IF 2.7 3区医学

eNeuro Pub Date : 2024-09-10 Print Date: 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0167-24.2024

Anna C Schneider, Elizabeth Cronin, Nelly Daur, Dirk Bucher, Farzan Nadim

{"title":"Convergent Comodulation Reduces Interindividual Variability of Circuit Output.","authors":"Anna C Schneider, Elizabeth Cronin, Nelly Daur, Dirk Bucher, Farzan Nadim","doi":"10.1523/ENEURO.0167-24.2024","DOIUrl":"10.1523/ENEURO.0167-24.2024","url":null,"abstract":"Ionic current levels of identified neurons vary substantially across individual animals. Yet, under similar conditions, neural circuit output can be remarkably similar, as evidenced in many motor systems. All neural circuits are influenced by multiple neuromodulators, which provide flexibility to their output. These neuromodulators often overlap in their actions by modulating the same channel type or synapse, yet have neuron-specific actions resulting from distinct receptor expression. Because of this different receptor expression pattern, in the presence of multiple convergent neuromodulators, a common downstream target would be activated more uniformly in circuit neurons across individuals. We therefore propose that a baseline tonic (non-saturating) level of comodulation by convergent neuromodulators can reduce interindividual variability of circuit output. We tested this hypothesis in the pyloric circuit of the crab, Cancer borealis Multiple excitatory neuropeptides converge to activate the same voltage-gated current in this circuit, but different subsets of pyloric neurons have receptors for each peptide. We quantified the interindividual variability of the unmodulated pyloric circuit output by measuring the activity phases, cycle frequency, and intraburst spike number and frequency. We then examined the variability in the presence of different combinations and concentrations of three neuropeptides. We found that at mid-level concentration (30 nM) but not at near-threshold (1 nM) or saturating (1 µM) concentrations, comodulation by multiple neuropeptides reduced the circuit output variability. Notably, the interindividual variability of response properties of an isolated neuron was not reduced by comodulation, suggesting that the reduction of output variability may emerge as a network effect.","PeriodicalId":11617,"journal":{"name":"eNeuro","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11403100/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141970823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

No Evidence of Musical Training Influencing the Cortical Contribution to the Speech-Frequency-Following Response and Its Modulation through Selective Attention. 没有证据表明音乐训练会影响大脑皮层对言语-FFR 的贡献及其通过选择性注意的调节。

IF 2.7 3区医学

eNeuro Pub Date : 2024-09-05 Print Date: 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0127-24.2024

Jasmin Riegel, Alina Schüller, Tobias Reichenbach

{"title":"No Evidence of Musical Training Influencing the Cortical Contribution to the Speech-Frequency-Following Response and Its Modulation through Selective Attention.","authors":"Jasmin Riegel, Alina Schüller, Tobias Reichenbach","doi":"10.1523/ENEURO.0127-24.2024","DOIUrl":"10.1523/ENEURO.0127-24.2024","url":null,"abstract":"Musicians can have better abilities to understand speech in adverse condition such as background noise than non-musicians. However, the neural mechanisms behind such enhanced behavioral performances remain largely unclear. Studies have found that the subcortical frequency-following response to the fundamental frequency of speech and its higher harmonics (speech-FFR) may be involved since it is larger in people with musical training than in those without. Recent research has shown that the speech-FFR consists of a cortical contribution in addition to the subcortical sources. Both the subcortical and the cortical contribution are modulated by selective attention to one of two competing speakers. However, it is unknown whether the strength of the cortical contribution to the speech-FFR, or its attention modulation, is influenced by musical training. Here we investigate these issues through magnetoencephalographic (MEG) recordings of 52 subjects (18 musicians, 25 non-musicians, and 9 neutral participants) listening to two competing male speakers while selectively attending one of them. The speech-in-noise comprehension abilities of the participants were not assessed. We find that musicians and non-musicians display comparable cortical speech-FFRs and additionally exhibit similar subject-to-subject variability in the response. Furthermore, we also do not observe a difference in the modulation of the neural response through selective attention between musicians and non-musicians. Moreover, when assessing whether the cortical speech-FFRs are influenced by particular aspects of musical training, no significant effects emerged. Taken together, we did not find any effect of musical training on the cortical speech-FFR.","PeriodicalId":11617,"journal":{"name":"eNeuro","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11382759/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142003935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Aperiodic Activity Indexes Neural Hyperexcitability in Generalized Epilepsy. 非周期性活动反映了全身性癫痫的神经过度兴奋性。

