IF 2.7 3区医学

eNeuro Pub Date : 2024-07-25 Print Date: 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0417-23.2024

Sidrat Tasawoor Kanth, Supratim Ray

引用次数: 0

Practical Bayesian Inference in Neuroscience: Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Embrace the Distribution. 神经科学中的实用贝叶斯推断：或者说我是如何学会停止担忧并拥抱分布的》。

IF 2.7 3区医学

eNeuro Pub Date : 2024-07-23 Print Date: 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0484-23.2024

Brandon S Coventry, Edward L Bartlett

{"title":"Practical Bayesian Inference in Neuroscience: Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Embrace the Distribution.","authors":"Brandon S Coventry, Edward L Bartlett","doi":"10.1523/ENEURO.0484-23.2024","DOIUrl":"10.1523/ENEURO.0484-23.2024","url":null,"abstract":"Typical statistical practices in the biological sciences have been increasingly called into question due to difficulties in the replication of an increasing number of studies, many of which are confounded by the relative difficulty of null significance hypothesis testing designs and interpretation of p-values. Bayesian inference, representing a fundamentally different approach to hypothesis testing, is receiving renewed interest as a potential alternative or complement to traditional null significance hypothesis testing due to its ease of interpretation and explicit declarations of prior assumptions. Bayesian models are more mathematically complex than equivalent frequentist approaches, which have historically limited applications to simplified analysis cases. However, the advent of probability distribution sampling tools with exponential increases in computational power now allows for quick and robust inference under any distribution of data. Here we present a practical tutorial on the use of Bayesian inference in the context of neuroscientific studies in both rat electrophysiological and computational modeling data. We first start with an intuitive discussion of Bayes' rule and inference followed by the formulation of Bayesian-based regression and ANOVA models using data from a variety of neuroscientific studies. We show how Bayesian inference leads to easily interpretable analysis of data while providing an open-source toolbox to facilitate the use of Bayesian tools.","PeriodicalId":11617,"journal":{"name":"eNeuro","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11270157/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141450088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Pharmacological Enhancement of Dopamine Neurotransmission Does Not Affect Illusory Pattern Perception. 药物增强多巴胺神经传递不会影响幻觉模式感知。

IF 2.7 3区医学

eNeuro Pub Date : 2024-07-23 Print Date: 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0465-23.2024

Elke Smith, Simon Michalski, Kilian Knauth, Deniz Tuzsus, Hendrik Theis, Thilo van Eimeren, Jan Peters

{"title":"Pharmacological Enhancement of Dopamine Neurotransmission Does Not Affect Illusory Pattern Perception.","authors":"Elke Smith, Simon Michalski, Kilian Knauth, Deniz Tuzsus, Hendrik Theis, Thilo van Eimeren, Jan Peters","doi":"10.1523/ENEURO.0465-23.2024","DOIUrl":"10.1523/ENEURO.0465-23.2024","url":null,"abstract":"Psychotic symptoms and delusional beliefs have been linked to dopamine transmission in both healthy and clinical samples and are assumed to result at least in part from perceiving illusory patterns in noise. However, the existing literature on the role of dopamine in detecting patterns in noise is inconclusive. To address this issue, we assessed the effect of manipulating dopaminergic neurotransmission on illusory pattern perception in healthy individuals (n = 48, n = 19 female) in a double-blind placebo-controlled within-subjects design (see preregistration at https://osf.io/a4k9j/). We predicted individuals on versus off ʟ-DOPA to be more likely to perceive illusory patterns, specifically objects in images containing only noise. Using a signal detection model, however, we found no credible evidence that ʟ-DOPA compared with placebo increased false alarm rates. Further, ʟ-DOPA did not reliably modulate measures of accuracy, discrimination sensitivity, and response bias. In all cases, Bayesian statistics revealed strong evidence in favor of the null hypothesis. The task design followed previous work on illusory pattern perception and comprised a limited number of items per condition. The results therefore need to be interpreted with caution, as power was limited. Future studies should address illusory pattern perception using more items and take into account potential dose-dependent effects and differential effects in healthy versus clinical samples.","PeriodicalId":11617,"journal":{"name":"eNeuro","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11270156/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141598933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Electrophysiological Activity of Multifunctional and Behaviorally Specialized Spinal Neurons Involved in Swimming, Scratching, and Flexion Reflex in Turtles. 参与龟类游泳、抓挠和屈曲反射的多功能和行为特化脊髓神经元的电生理活动。

IF 2.7 3区医学

eNeuro Pub Date : 2024-07-22 Print Date: 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0038-24.2024

