eNeuro最新文献

{"title":"Characterization of nucleus accumbens dopamine dynamics during positive and negative operant reinforcement in rats.","authors":"Jonathan J Chow, Emma M Pilz, Huiling Wang, Kauê M Costa, Geoff Schoenbaum, Yavin Shaham","doi":"10.1523/ENEURO.0235-26.2026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1523/ENEURO.0235-26.2026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We previously reported, using <i>in-vivo</i> fiber photometry, that operant responding reinforced by access to a peer (social self-administration) is associated with phasic dopamine increases in nucleus accumbens (NAc) core following lever insertion (reward-availability cue) and gradual increases preceding lever-pressing. Here, we sought to replicate these findings and determine whether dopamine signals (1) generalize to responding for high-carbohydrate palatable food, (2) show opposite patterns during negative reinforcement (shock avoidance/escape), and (3) depend on whether reinforcers are experienced alone or together. We trained male and female rats to lever-press for access to a same-sex peer (15 s/trial) and palatable food (45-mg pellet/trial), followed by shock avoidance/escape (0.18-0.28 mA). After training, we expressed the dopamine sensor GRAB-DA2m and implanted optic fibers into NAc core. We measured dopamine activity during sessions with either one- or three-reinforcers. During social self-administration, dopamine activity showed phasic increases following lever insertion and gradual increases preceding lever-pressing; responses were moderately greater during sessions with all three reinforcers. Palatable food self-administration showed a similar pattern, but responses were approximately twofold greater during single-reinforcer sessions. During shock avoidance/escape, dopamine activity showed phasic decreases at warning onset, lever insertion, and shock onset; responses were also greater during single-reinforcer sessions. Results suggest that NAc core dopamine signaling distinguishes positive from negative reinforcement and is modulated by reinforcer availability. Compared with single-reinforcer sessions, dopamine responses during food self-administration and shock avoidance/escape were reduced during sessions with all three reinforcers, whereas responses during social self-administration modestly increased.<b>Significance statement</b> Nucleus accumbens (NAc) dopamine is critical for processing the valence of positive reinforcers, whereas its role in negative reinforcement is less well understood. Here, we extended our prior work on operant social self-administration to determine whether these findings generalize to food reinforcement, show the opposite pattern during operant negative reinforcement (shock avoidance/escape), and depend on whether reinforcers are experienced alone or together. Results suggest that NAc core dopamine activity differentiates positive and negative reinforcement and is modulated by the presence of other available reinforcers. Specifically, dopamine responses during food self-administration and shock avoidance/escape were reduced when all three reinforcers were available together compared with when each reinforcer was experienced alone, whereas responses during social self-administration showed the opposite pattern.</p>","PeriodicalId":11617,"journal":{"name":"eNeuro","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149180082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pixel-Wise Statistical Mapping with Voltage-Sensitive Dye Imaging Reveals Differential Hippocampal Circuit Effects of Bisphenol A and Related Phenolic Analogs.","authors":"Yoko Tominaga, Makiko Taketoshi, Kentaro Tanemura, Takashi Tominaga","doi":"10.1523/ENEURO.0165-26.2026","DOIUrl":"10.1523/ENEURO.0165-26.2026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Exposure to environmental chemicals such as bisphenol A (BPA) may affect neural circuit function in subtle and spatially distributed ways that are difficult to attribute to a single circuit element. Here, we developed a voltage-sensitive dye (VSD) imaging analysis pipeline for acute male mouse hippocampal slices. This approach measures stimulus-evoked fractional changes in VSD fluorescence [Formula: see text] to generate pixel-wise normalized maps, averages response magnitude within anatomically defined regions of interest (ROIs), and visualizes control-versus-compound differences using pixel-wise statistical maps before and after false discovery rate (FDR) adjustment. We applied this pipeline to compare the acute effects of BPA with those of two structurally related phenolic analogs. Evoked responses were quantified by their peak amplitude and time integral across hippocampal trisynaptic pathways at two stimulation levels determined from input-output relationships, with or without the [Formula: see text] receptor antagonist gabazine (SR-95531; 10 µM). The phenolic analogs reduced circuit responses across multiple ROI-defined conditions, whereas BPA produced comparatively limited effects. These alterations varied with pathway, subfield, age, response metric, and inhibitory state. These findings demonstrate the utility of integrating ROI averages with pixel-wise statistical maps for detecting condition-dependent circuit-level differences between structurally related compounds and indicate that BPA-related phenolic analogs can differ from BPA itself in their acute effects on hippocampal circuitry.