IF 2.7 3区医学

eNeuro Pub Date : 2024-09-04 Print Date: 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0242-24.2024

Markus Kopf, Jan Martini, Christina Stier, Silke Ethofer, Christoph Braun, Yiwen Li Hegner, Niels K Focke, Justus Marquetand, Randolph F Helfrich

{"title":"Aperiodic Activity Indexes Neural Hyperexcitability in Generalized Epilepsy.","authors":"Markus Kopf, Jan Martini, Christina Stier, Silke Ethofer, Christoph Braun, Yiwen Li Hegner, Niels K Focke, Justus Marquetand, Randolph F Helfrich","doi":"10.1523/ENEURO.0242-24.2024","DOIUrl":"10.1523/ENEURO.0242-24.2024","url":null,"abstract":"Generalized epilepsy (GE) encompasses a heterogeneous group of hyperexcitability disorders that clinically manifest as seizures. At the whole-brain level, distinct seizure patterns as well as interictal epileptic discharges (IEDs) reflect key signatures of hyperexcitability in magneto- and electroencephalographic (M/EEG) recordings. Moreover, it had been suggested that aperiodic activity, specifically the slope of the 1/ƒx decay function of the power spectrum, might index neural excitability. However, it remained unclear if hyperexcitability as encountered at the cellular level directly translates to putative large-scale excitability signatures, amenable to M/EEG. In order to test whether the power spectrum is altered in hyperexcitable states, we recorded resting-state MEG from male and female GE patients (n = 51; 29 females; 28.82 ± 12.18 years; mean ± SD) and age-matched healthy controls (n = 49; 22 females; 32.10 ± 12.09 years). We parametrized the power spectra using FOOOF (\"fitting oscillations and one over f\") to separate oscillatory from aperiodic activity to directly test whether aperiodic activity is systematically altered in GE patients. We further identified IEDs to quantify the temporal dynamics of aperiodic activity around overt epileptic activity. The results demonstrate that aperiodic activity indexes hyperexcitability in GE at the whole-brain level, especially during epochs when no IEDs were present (p = 0.0130; d = 0.52). Upon IEDs, large-scale circuits transiently shifted to a less excitable network state (p = 0.001; d = 0.68). In sum, these results uncover that MEG background activity might index hyperexcitability based on the current brain state and does not rely on the presence of epileptic waveforms.","PeriodicalId":11617,"journal":{"name":"eNeuro","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11376430/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141975389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Not a Deficit, Just Different: Prepulse Inhibition Disruptions in Autism Depend on Startle Stimulus Intensities. 不是缺乏，只是不同 - 自闭症患者的前脉冲抑制紊乱取决于惊吓刺激强度。

IF 2.7 3区医学

eNeuro Pub Date : 2024-09-04 Print Date: 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0179-24.2024

Ella Elizabeth Doornaert, Alaa El-Cheikh Mohamad, Gurwinder Johal, Brian Leonard Allman, Dorit Möhrle, Susanne Schmid

{"title":"Not a Deficit, Just Different: Prepulse Inhibition Disruptions in Autism Depend on Startle Stimulus Intensities.","authors":"Ella Elizabeth Doornaert, Alaa El-Cheikh Mohamad, Gurwinder Johal, Brian Leonard Allman, Dorit Möhrle, Susanne Schmid","doi":"10.1523/ENEURO.0179-24.2024","DOIUrl":"10.1523/ENEURO.0179-24.2024","url":null,"abstract":"Sensory processing disruptions are a core symptom of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and other neurological disorders. The acoustic startle response and prepulse inhibition (PPI) are common metrics used to assess disruptions in sensory processing and sensorimotor gating in clinical studies and animal models. However, often there are inconsistent findings on ASD-related PPI deficits across different studies. Here, we used a novel method for assessing changes in startle and PPI in rodents, using the Cntnap2 knock-out (KO) rat model for neurodevelopmental disorder/ASD that has consistently shown PPI disruptions in past studies. We discovered that not only sex and prepulse intensity but also the intensity of the startle stimulus profoundly impacts whether PPI deficits are evident in the Cntnap2 KO rat or not. We show that rats do not universally exhibit a PPI deficit; instead, impaired PPI is contingent on specific testing conditions. Notably, at lower startle stimulus intensities, Cntnap2 KO rats not only demonstrated intact PPI but also exhibited evidence of enhanced PPI compared with their wild-type counterparts. This finding emphasizes the importance of considering specific testing conditions when evaluating startle and PPI in the context of ASD and other neuropsychiatric conditions and might explain some of the inconsistencies between different studies.","PeriodicalId":11617,"journal":{"name":"eNeuro","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11376431/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142003936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Different Sensory Information Is Used for State Estimation when Stationary or Moving. 在静止或移动时，使用不同的感官信息进行状态估计。

