), including the central area of the lake, surrounding areas, points where streams empty into the lake, and near the shoreline. The average concentrations (μg/L) of heavy metals were as follows: Al (13.66) &gt; Fe (11.37) &gt; As (6.15) &gt; Mn (2.54) &gt; Zn (2.46) &gt; Pb (0.61) &gt; Cu (0.42) &gt; Cr (0.36) &gt; Ni (0.22). Al, Fe and As are the metals found in the highest concentrations in lake waters. According to index results, water quality index (WQI) value and heavy metal pollution index (HPI) indicated suitable for use of waters as drinking water. All of the samples are in the “low pollution” class in accordance with the heavy metal evaluation index (HEI) and degree of contamination (Cdegree) values. In addition, HTL indicated “low toxicity” class. The results of the health risk assessments were that consumption of the lake water could lead to both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health problems in terms of As. The results indicate that İznik Lake is contaminated with heavy metals and is not suitable for drinking water or agricultural use. In addition, this study revealed that metals measured at low concentrations may have adverse effects on human health. This study for İznik Lake is one of the first in the field and can be a reference for future similar studies for the protection and safe use of the lake and control of pollutants around the lake.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11716,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring and Management","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article 101041"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143103962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hedgehog-like ZnO nanostructures naturally formed in biochar: An innovative approach for cephalexin removal","authors":"J.C. Gómez-Vilchis ,&nbsp;G. García-Rosales ,&nbsp;L.C. Longoria-Gándara ,&nbsp;D. Tenorio-Castilleros","doi":"10.1016/j.enmm.2025.101046","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmm.2025.101046","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study developed hedgehog-like ZnO nanostructures supported on biochar (B/ZnO), characterized by three-dimensional nanocrystal clusters radiating from a central core. These structures exhibit high specific surface area and porosity, enhancing their performance in adsorption and photocatalysis for removing emerging contaminants such as cephalexin (CEX) from aqueous solutions. The growing concern over antibiotics and their metabolites in water, coupled with the rise of antibiotic resistance, highlights the need for efficient methods to mitigate their environmental, agricultural, and health impacts. While optimization of ZnO particles for contaminant removal continues, this research introduces a biochar-supported ZnO hedgehog composed of nano-rods with a substantial specific surface area of 265 ± 0.2 m² g⁻¹. This feature significantly enhances its adsorption capacity and photocatalytic efficiency in the degradation of CEX. Experimental results indicate that the Langmuir adsorption model accurately describes the data, suggesting that adsorption predominantly occurs in a monolayer and follows a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Photodegradation reaction rates of 2.70 × 10⁻² min⁻¹, 2.2 × 10⁻² min⁻¹, and 1.8 × 10⁻² min⁻¹ demonstrate the material’s high photocatalytic efficiency, reinforcing its potential as a viable solution for treating antibiotic-contaminated water.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11716,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring and Management","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article 101046"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143103967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soil geochemistry and health risk assessment: A study of Kabini Basin, southern Western Ghats, India with special reference to heavy metalloids","authors":"Himanshi Gupta ,&nbsp;Appukuttanpillai Krishnakumar ,&nbsp;Krishnan Anoop Krishnan","doi":"10.1016/j.enmm.2025.101048","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmm.2025.101048","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present study analyzed the adulteration and health risk evaluation in the agricultural soil of Kabini basin. Along with the physico-chemical properties the geochemistry of ten heavy metalloids [HM<em>(oids)</em>] (V, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, Rb, Ga, Y, Ba, Zr, Sr) were studied by wavelength dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (WD-XRF) for monsoon and non-monsoon seasons. All the HM<em>(oids)</em> except for Sr and seasonal Zr are found to exceed the standards given by upper continental (UCC). The most diverse seasonal variation in the region is observed for Y (114%) and Rb (99%). The increasing population along the region demands higher resources and resulted in changing HM<em>(oids)</em> distribution along the basin. The evidence from the pollution assessment; geo-accumulation index (Igeo) and contamination factor (Cf) shows the moderate pollution risk due to Cr, V and Cu and overall evaluation as of pollution load index (PLI) shows low to moderate pollution conditions. The changing toxicity of HM<em>(oids)</em> in the soil