IF 2.1 3区物理与天体物理

Entropy Pub Date : 2025-06-09 DOI: 10.3390/e27060615

Binjie He, Seng W Loke, Luke Lu, Dong Zhang

{"title":"Efficient Entanglement Swapping in Quantum Networks for Multi-User Scenarios.","authors":"Binjie He, Seng W Loke, Luke Lu, Dong Zhang","doi":"10.3390/e27060615","DOIUrl":"10.3390/e27060615","url":null,"abstract":"Entanglement swapping is a crucial step in quantum communication, generating long-distance entanglements between quantum users for quantum network applications, such as distributed quantum computing. This study focuses on the efficiency of entanglement swapping strategies in quantum networks, particularly in multi-user concurrent quantum communication. Since multi-user concurrent quantum communication consists of multiple point-to-point quantum communications, we first analyze the challenges faced by existing entanglement swapping strategies in this scenario and then propose Parallel Segment Entanglement Swapping (PSES) to address them. PSES utilizes a tree-like model to divide the path into segments and execute entanglement swapping in parallel across them, thereby enhancing the generation rate of long-distance entanglement. Furthermore, we analyze the impact of resource contention on entanglement swapping in multi-user concurrent quantum communication and propose Multi-user PSES (M-PSES) to alleviate this negative impact. M-PSES leverages the entanglement swapping trigger signal and resource locking mechanisms to mitigate resource contention. The simulation results show that PSES performs superiorly to existing entanglement swapping strategies in point-to-point quantum communication, and M-PSES can achieve better performance than PSES in multi-user concurrent quantum communication.","PeriodicalId":11694,"journal":{"name":"Entropy","volume":"27 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12191485/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144495263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Long-Range Dependence in Word Time Series: The Cosine Correlation of Embeddings. 词时间序列的长期依赖：嵌入的余弦相关。

IF 2.1 3区物理与天体物理

Entropy Pub Date : 2025-06-09 DOI: 10.3390/e27060613

Paweł Wieczyński, Łukasz Dębowski

引用次数: 0

Sic Transit Gloria Mundi: A Mathematical Theory of Popularity Waves Based on a SIIRR Model of Epidemic Spread. Gloria Mundi：基于SIIRR流行病传播模型的流行波数学理论。

IF 2.1 3区物理与天体物理

Entropy Pub Date : 2025-06-09 DOI: 10.3390/e27060611

Nikolay K Vitanov, Zlatinka I Dimitrova

{"title":"Sic Transit Gloria Mundi: A Mathematical Theory of Popularity Waves Based on a SIIRR Model of Epidemic Spread.","authors":"Nikolay K Vitanov, Zlatinka I Dimitrova","doi":"10.3390/e27060611","DOIUrl":"10.3390/e27060611","url":null,"abstract":"We discuss the spread of epidemics caused by two viruses which cannot infect the same individual at the same time. The mathematical modeling of this epidemic leads to a kind of SIIRR model with two groups of infected individuals and two groups of recovered individuals. An additional assumption is that after recovering from one of the viruses, the individual cannot be infected by the other virus. The mathematical model consists of five equations which can be reduced to a system of three differential equations for the susceptible and for the recovered individuals. This system has analytical solutions for the case when one of the viruses infects many more individuals than the other virus. Cases which are more complicated than this one can be studied numerically. The theory is applied to the study of waves of popularity of an individual/groups of individuals or of an idea/group of ideas in the case of the presence of two opposite opinions about the popularity of the corresponding individual/group of individuals or idea/group of ideas. We consider two cases for the initial values of the infected individuals: (a) the initial value of the individuals infected with one of the viruses is much larger than the initial values of the individuals infected by the second virus, and (b) the two initial values of the infected individuals are the same. The following effects connected to the evolution of the numbers of infected individuals are observed: 1. arising of bell-shaped profiles of the numbers of infected individuals; 2. suppression of popularity; 3. faster increase-faster decrease effect for the peaks of the bell-shaped profiles; 4. peak shift in the time; 5. effect of forgetting; 6. window of dominance; 7. short-term win-long-term loss effect; 8. effect of the single peak. The proposed SIIRR model is used to build a mathematical theory of popularity waves where a person or idea can have positive and negative popularity at the same time and these popularities evolve with time.","PeriodicalId":11694,"journal":{"name":"Entropy","volume":"27 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12192068/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144495354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Entropy Generation Optimization in Multidomain Systems: A Generalized Gouy-Stodola Theorem and Optimal Control. 多域系统的熵生成优化：一个广义Gouy-Stodola定理和最优控制。