IF 2.7 3区医学

eNeuro Pub Date : 2024-09-04 Print Date: 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0357-23.2024

Aaron L Wong, Alyssa N Eyssalenne, Luke Carter, Amanda S Therrien

{"title":"Different Sensory Information Is Used for State Estimation when Stationary or Moving.","authors":"Aaron L Wong, Alyssa N Eyssalenne, Luke Carter, Amanda S Therrien","doi":"10.1523/ENEURO.0357-23.2024","DOIUrl":"10.1523/ENEURO.0357-23.2024","url":null,"abstract":"The accurate estimation of limb state is necessary for movement planning and execution. While state estimation requires both feedforward and feedback information, we focus here on the latter. Prior literature has shown that integrating visual and proprioceptive feedback improves estimates of static limb position. However, differences in visual and proprioceptive feedback delays suggest that multisensory integration could be disadvantageous when the limb is moving. We formalized this hypothesis by modeling feedback-based state estimation using the long-standing maximum likelihood estimation model of multisensory integration, which we updated to account for sensory delays. Our model predicted that the benefit of multisensory integration was largely lost when the limb was passively moving. We tested this hypothesis in a series of experiments in human subjects that compared the degree of interference created by discrepant visual or proprioceptive feedback when estimating limb position either statically at the end of the movement or dynamically at movement midpoint. In the static case, we observed significant interference: discrepant feedback in one modality systematically biased sensory estimates based on the other modality. However, no interference was seen in the dynamic case: participants could ignore sensory feedback from one modality and accurately reproduce the motion indicated by the other modality. Together, these findings suggest that the sensory feedback used to compute a state estimate differs depending on whether the limb is stationary or moving. While the former may tend toward multimodal integration, the latter is more likely to be based on feedback from a single sensory modality.","PeriodicalId":11617,"journal":{"name":"eNeuro","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11376429/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141987662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Retinal Input Is Required for the Maintenance of Neuronal Laminae in the Ventrolateral Geniculate Nucleus. 视网膜输入是维持腹侧外侧膝状核神经元片层的必要条件。

IF 2.7 3区医学

eNeuro Pub Date : 2024-09-03 Print Date: 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0022-24.2024

Katelyn Stebbins, Rachana Deven Somaiya, Ubadah Sabbagh, Parsa Khaksar, Yanping Liang, Jianmin Su, Michael A Fox

{"title":"Retinal Input Is Required for the Maintenance of Neuronal Laminae in the Ventrolateral Geniculate Nucleus.","authors":"Katelyn Stebbins, Rachana Deven Somaiya, Ubadah Sabbagh, Parsa Khaksar, Yanping Liang, Jianmin Su, Michael A Fox","doi":"10.1523/ENEURO.0022-24.2024","DOIUrl":"10.1523/ENEURO.0022-24.2024","url":null,"abstract":"Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons provide direct input into several brain regions, including the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN), which is important for image-forming vision, and the ventrolateral geniculate nucleus (vLGN), which is associated with nonimage-forming vision. Through both activity- and morphogen-dependent mechanisms, retinal inputs play important roles in the development of dLGN, including the refinement of retinal projections, morphological development of thalamocortical relay cells (TRCs), timing of corticogeniculate innervation, and recruitment and distribution of inhibitory interneurons. In contrast, little is known about the role of retinal inputs in the development of vLGN. Grossly, vLGN is divided into two domains, the retinorecipient external vLGN (vLGNe) and nonretinorecipient internal vLGN (vLGNi). Studies previously found that vLGNe consists of transcriptionally distinct GABAergic subtypes distributed into at least four adjacent laminae. At present, it remains unclear whether retinal inputs influence the development of these cell-type-specific neuronal laminae in vLGNe. Here, we elucidated the developmental timeline for these laminae in the mouse vLGNe, and results indicate that these laminae are specified at or before birth. We observed that mutant mice without retinal inputs have a normal laminar distribution of GABAergic cells at birth; however, after the first week of postnatal development, these mutants exhibited a dramatic disruption in the laminar organization of inhibitory neurons and clear boundaries between vLGNe and vLGNi. Overall, our results show that while the formation of cell-type-specific layers in mouse vLGNe does not depend on RGC inputs, retinal signals are critical for their maintenance.","PeriodicalId":11617,"journal":{"name":"eNeuro","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11373735/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142003937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Neuroscientist's Behavioral Toolbox for Studying Episodic-Like Memory. 神经科学家研究类偶发记忆的行为工具箱》（Neuroscientist's Behavioral Toolbox for Studying Episodic-Like Memory）。