Madison M Morris, Zhao-Zhe Hao 郝赵哲, Ari Berkowitz

{"title":"Electrophysiological Activity of Multifunctional and Behaviorally Specialized Spinal Neurons Involved in Swimming, Scratching, and Flexion Reflex in Turtles.","authors":"Madison M Morris, Zhao-Zhe Hao 郝赵哲, Ari Berkowitz","doi":"10.1523/ENEURO.0038-24.2024","DOIUrl":"10.1523/ENEURO.0038-24.2024","url":null,"abstract":"The adult turtle spinal cord can generate multiple kinds of limb movements, including swimming, three forms of scratching, and limb withdrawal (flexion reflex), even without brain input and sensory feedback. There are many multifunctional spinal neurons, activated during multiple motor patterns, and some behaviorally specialized neurons, activated during only one. How do multifunctional and behaviorally specialized neurons each contribute to motor output? We analyzed in vivo intracellular recordings of multifunctional and specialized neurons. Neurons tended to spike in the same phase of the hip-flexor (HF) activity cycle during swimming and scratching, though one preferred opposite phases. During both swimming and scratching, a larger fraction of multifunctional neurons than specialized neurons were highly rhythmic. One group of multifunctional neurons was active during the HF-on phase and another during the HF-off phase. Thus, HF-extensor alternation may be generated by a subset of multifunctional spinal neurons during both swimming and scratching. Scratch-specialized neurons and flexion reflex-selective neurons may instead trigger their respective motor patterns, by biasing activity of multifunctional neurons. In phase-averaged membrane potentials of multifunctional neurons, trough phases were more highly correlated between swimming and scratching than peak phases, suggesting that rhythmic inhibition plays a greater role than rhythmic excitation. We also provide the first intracellular recording of a turtle swim-specialized neuron: tonically excited during swimming but inactive during scratching and flexion reflex. It displayed an excitatory postsynaptic potential following each swim-evoking electrical stimulus and thus may be an intermediary between reticulospinal axons and the swimming CPG they activate.","PeriodicalId":11617,"journal":{"name":"eNeuro","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11265262/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141537731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Erratum: Garbuzova-Davis et al., "Apolipoprotein A1 Enhances Endothelial Cell Survival in an In Vitro Model of ALS". 更正：Garbuzova-Davis 等人，"载脂蛋白 A1 可增强 ALS 体外模型中内皮细胞的存活率"。

IF 2.7 3区医学

eNeuro Pub Date : 2024-07-19 Print Date: 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0280-24.2024

引用次数: 0

Erratum: Choi et al., "The Impact of Spectral and Temporal Degradation on Vocoded Speech Recognition in Early-Blind Individuals". 勘误：Choi 等人，"频谱和时间退化对早期盲人词汇语音识别的影响"。

IF 2.7 3区医学

eNeuro Pub Date : 2024-07-19 Print Date: 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0295-24.2024

引用次数: 0

RhoGEF Tiam2 Regulates Glutamatergic Synaptic Transmission in Hippocampal CA1 Pyramidal Neurons. RhoGEF Tiam2调节海马CA1锥体神经元的谷氨酸能突触传递。

IF 2.7 3区医学

eNeuro Pub Date : 2024-07-19 Print Date: 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0500-21.2024

Sadhna Rao, Feng Liang, Bruce E Herring

引用次数: 0

Cortical Face-Selective Responses Emerge Early in Human Infancy. 大脑皮层对人脸的选择性反应在人类婴儿期就已出现

IF 2.7 3区医学

eNeuro Pub Date : 2024-07-18 Print Date: 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0117-24.2024

Heather L Kosakowski, Michael A Cohen, Lyneé Herrera, Isabel Nichoson, Nancy Kanwisher, Rebecca Saxe

{"title":"Cortical Face-Selective Responses Emerge Early in Human Infancy.","authors":"Heather L Kosakowski, Michael A Cohen, Lyneé Herrera, Isabel Nichoson, Nancy Kanwisher, Rebecca Saxe","doi":"10.1523/ENEURO.0117-24.2024","DOIUrl":"10.1523/ENEURO.0117-24.2024","url":null,"abstract":"In human adults, multiple cortical regions respond robustly to faces, including the occipital face area (OFA) and fusiform face area (FFA), implicated in face perception, and the superior temporal sulcus (STS) and medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC), implicated in higher-level social functions. When in development, does face selectivity arise in each of these regions? Here, we combined two awake infant functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) datasets to create a sample size twice the size of previous reports (n = 65 infants; 2.6-9.6 months). Infants watched movies of faces, bodies, objects, and scenes, while fMRI data were collected. Despite variable amounts of data from each infant, individual subject whole-brain activation maps revealed responses to faces compared to nonface visual categories in the approximate location of OFA, FFA, STS, and MPFC. To determine the strength and nature of face selectivity in these regions, we used cross-validated functional region of interest analyses. Across this larger sample size, face responses in OFA, FFA, STS, and MPFC were significantly greater than responses to bodies, objects, and scenes. Even the youngest infants (2-5 months) showed significantly face-selective responses in FFA, STS, and MPFC, but not OFA. These results demonstrate that face selectivity is present in multiple cortical regions within months of birth, providing powerful constraints on theories of cortical development.","PeriodicalId":11617,"journal":{"name":"eNeuro","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11258539/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141317171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Neural Filtering of Physiological Tremor Oscillations to Spinal Motor Neurons Mediates Short-Term Acquisition of a Skill Learning Task. 脊髓运动神经元对生理震颤振荡的神经过滤介导了技能学习任务的短期习得。