imparts significant risk to the human health in all age groups. The common pathway; ingestion in the area shows high non-carcinogenic risk for both child and adult (for both seasons) and in dermal pathway Cu and Zr toxicity is observed among the child (both seasons). Additionally, Ni and Cr being the prominent carcinogens detected in the region, that might cause the chance of respiratory or lung related issues in the basin. The overall sources of these HM<em>(oids)</em>and their correlations was performed using PCA and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient suggest both geogenic and anthropogenic activities in the region. The source of (V, Cr, Ni, Ga, Rb) are geogenic and (Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Ba, Sr) are anthropogenic in the terrain.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11716,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring and Management","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article 101048"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143103968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bacterial assisted preparation of cadmium sulfide/polyvinyl alcohol nanocomposites and its biological applications","authors":"S. Rajeshkumar ,&nbsp;C. Malarkodi ,&nbsp;Arpita Roy ,&nbsp;Tharani Munusamy ,&nbsp;Ashish Kumar ,&nbsp;Hendrix Yulis Setyawan ,&nbsp;Kuldeep Sharma ,&nbsp;Rajan Verma","doi":"10.1016/j.enmm.2024.101030","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmm.2024.101030","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cadmium sulfide is one of the most vital materials, and this research discusses the environmentally friendly synthesis of CdS nanoparticles using <em>Bacillus subtilis</em>. Bacterial synthesis was utilized to produce cadmium sulfide nanoparticles within Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) at four distinct concentrations. This study focused on generating CdS/ PVA films, where cadmium sulfide nanoparticles of varying sizes were dispersed within polyvinyl alcohol matrices. The PL (Photoluminescence) spectrum and UV–visible spectrum showed the CdS/PVA quantum confinement effect. TEM and XRD analyses demonstrate the formation of well-dispersed CdS nanoparticles and CdS films with a cubic phase embedded within the PVA matrix. The morphological changes between the nanocomposite clearly showed in the TEM images. Primarily spherical shaped CdS nanoparticles were formed as observed in the SEM analysis, and it was found that the CdS/PVA nanocomposite are different like shapeless. FTIR spectrums of CdS/PVA nanocomposites in different concentration shows the participation of biomolecules in the nanocomposite’s formation. The prepared nanocomposite showed potential anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity against microbial pathogens. Thus CdS/PVA nanocomposites can be used in many potential biomedical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11716,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring and Management","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article 101030"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143104514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Health risk associated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in dumpsites in southwestern Nigeria","authors":"Thompson Faraday Ediagbonya ,&nbsp;Treasure Ejodamen Omotade ,&nbsp;Okechukwu Solomon Ihuoma","doi":"10.1016/j.enmm.2024.101028","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmm.2024.101028","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) remain poorly understood, despite their detrimental impacts and role as human mutagens in developing countries such as Nigeria, disruptors, and malignancies. Five dumpsites in South-Western Nigeria were investigated to determine PAH concentrations in soil: Ojota and Oko filling in Lagos state, Ijagun in Ijebu-Ode, Ogun state, and Okitipupa and Irele LGA in Ondo state. The amount of PAHs was assessed using GC-FID. PAHs compounds had limits of detection (LOD) of 0.01 µg/kg, quantification (LOQ) of 0.1 µg/kg, and recovery rates of 82.4 %-95.2 %. At site A (Idimu, oko-filling), BkF had the highest mean PAH concentration (10.94 mg/kg). B(g,h,i)P was second with 3.19 mg/kg, DB(ah)A third with 2.86 mg/kg, and Phen fourth with 1.16 mg/kg, for a total of 19.95 mg/kg. At site B (Ojota dumping), no Flu, Ant, Flt, Cry, B(a)A, B(b)f, or B(k)F concentrations were identified, but the total PAH concentration was 51.44 mg/kg. The highest mean concentration of PAH was B(a)P (35.96 mg/kg), followed by IP (5.43 mg/kg), B(g,h,i)P (4.27 mg/kg), and DahA (3.96 mg). The overall concentration at location C (Ijagun, Ijebu-Ode) was 5.80 mg/kg. Flt Nap, Acy, Flu, Ant, Nap, Pyr, Chry, B(a)A, DB(ah)A, IP, B(b)F, and B(g,h,i)P were not found at site D. The only concentrations listed were Ace (0.74 mg/kg) and B(a)P (1.34 mg/kg). The total concentration measured at Site D was 12.12 mg/kg. Site E, like site D, contained no mean concentrations of B(g,h,i)P, Flt, Pyr, Chry, B(a)A, B(b)F, IP, DB(ah)A, or Ant. The mean organic carbon, pH, and electrical conductivity values were 1.26–1.64 mg/kg, 7.02–8.02, and 84.33–249.33 μS/cm³, respectively. Total PAHs correlated positively with pH but negatively with electrical conductivity and organic carbon. The total HQ value was 1.3 × 10^-4, with individual values ranging from 9.3 × 10^-6 to 2.4 × 10^-6. The data show a substantial ecological risk and potential hazard associated with PAH exposure at a regional dumpsite.