</p>","PeriodicalId":11617,"journal":{"name":"eNeuro","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13660558/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149105283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Same Factor, Different Branches: Context-Dependent Control of Dendritic Development by Lhx2.","authors":"Lauren Campbell, Ana Dorrego-Rivas","doi":"10.1523/ENEURO.0296-26.2026","DOIUrl":"10.1523/ENEURO.0296-26.2026","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11617,"journal":{"name":"eNeuro","volume":"13 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13660557/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149165136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Integrated Workflow for Long-Term Fiber Photometry Analysis.","authors":"Farina Pourmir, Jordan N Cook, Samantha O Sweck, Jeff R Jones","doi":"10.1523/ENEURO.0128-26.2026","DOIUrl":"10.1523/ENEURO.0128-26.2026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Long-term fiber photometry enables measurement of neural dynamics across hours to days, but these recordings create analytical and reproducibility challenges that are not well addressed by tools developed for short, stimulus-locked experiments. Here we present a software environment for long-term photometry analysis organized around a structured guided workflow for configuring, reviewing, executing, and inspecting analyses. The workflow makes consequential analysis choices visible by allowing correction strategies and event-detection settings to be previewed and configured for individual regions of interest before analysis. It supports both intermittent and continuous recordings and provides complementary views of corrected Δ<i>F</i>/<i>F</i>, detected-event summaries, and slow-signal structure across session-level and multiday timescales. We illustrate how correction choice can substantially alter the resulting Δ<i>F</i>/<i>F</i> under challenging signal-reference conditions. We also demonstrate long-term analysis of recordings obtained with calcium, acetylcholine, and dopamine sensors in male mice. Together, these capabilities provide a practical framework for reproducible analysis of long-term fiber photometry recordings.</p>","PeriodicalId":11617,"journal":{"name":"eNeuro","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13657667/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149037089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nicotine Administration Robustly Enhances Fentanyl-Induced Dopamine Transmission Within the Dorsal Lateral Striatum.","authors":"R V Bhimani, S C Honeycutt, G C Loney, J Park","doi":"10.1523/ENEURO.0161-26.2026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1523/ENEURO.0161-26.2026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a prevalent public health concern in the United States. ∼70% of all drug overdose deaths are attributable to fentanyl, demonstrating a need to identify risk factors underlying the escalation of fentanyl use. Nicotine use is a risk factor associated with increased consumption of opioids across both clinical and preclinical populations. Our prior findings show that nicotine administration escalates consumption of opioids and that this elevated consumption persists despite adverse consequences in rodents, demonstrating a behavioral phenotype resembling those that emerge following protracted experience with opioids. Prolonged drug consumption is associated with a shift towards increased dopamine (DA) transmission within dorsal lateral striatum (DLS), a brain area critical for the development of inflexible behaviors. The present study sought to characterize the behavioral and neurochemical effects of nicotine on fentanyl administration. A dose-response curve was used to determine the effect of nicotine on fentanyl consumption as a function of dose in males and females. Systemic pretreatment with nicotine enhanced fentanyl intake across all doses relative to nicotine-naïve controls, suggesting that nicotine augments responding for opioids without evident effects on sensitivity to fentanyl. Additionally, fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) was applied to measure DLS DA transmission in response to fentanyl administration and to quantify any effect of nicotine on this response in male rats. Fentanyl administration enhanced DA concentrations within DLS, and this effect was potentiated by nicotine pretreatment. These findings support that enhanced DA transmission in DLS may mechanistically contribute to nicotine-induced increases in the motivation for opioids.<b>Significance statement</b> Misuse of synthetic opioids such as fentanyl is primarily responsible for alarming rates of fatal overdose thus highlighting the need for studies designed to elucidate the mechanisms contributing to opioid misuse liability. Polysubstance use of opioids and nicotine-containing products is remarkably common and multiple clinical and preclinical observations support that nicotine markedly increases the consumption of opioids. Here, using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry in rodent models, we demonstrate that fentanyl administration robustly enhances dopamine concentrations within the dorsal lateral striatum, a brain area heavily implicated in multiple behavioral features of problematic drug use. Moreover, nicotine administration significantly potentiates this fentanyl-evoked dopamine concentration which may underlie the enhanced liability for opioid use disorders observed in users of nicotine-containing products.