IF 2.7 3区医学

eNeuro Pub Date : 2024-08-30 Print Date: 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0073-24.2024

Daniela Kunčická, Branislav Krajčovič, Aleš Stuchlík, Hana Brožka

{"title":"Neuroscientist's Behavioral Toolbox for Studying Episodic-Like Memory.","authors":"Daniela Kunčická, Branislav Krajčovič, Aleš Stuchlík, Hana Brožka","doi":"10.1523/ENEURO.0073-24.2024","DOIUrl":"10.1523/ENEURO.0073-24.2024","url":null,"abstract":"Episodic memory, the ability to recall specific events and experiences, is a cornerstone of human cognition with profound clinical implications. While animal studies have provided valuable insights into the neuronal underpinnings of episodic memory, research has largely relied on a limited subset of tasks that model only some aspects of episodic memory. In this narrative review, we provide an overview of rodent episodic-like memory tasks that expand the methodological repertoire and diversify the approaches used in episodic-like memory research. These tasks assess various aspects of human episodic memory, such as integrated what-where-when or what-where memory, source memory, free recall, temporal binding, and threshold retrieval dynamics. We review each task's general principle and consider whether alternative non-episodic mechanisms can account for the observed behavior. While our list of tasks is not exhaustive, we hope it will guide researchers in selecting models that align with their specific research objectives, leading to novel advancements and a more comprehensive understanding of mechanisms underlying specific aspects of episodic memory.","PeriodicalId":11617,"journal":{"name":"eNeuro","volume":"11 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11366770/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142105498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Dynamic Formation of a Posterior-to-Anterior Peak-Alpha-Frequency Gradient Driven by Two Distinct Processes. 在两个不同过程的驱动下，后向前方的峰值-α-频率梯度动态形成。

IF 2.7 3区医学

eNeuro Pub Date : 2024-08-29 Print Date: 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0273-24.2024

Max Kailler Smith, Marcia Grabowecky, Satoru Suzuki

{"title":"Dynamic Formation of a Posterior-to-Anterior Peak-Alpha-Frequency Gradient Driven by Two Distinct Processes.","authors":"Max Kailler Smith, Marcia Grabowecky, Satoru Suzuki","doi":"10.1523/ENEURO.0273-24.2024","DOIUrl":"10.1523/ENEURO.0273-24.2024","url":null,"abstract":"Peak-alpha frequency varies across individuals and mental states, but it also forms a negative gradient from posterior to anterior regions in association with increases in cortical thickness and connectivity, reflecting a cortical hierarchy in temporal integration. Tracking the spatial standard deviation of peak-alpha frequency in scalp EEG, we observed that a posterior-to-anterior gradient dynamically formed and dissolved. Periods of high spatial standard deviation yielded robustly negative posterior-to-anterior gradients-the \"gradient state\"-while periods of low spatial standard deviation yielded globally converged peak-alpha frequency-the \"uniform state.\" The state variations were characterized by a combination of slow (0.3-0.5 Hz) oscillations and random-walk-like fluctuations. They were relatively independently correlated with peak-alpha frequency variations in anterior regions and peak-alpha power variations in central regions driven by posterior regions (together accounting for ∼50% of the state variations), suggesting that two distinct mechanisms modulate the state variations: an anterior mechanism that directly adjusts peak-alpha frequencies and a posterior-central mechanism that indirectly adjusts them by influencing synchronization. The state variations likely reflect general operations as their spatiotemporal characteristics remained unchanged while participants engaged in a variety of tasks (breath focus, vigilance, working memory, mental arithmetic, and generative thinking) with their eyes closed or watched a silent nature video. The ongoing state variations may dynamically balance two global processing modes, one that facilitates greater temporal integration (and potentially also information influx) toward anterior regions in the gradient state and the other that facilitates flexible global communication (via phase locking) in the uniform state.","PeriodicalId":11617,"journal":{"name":"eNeuro","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11373881/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141981978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Microtubule-Stabilizer Epothilone B Delays Anesthetic-Induced Unconsciousness in Rats. 微管稳定剂埃博霉素 B 能延缓麻醉剂引起的大鼠昏迷。