IF 2.1 3区物理与天体物理

Entropy Pub Date : 2025-06-09 DOI: 10.3390/e27060612

Hanz Richter, Meysam Fathizadeh, Tyler Kaptain

{"title":"Entropy Generation Optimization in Multidomain Systems: A Generalized Gouy-Stodola Theorem and Optimal Control.","authors":"Hanz Richter, Meysam Fathizadeh, Tyler Kaptain","doi":"10.3390/e27060612","DOIUrl":"10.3390/e27060612","url":null,"abstract":"The paper considers an extended interpretation of the second law of thermodynamics and its implications to power conversion optimization in multidomain systems. First, a generalized, domain-independent version of the classical Gouy-Stodola theorem is derived for interconnected systems which satisfy the Clausius postulate of the second law. Mechanical, electrical and more general Hamiltonian systems do not satisfy this postulate, however the related property of energy cyclodirectionality may be satisfied. A generalized version of the Gouy-Stodola theorem is then obtained in inequality form for systems satisfying this property. The result defines average forms of entropy generation and lost work for multi-domain systems. The paper then formulates an optimal control problem for a representative electromechanical system, obtaining complete, closed-form solutions for the load power transfer and energy harvesting cases. The results indicate that entropy generation minimization is akin to the maximum power transfer theorem. For the power harvesting case, closed-loop stability is guaranteed and practical controllers may be designed. The approach is compared against direct minimization of losses, both theoretically and with Monte Carlo simulations.","PeriodicalId":11694,"journal":{"name":"Entropy","volume":"27 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12191572/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144495266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Generalized Derangetropy Functionals for Modeling Cyclical Information Flow. 循环信息流建模的广义无序泛函。

IF 2.1 3区物理与天体物理

Entropy Pub Date : 2025-06-07 DOI: 10.3390/e27060608

Masoud Ataei, Xiaogang Wang

{"title":"Generalized Derangetropy Functionals for Modeling Cyclical Information Flow.","authors":"Masoud Ataei, Xiaogang Wang","doi":"10.3390/e27060608","DOIUrl":"10.3390/e27060608","url":null,"abstract":"This paper introduces a functional framework for modeling cyclical and feedback-driven information flow using a generalized family of derangetropy operators. In contrast to scalar entropy measures such as Shannon entropy, these operators act directly on probability densities, providing a topographical representation of information across the support of the distribution. The proposed framework captures periodic and self-referential aspects of information evolution through functional transformations governed by nonlinear differential equations. When applied recursively, these operators induce a spectral diffusion process governed by the heat equation, with convergence toward a Gaussian characteristic function. This convergence result establishes an analytical foundation for describing the long-term dynamics of information under cyclic modulation. The framework thus offers new tools for analyzing the temporal evolution of information in systems characterized by periodic structure, stochastic feedback, and delayed interaction, with potential applications in artificial neural networks, communication theory, and non-equilibrium statistical mechanics.","PeriodicalId":11694,"journal":{"name":"Entropy","volume":"27 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12191543/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144495277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Quasi-Discrete Time Crystals in the Quasiperiodically Driven Lipkin-Meshkov-Glick Model. 准周期驱动Lipkin-Meshkov-Glick模型中的准离散时间晶体。

IF 2.1 3区物理与天体物理

Entropy Pub Date : 2025-06-07 DOI: 10.3390/e27060609

Sk Anisur, Wensheng Vincent Liu, Sayan Choudhury

引用次数: 0

Ordinal Random Processes. 有序随机过程。

IF 2.1 3区物理与天体物理

Entropy Pub Date : 2025-06-07 DOI: 10.3390/e27060610

Christoph Bandt

引用次数: 0

Robust Image Encryption with 2D Hyperchaotic Map and Dynamic DNA-Zigzag Encoding. 二维超混沌映射和动态dna之字形编码鲁棒图像加密。