</p>","PeriodicalId":11617,"journal":{"name":"eNeuro","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149149673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Single-Cell and Bulk RNA-Seq Profiling Identifies Cell Adhesion-Related Gene Signatures in Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury.","authors":"Chengxing Qian, Luxi Qian, Zehao Fang, Jie Chen, Chuanxi Peng","doi":"10.1523/ENEURO.0209-26.2026","DOIUrl":"10.1523/ENEURO.0209-26.2026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI) involves complex secondary damage mechanisms, including oxidative stress, inflammation, and blood-brain barrier disruption, in which cell adhesion-related genes (CARGs) play a central role. Therefore, systematically elucidating the expression and regulation of CARGs is crucial for identifying new therapeutic targets to mitigate inflammatory infiltration and preserve barrier integrity. Both single-cell and bulk transcriptomic data were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. The single-cell data were processed using Seurat, and CARG activity was comprehensively assessed using five scoring algorithms, including UCell and AUCell. A combined machine learning framework incorporating Boruta algorithm, LASSO regression, and random forest was employed to screen for reliable diagnostic biomarkers. Furthermore, immune infiltration profiles were evaluated using CIBERSORT, regulatory networks were constructed, and molecular subtypes were identified through consensus clustering. Single-cell analysis revealed high CARG activity in endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and astrocytes. Machine learning identified four robust diagnostic biomarkers (Itgb1, Fn1, Pdlim5, Kdr) with excellent predictive accuracy (AUC, 1) across multiple datasets. These biomarkers strongly correlated with immune cell infiltration, particularly macrophage polarization and mast cell activation, and successfully stratified CIRI samples into two distinct molecular subtypes. By integrating single-cell and transcriptomic data, this study systematically reveals the critical role of CARGs in CIRI. It identifies four core diagnostic genes that are closely associated with immune microenvironment remodeling and neuronal damage, thereby providing new molecular markers and a theoretical foundation for clinical diagnosis and treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":11617,"journal":{"name":"eNeuro","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13657665/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149059320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brief Visual Deprivation Selectively Remodels Intracortical Inputs onto Layer 6 Corticothalamic Neurons in Primary Auditory Cortex.","authors":"Anthony T Collins, Joseph P Y Kao, Hey-Kyoung Lee, Patrick O Kanold","doi":"10.1523/ENEURO.0205-26.2026","DOIUrl":"10.1523/ENEURO.0205-26.2026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Loss of one sensory modality can enhance processing in spared systems. Brief visual deprivation by dark exposure (DE) enhances auditory responses in the primary auditory cortex (A1) of adult mice, increasing firing rates, frequency selectivity, and behavioral performance. This enhancement is accompanied by reduced inhibition of the auditory thalamus (MGBv) and strengthened thalamocortical and intracortical feedforward inputs. While the mechanisms coordinating cross-modal cortical and thalamic plasticity are unknown, Ntsr1+ layer 6 corticothalamic neurons (L6-CTNs) are a promising candidate given their regulation of both cortical and thalamic gain. Here, we examined how 1 week of DE in both male and female adult mice alters intracortical synaptic inputs onto A1 L6-CTNs using laser-scanning photostimulation and whole-cell recordings. We found DE selectively reduced excitatory intracortical connectivity onto L6-CTNs across multiple layers and weakened synaptic strength from infragranular inputs. In contrast, inhibitory inputs were largely preserved. This shift resulted in a layer-specific reduction in excitation-inhibition balance, particularly for inputs from layer 4. Although the spatial extent of inputs was unchanged, DE decreased the within-animal similarity of excitatory input patterns across neurons, indicating a reorganization of circuit structure. Together, these findings identify selective weakening of intracortical excitation onto L6-CTNs as a key feature of cross-modal plasticity. By reducing recruitment of the L6 gain-control circuit, this reconfiguration may bias cortical processing toward enhanced sensory discrimination while preserving sensitivity.</p>","PeriodicalId":11617,"journal":{"name":"eNeuro","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13657666/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149059322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decoding the Direction of Bistable Illusory Motion from Source-Reconstructed MEG Signals.","authors":"Theodoros Karapanagiotidis, Antony B Morland, Rainer Goebel, Elia Formisano, Alex R Wade","doi":"10.1523/ENEURO.0191-26.2026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1523/ENEURO.0191-26.2026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Motion perception involves both bottom-up sensory processing and top-down perceptual interpretation. Using MEG frequency tagging and source-space multivariate pattern analysis, we decoded the perceived direction of both real and bistable apparent motion from cortical activity in 11 human participants (6 male, 5 female). Real motion direction was decoded with near-ceiling accuracy across frequencies in both whole-brain and visual-cortex analyses, whereas apparent-motion direction was decoded just above chance from visual cortex (56.0%, p=0.011, Cohen's d=0.94) when combining the 5 and 7.5 Hz harmonics. Activation patterns showed a larger relative hMT+ contribution for apparent than real motion, and cross-classification did not generalize direction information between conditions. These results identify a measurable cortical signature of subjective motion direction but also show that it is relatively diffuse and only weakly bound to retinotopic cortex.