IF 2.7 3区医学

eNeuro Pub Date : 2024-07-17 Print Date: 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0043-24.2024

Hélio V Cabral, Alessandro Cudicio, Alberto Bonardi, Alessandro Del Vecchio, Luca Falciati, Claudio Orizio, Eduardo Martinez-Valdes, Francesco Negro

{"title":"Neural Filtering of Physiological Tremor Oscillations to Spinal Motor Neurons Mediates Short-Term Acquisition of a Skill Learning Task.","authors":"Hélio V Cabral, Alessandro Cudicio, Alberto Bonardi, Alessandro Del Vecchio, Luca Falciati, Claudio Orizio, Eduardo Martinez-Valdes, Francesco Negro","doi":"10.1523/ENEURO.0043-24.2024","DOIUrl":"10.1523/ENEURO.0043-24.2024","url":null,"abstract":"The acquisition of a motor skill involves adaptations of spinal and supraspinal pathways to alpha motoneurons. In this study, we estimated the shared synaptic contributions of these pathways to understand the neural mechanisms underlying the short-term acquisition of a new force-matching task. High-density surface electromyography (HDsEMG) was acquired from the first dorsal interosseous (FDI; 7 males and 6 females) and tibialis anterior (TA; 7 males and 4 females) during 15 trials of an isometric force-matching task. For two selected trials (pre- and post-skill acquisition), we decomposed the HDsEMG into motor unit spike trains, tracked motor units between trials, and calculated the mean discharge rate and the coefficient of variation of interspike interval (COVISI). We also quantified the post/pre ratio of motor units' coherence within delta, alpha, and beta bands. Force-matching improvements were accompanied by increased mean discharge rate and decreased COVISI for both muscles. Moreover, the area under the curve within alpha band decreased by ∼22% (TA) and ∼13% (FDI), with no delta or beta bands changes. These reductions correlated significantly with increased coupling between force/neural drive and target oscillations. These results suggest that short-term force-matching skill acquisition is mediated by attenuation of physiological tremor oscillations in the shared synaptic inputs. Supported by simulations, a plausible mechanism for alpha band reductions may involve spinal interneuron phase-cancelling descending oscillations. Therefore, during skill learning, the central nervous system acts as a matched filter, adjusting synaptic weights of shared inputs to suppress neural components unrelated to the specific task.","PeriodicalId":11617,"journal":{"name":"eNeuro","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11255391/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141310347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Acetylcholine Neurons Become Cholinergic during Three Time Windows in the Developing Mouse Brain. 乙酰胆碱神经元在小鼠大脑发育过程中的三个时间窗口内成为胆碱能神经元。

IF 2.7 3区医学

eNeuro Pub Date : 2024-07-16 Print Date: 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0542-23.2024

Rene Oliver Goral, Patricia W Lamb, Jerrel L Yakel

{"title":"Acetylcholine Neurons Become Cholinergic during Three Time Windows in the Developing Mouse Brain.","authors":"Rene Oliver Goral, Patricia W Lamb, Jerrel L Yakel","doi":"10.1523/ENEURO.0542-23.2024","DOIUrl":"10.1523/ENEURO.0542-23.2024","url":null,"abstract":"Acetylcholine (ACh) neurons in the central nervous system are required for the coordination of neural network activity during higher brain functions, such as attention, learning, and memory, as well as locomotion. Disturbed cholinergic signaling has been described in many neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. Furthermore, cotransmission of other signaling molecules, such as glutamate and GABA, with ACh has been associated with essential roles in brain function or disease. However, it is unknown when ACh neurons become cholinergic during development. Thus, understanding the timeline of how the cholinergic system develops and becomes active in the healthy brain is a crucial part of understanding brain development. To study this, we used transgenic mice to selectively label ACh neurons with tdTomato. We imaged serial sectioned brains and generated whole-brain reconstructions at different time points during pre- and postnatal development. We found three crucial time windows-two in the prenatal and one in the postnatal brain-during which most ACh neuron populations become cholinergic in the brain. We also found that cholinergic gene expression is initiated in cortical ACh interneurons, while the cerebral cortex is innervated by cholinergic projection neurons from the basal forebrain. Taken together, we show that ACh neuron populations are present and become cholinergic before postnatal day 12, which is the onset of major sensory processes, such as hearing and vision. We conclude that the birth of ACh neurons and initiation of cholinergic gene expression are temporally separated during development but highly coordinated by brain anatomical structure.","PeriodicalId":11617,"journal":{"name":"eNeuro","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11253243/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141466980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

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