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11716,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring and Management","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article 101028"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143104518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"One step facile green synthesis of ZnFe2O4-ZnO Nanocomposite: Efficient photocatalytic activity towards organic dyes under visible light and photoluminescence applications","authors":"E.Vinay Kumar ,&nbsp;R. Harini ,&nbsp;Anitha ,&nbsp;B.E. Kumara Swamy ,&nbsp;G. Nagaraju","doi":"10.1016/j.enmm.2024.101036","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmm.2024.101036","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>One of the major risks to the ecosystem is the pollution of water resulting from organic dyes. For scientists, the elimination of dyes from water has remained a challenge. The development of heterostructure photocatalysts featuring enhanced photogenerated charge carriers has attracted significant interest in recent times. The development of a trustworthy, reliable, affordable, and environmentally friendly process for the fabrication of photocatalysts is the main motivation for this research project. In this research work, we presented the easy, affordable green solution combustion process for synthesizing ZnFe₂O₄-ZnO nanocomposite (NCs) using <em>Btea monosperma</em> leaves extract. The synthesized heterostructure is extensively characterized using XRD, FT-IR, UV–Vis, SEM EDX, and PL Spectroscopy. Studies on photoluminescence emission were conducted, and the CIE diagram revealed green emission. The characteristic green emission of ZFO NCs facilitates the tracing of LFPs on a variety of surfaces. Hence, ZFO NCs may therefore have use in the field of forensic sciences. Under visible light, the photocatalyst exhibits a remarkable 95 % degradation efficiency for Rose Bengal dye. Additionally, the ZnFe₂O₄-ZnO heterostructure’s reusability was examined, and even after four cycles, the level of photocatalytic activity did not drop much. Therefore, it is a potential photocatalyst for the processing of organic colours.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11716,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring and Management","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article 101036"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143104520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analgesics in wastewater matrix: A comprehensive review on occurrence, toxicity, and sustainability assessment of biological, tertiary, and hybrid treatment processes","authors":"Shalini Singh ,&nbsp;Abhradeep Majumder ,&nbsp;Pubali Mandal ,&nbsp;Manoj Kumar Yadav","doi":"10.1016/j.enmm.2024.101039","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enmm.2024.101039","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Over the past few decades, increased consumption of pharmaceuticals has led to the prevalence of the pharmaceuticals and their metabolites in various wastewater matrices. Amongst, analgesics are one of the most consumed classes of medicines. These analgesics have complex molecular structures and physicochemical properties that do not favor degradation by conventional biological processes. Furthermore, they pose significant toxicity towards the non-target species and have the potential to disrupt the aquatic environment. Hence, researchers have focused on advanced or tertiary treatment processes, such as adsorption, photocatalysis, and the Fenton process, to remove these recalcitrant analgesics. Although these processes can remove analgesics with a high removal efficiency of around 85%, they fail to perform well with raw wastewater. Hence, hybrid processes have emerged as a wholesome treatment solution for pharmaceutical-contaminated wastewater. In this context, this review paper covers the performance assessment and sustainability of different biological, advanced, and hybrid processes in treating analgesic-contaminated wastewater. It was observed that the biological process alone could only remove around 60–70%, while the average analgesic removal from synthetic water using adsorption, Fenton, and photocatalysis was more than 80%. However, hybrid processes like a combination of constructed wetlands and photocatalysis exhibited more than 80% removal from real wastewater and were more financially and environmentally sustainable. This review provides a comprehensive idea of how analgesics, in particular, are ubiquitous in the aqueous environment and suggests how they can be removed sustainably by providing a comprehensive overview of all existing treatment systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11716,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring and Management","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article 101039"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143105000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}