<b>Significance Statement</b> How does the brain represent what we perceive consciously when the physical stimulus is ambiguous? Using a bistable apparent-motion display (in which the image is fixed but its perceived direction spontaneously switches) together with MEG frequency tagging and source-space decoding, we show that the perceived direction of illusory motion can be read out from activity in visual cortex. Decoding of real motion was near-perfect and dominated by primary visual cortex (V1), whereas for illusory motion decoding was only slightly above chance and the human motion complex hMT+ contributed equally with V1. These findings reveal a relative shift away from retinotopic visual areas when perception is constructed rather than stimulus-driven.</p>","PeriodicalId":11617,"journal":{"name":"eNeuro","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149135504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gustatory Connectivity and Central Projections of the Mouse Petrosal-Nodose-Jugular Ganglia Complex.","authors":"Hanna R Rodriguez, Gyujin Park, Leah T Vinson, Hojoon Lee","doi":"10.1523/ENEURO.0227-26.2026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1523/ENEURO.0227-26.2026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The petrosal, nodose, and jugular ganglia (PNJ) complex is a major sensory gateway through which gustatory, visceral, and somatosensory information from the body is transmitted to the brain. Despite its importance, experimental access to the PNJ complex in mice remains technically challenging, limiting strategies for anatomical tracing and functional manipulation of these pseudounipolar neurons. Here, we detail an improved surgical approach for direct viral vector delivery to the mouse PNJ complex and demonstrate utility of the technique by labeling peripheral and brain-wide central projections from the PNJ. Focusing on the gustatory system, we report viral expression of fluorescent reporters to label gustatory fibers innervating taste tissues at three levels of selectivity: broad labeling of tongue-innervating afferents, genetic targeting of gustatory neurons using P2X2-Cre mice, and selective labeling of sour-responsive neurons using Penk-Cre mice. In the brainstem, the PNJ gustatory neurons terminate at the rostral nucleus of the solitary tract. In addition, we observed PNJ-derived neuron projections to diverse brain regions, including the cervical spinal cord, area postrema, lateral reticular nucleus, nucleus ambiguus, and spinal trigeminal tract. Together, this work provides a practical platform for selectively labeling, isolating, or manipulating PNJ neurons in mice of either sex, enabling future studies of the anatomical organization and functional roles of diverse body-to-brain sensory pathways.<b>Significance Statement</b> The petrosal-nodose-jugular (PNJ) ganglion complex, located in the upper neck, contains sensory neurons that provide critical connections between internal organs and the brain. In this study, we describe an optimized surgical method for directly accessing the PNJ complex and demonstrate its utility by microinjecting viral vectors encoding fluorescent reporters to map sensory neural circuits. As a proof of concept, this approach delineated the tongue-to-brainstem pathway that conveys taste information.</p>","PeriodicalId":11617,"journal":{"name":"eNeuro","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149127010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Voluntary Physical Activity Modulates Brain ΔFOSB and Alters Coactivation Networks in Male and Female Mice.","authors":"Marene H Hardonk, Rick Wenning, Jazz Stofberg, Meike H Mulder, Anna H Vuuregge, Jorine Geertsema, Susanne E la Fleur, Paul J Lucassen, Joram D Mul","doi":"10.1523/ENEURO.0066-26.2026","DOIUrl":"10.1523/ENEURO.0066-26.2026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Regular physical activity promotes brain health, yet the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Repetitive activation of neurons results in accumulation of the transcription factor ΔFOSB, a long-lived splice variant of FOSB. Long-term voluntary wheel running (VWR), a behavioral paradigm that mimics human exercise training, altered brain ΔFOSB immunoreactivity signatures and reorganized coactivation networks in Wistar rats. Here, we used a similar approach to determine large-scale ΔFOSB brain signatures following long-term VWR in mice. Young-adult individually housed male and female C57BL/6J^OlaHsd mice were allowed to run for 4 weeks on horizontal saucer-like wheels, after which ΔFOSB immunoreactivity was quantified in 46 brain regions associated with stress regulation and cognition- and reward-related behavior. Network analysis was applied to assess VWR-mediated changes in interregional ΔFOSB coactivation patterns and network topology. Male and female mice ran equal distances, and VWR blunted body weight gain and terminal gonadal white adipose tissue mass in both sexes. VWR modulated ΔFOSB immunoreactivity across several cortical, striatal, hippocampal, and thalamic regions. Network analysis revealed substantial network reorganizations, with reduced overall network density and increased cortical centrality in males, and greater global efficiency (i.e., small-worldness) in females. Thus, VWR induced large-scale adaptations in brain (in)activation, reshaping network organization in distinct ways in both sexes. Because ΔFOSB regulates many target genes, impacting, e.g., neuron excitability, our findings suggest that long-term VWR induces widespread transcriptional alterations throughout the mouse brain. Functional and mechanistic follow-up studies are necessary to determine the impact of these alterations on stress regulation and cognition- and reward-related behavior.</p>","PeriodicalId":11617,"journal":{"name":"eNeuro","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13645489/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149016161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}