IF 2.1 3区物理与天体物理

Entropy Pub Date : 2025-06-06 DOI: 10.3390/e27060606

Haijun Zhang, Xiaojiao Liu, Kehan Chen, Rigen Te, Fei Yan

{"title":"Robust Image Encryption with 2D Hyperchaotic Map and Dynamic DNA-Zigzag Encoding.","authors":"Haijun Zhang, Xiaojiao Liu, Kehan Chen, Rigen Te, Fei Yan","doi":"10.3390/e27060606","DOIUrl":"10.3390/e27060606","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents a novel two-dimensional hyperchaotic map, referred to as the 2D exponent-logarithm-sine chaotic map (2D-ELSCM), which is intricately designed through the interplay of exponential, logarithmic, and sine functions. To comprehensively evaluate the chaotic performance of the 2D-ELSCM, several critical metrics are employed, including the largest Lyapunov exponent (LLE), permutation entropy (PE), sample entropy (SE), Kolmogorov entropy (KE), and the results of the 0-1 test, which yield values of 8.3175, 0.9998, 1.9826, 2.1117, and 0.9970, respectively. Furthermore, the 2D-ELSCM successfully passes the NIST randomness tests, collectively confirming its exceptional randomness and complexity. Building upon this robust chaotic map, we develop a distinctive chaotic image encryption scheme that employs an improved Knuth-Durstenfeld shuffle (IKDS) to rearrange pixel positions, effectively disrupting the correlation between adjacent pixels. Complementing this, we introduce a dynamic diffusion mechanism that integrates DNA encoding with the Zigzag transform, thereby promoting global pixel diffusion and enhancing encryption security. The initial conditions of the chaotic map are generated from the SHA-512 hash of the plaintext image in conjunction with an external key, which not only expands the key space but also significantly improves key sensitivity. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed encryption scheme achieves correlation coefficients approaching 0 in the encrypted test images, with an average NPCR of 99.6090% and UACI of 33.4707%. These findings indicate a strong resistance to various attacks and showcase excellent encryption quality, thereby underscoring the scheme's potential for secure image transmission and storage.","PeriodicalId":11694,"journal":{"name":"Entropy","volume":"27 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12191816/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144495351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Research on Registration Methods for Coupled Errors in Maneuvering Platforms. 机动平台耦合误差配准方法研究。

IF 2.1 3区物理与天体物理

Entropy Pub Date : 2025-06-06 DOI: 10.3390/e27060607

Qiang Li, Ruidong Liu, Yalei Liu, Zhenzhong Wei

{"title":"Research on Registration Methods for Coupled Errors in Maneuvering Platforms.","authors":"Qiang Li, Ruidong Liu, Yalei Liu, Zhenzhong Wei","doi":"10.3390/e27060607","DOIUrl":"10.3390/e27060607","url":null,"abstract":"The performance limitations of single-sensor systems in target tracking have led to the widespread adoption of multi-sensor fusion, which improves accuracy through information complementarity and redundancy. However, on mobile platforms, dynamic changes in sensor attitude and position introduce coupled measurement and attitude errors, making accurate sensor registration particularly challenging. Most existing methods either treat these errors independently or rely on simplified assumptions, which limit their effectiveness in dynamic environments. To address this, we propose a novel joint error estimation and registration method based on a pseudo-Kalman filter (PKF). The PKF constructs pseudo-measurements by subtracting outputs from multiple sensors, projecting them into a bias space that is independent of the target's state. A decoupling mechanism is introduced to distinguish between measurement and attitude error components, enabling accurate joint estimation in real time. In the shipborne environment, simulation experiments on pitch, yaw, and roll motions were conducted using two sensors. This method was compared with least squares (LS), maximum likelihood (ML), and the standard method based on PKF. The results show that the method based on PKF has a lower root mean square error (RMSE), a faster convergence speed, and better estimation accuracy and robustness. The proposed approach provides a practical and scalable solution for sensor registration in dynamic environments, particularly in maritime or aerial applications where coupled errors are prevalent.","PeriodicalId":11694,"journal":{"name":"Entropy","volume":"27 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12192164/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144495349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Age of Information Minimization in Multicarrier-Based Wireless Powered Sensor Networks. 多载波无线传感网络信息最小化时代。

IF 2.1 3区物理与天体物理

Entropy Pub Date : 2025-06-05 DOI: 10.3390/e27060603

Juan Sun, Jingjie Xia, Shubin Zhang, Xinjie Yu

{"title":"Age of Information Minimization in Multicarrier-Based Wireless Powered Sensor Networks.","authors":"Juan Sun, Jingjie Xia, Shubin Zhang, Xinjie Yu","doi":"10.3390/e27060603","DOIUrl":"10.3390/e27060603","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the challenge of ensuring timely information delivery in wireless powered sensor networks (WPSNs), where multiple sensors forward status-update packets to a base station (BS). Time is partitioned to multiple time blocks, with each time block dedicated to either data packet transmission or energy transfer. Our objective is to minimize the long-term average weighted sum of the Age of Information (WAoI) for physical processes monitored by sensors. We formulate this optimization problem as a multi-stage stochastic optimization program. To tackle this intricate problem, we propose a novel approach that leverages Lyapunov optimization to transform the complex original problem into a sequence of per-time-bock deterministic problems. These deterministic problems are then solved using model-free deep reinforcement learning (DRL). Simulation results demonstrate that our proposed algorithm achieves significantly lower WAoI compared to the DQN, AoI-based greedy, and energy-based greedy algorithms. Furthermore, our method effectively mitigates the issue of excessive instantaneous AoI experienced by individual sensors compared to the DQN.","PeriodicalId":11694,"journal":{"name":"Entropy","volume":"27 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12192332/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144495243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

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