IF 2.7 3区医学

eNeuro Pub Date : 2024-08-29 Print Date: 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0291-24.2024

Sana Khan, Yixiang Huang, Derin Timuçin, Shantelle Bailey, Sophia Lee, Jessica Lopes, Emeline Gaunce, Jasmine Mosberger, Michelle Zhan, Bothina Abdelrahman, Xiran Zeng, Michael C Wiest

{"title":"Microtubule-Stabilizer Epothilone B Delays Anesthetic-Induced Unconsciousness in Rats.","authors":"Sana Khan, Yixiang Huang, Derin Timuçin, Shantelle Bailey, Sophia Lee, Jessica Lopes, Emeline Gaunce, Jasmine Mosberger, Michelle Zhan, Bothina Abdelrahman, Xiran Zeng, Michael C Wiest","doi":"10.1523/ENEURO.0291-24.2024","DOIUrl":"10.1523/ENEURO.0291-24.2024","url":null,"abstract":"Volatile anesthetics are currently believed to cause unconsciousness by acting on one or more molecular targets including neural ion channels, receptors, mitochondria, synaptic proteins, and cytoskeletal proteins. Anesthetic gases including isoflurane bind to cytoskeletal microtubules (MTs) and dampen their quantum optical effects, potentially contributing to causing unconsciousness. This possibility is supported by the finding that taxane chemotherapy consisting of MT-stabilizing drugs reduces the effectiveness of anesthesia during surgery in human cancer patients. In order to experimentally assess the contribution of MTs as functionally relevant targets of volatile anesthetics, we measured latencies to loss of righting reflex (LORR) under 4% isoflurane in male rats injected subcutaneously with vehicle or 0.75 mg/kg of the brain-penetrant MT-stabilizing drug epothilone B (epoB). EpoB-treated rats took an average of 69 s longer to become unconscious as measured by latency to LORR. This was a statistically significant difference corresponding to a standardized mean difference (Cohen's d) of 1.9, indicating a \"large\" normalized effect size. The effect could not be accounted for by tolerance from repeated exposure to isoflurane. Our results suggest that binding of the anesthetic gas isoflurane to MTs causes unconsciousness and loss of purposeful behavior in rats (and presumably humans and other animals). This finding is predicted by models that posit consciousness as a property of a quantum physical state of neural MTs.","PeriodicalId":11617,"journal":{"name":"eNeuro","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11363512/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141987663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

KineWheel-DeepLabCut Automated Paw Annotation Using Alternating Stroboscopic UV and White Light Illumination. KineWheel-DeepLabCut 使用交替频闪紫外光和白光照明自动注释爪子。

IF 2.7 3区医学

eNeuro Pub Date : 2024-08-29 Print Date: 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0304-23.2024

Björn Albrecht, Alexej Schatz, Katja Frei, York Winter

{"title":"KineWheel-DeepLabCut Automated Paw Annotation Using Alternating Stroboscopic UV and White Light Illumination.","authors":"Björn Albrecht, Alexej Schatz, Katja Frei, York Winter","doi":"10.1523/ENEURO.0304-23.2024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1523/ENEURO.0304-23.2024","url":null,"abstract":"Uncovering the relationships between neural circuits, behavior, and neural dysfunction may require rodent pose tracking. While open-source toolkits such as DeepLabCut have revolutionized markerless pose estimation using deep neural networks, the training process still requires human intervention for annotating key points of interest in video data. To further reduce human labor for neural network training, we developed a method that automatically generates annotated image datasets of rodent paw placement in a laboratory setting. It uses invisible but fluorescent markers that become temporarily visible under UV light. Through stroboscopic alternating illumination, adjacent video frames taken at 720 Hz are either UV or white light illuminated. After color filtering the UV-exposed video frames, the UV markings are identified and the paw locations are deterministically mapped. This paw information is then transferred to automatically annotate paw positions in the next white light-exposed frame that is later used for training the neural network. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method using a KineWheel-DeepLabCut setup for the markerless tracking of the four paws of a harness-fixed mouse running on top of the transparent wheel with mirror. Our automated approach, made available open-source, achieves high-quality position annotations and significantly reduces the need for human involvement in the neural network training process, paving the way for more efficient and streamlined rodent pose tracking in neuroscience research.","PeriodicalId":11617,"journal":{"name":"eNeuro","volume":"11 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11363514/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142105497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

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