Endocrine Research最新文献

{"title":"Epigenetic analysis reveals aberrant aging in thyroid cancer.","authors":"Yihan Hou, Chenwen Luo, Yao Yao, Yongping Luo","doi":"10.1080/07435800.2026.2694485","DOIUrl":"10.1080/07435800.2026.2694485","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Thyroid cancer (TC), the most common endocrine malignancy, is closely linked to aging. In this study, we estimated DNA methylation (DNAm) age in TC tissues versus adjacent non-cancerous thyroid tissues using TCGA and GSE97466 datasets.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We employed multi-tissue DNAm age estimators, specifically Horvath's clock and the Bayesian Neural Network (BNN) clock, to quantify epigenetic aging in TC and adjacent normal tissues from the TCGA and GSE97466 cohorts. We further integrated genomic, transcriptomic, and mutational analyses, including assessments of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), immune cell infiltration, and thyroid differentiation, to elucidate the associations between DNAm age acceleration and various cancer-related features.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our results revealed marked DNAm age acceleration in TC tissues relative to controls, with both models yielding significantly higher DNAm age estimates in tumors. Although DNAm age correlated strongly with chronological age in control tissues (<i>R</i> ≈ 0.94), this association was notably diminished in TC tissues (<i>R</i> ≈ 0.62). Moreover, TC tissues with accelerated DNAm age exhibited higher telomerase-associated gene expression score, heightened SASP signaling, and distinct immune profiles characterized by elevated M2 macrophages and reduced activated NK cells. Genomic analysis further showed a higher prevalence of BRAF mutations and lower thyroid differentiation scores (TDS) in the accelerated subgroup. No significant associations were detected between DNAm age and clinicopathological parameters or overall survival.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings provide valuable insights into the complex interplay between epigenetic regulation, immune dysfunction, and genomic instability in thyroid cancer, highlighting promising avenues for future research and therapeutic intervention.</p>","PeriodicalId":11601,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine Research","volume":" ","pages":"163-177"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148316341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical insights from diagnosis to outcomes in pediatric hypoparathyroidism and inactivating PTH/PTHrP signaling disorders.","authors":"Gözde Akın Kağızmanlı, Ayhan Abacı, Ece Bober, Korcan Demir","doi":"10.1080/07435800.2026.2709865","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07435800.2026.2709865","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study retrospectively evaluated the clinical, laboratory, and treatment characteristics of pediatric patients with hypoparathyroidism (HP) or inactivating PTH/PTHrP signaling disorders (iPPSD), focusing on metabolic parameters and long-term outcomes.</p><p><strong>Subjects and methods: </strong>Twenty-three children with HP or iPPSD were included. Clinical, biochemical, and therapeutic data were assessed at diagnosis, after one year, and at the last follow-up. HP cases were classified as postsurgical or non-surgical.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the cohort, 56.5% (<i>n </i>= 13) had HP and 43.5% (<i>n </i>= 10) had iPPSD. The median age at diagnosis was 13.2 years (6.8-15.1), with a median follow-up of 6.6 years (2.6-12.7). Within the HP group, four had postsurgical HP, two had DiGeorge syndrome, one had autoimmune HP, and six had idiopathic HP. All iPPSD patients fulfilled diagnostic criteria and demonstrated parathormone (PTH) resistance; two presented with characteristic features, including one with genetically confirmed iPPSD2. Hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia were milder in postsurgical HP compared with other groups, whereas calcium and phosphate levels did not differ between iPPSD and non-surgical HP. Intravenous calcium was required in 34.8% of symptomatic patients at diagnosis. Maintenance therapy with oral calcium and calcitriol was similar across groups. Postsurgical HP patients achieved normocalcemia significantly faster (<i>p </i>= 0.03). After one year, serum calcium levels increased significantly in the iPPSD and non-surgical HP groups (<i>p </i>= 0.005 and <i>p </i>= 0.008, respectively), whereas no significant change was observed in the postsurgical HP group (<i>p </i>= 0.07). Serum phosphorus levels declined only in the iPPSD group (<i>p </i>= 0.005), accompanied by a reduction in PTH levels (<i>p </i>= 0.005). At final follow-up, biochemical parameters remained stable, oral calcium requirements decreased in iPPSD and non-surgical HP (<i>p </i>= 0.02), and no renal complications were observed.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Pediatric HP and iPPSD show distinct profiles. Serum calcium levels increased during follow-up in the iPPSD and non-surgical HP groups, while postsurgical HP patients achieved normocalcemia more rapidly. In the iPPSD group, reductions in serum phosphorus and PTH levels suggested effective long-term biochemical control. Oral calcium supplementation decreased over time in iPPSD and non-surgical HP, whereas calcitriol doses remained stable, and no renal complications were observed, supporting the safety of current treatment strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":11601,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine Research","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148619134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of antithyroid drug duration on radioactive iodine therapy efficacy in Graves' disease in Japan: a propensity score-matched analysis using thyroid weight-based outcomes.","authors":"Seigo Tachibana, Tomoyuki Ohara, Yuji Nagayama, Takashi Fukuda, Daisuke Tatsushima, Yusuke Mori, Hisakazu Shindo, Hiroshi Takahashi, Shinya Sato, Hiroyuki Yamashita","doi":"10.1080/07435800.2026.2701045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07435800.2026.2701045","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Antithyroid drugs (ATDs) are commonly administered prior to radioactive iodine therapy (RAIT) for Graves' disease (GD), but their impact on RAIT efficacy remains unclear, largely due to insufficient adjustment for confounding factors in previous studies.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective study evaluated the impact of ATD treatment duration on RAIT outcomes using propensity score matching (PSM) to control for key covariates. Eighty patients with GD who underwent RAIT between 2015 and 2023 were classified into short-term (S group, <3 months) and long-term (L group, ≥3 months) ATD treatment cohorts (pre-PSM cohorts). After matching for age, thyroid weight, and ¹³¹I absorbed dose, 48 patients (24 per group) were enrolled in the PSM. Treatment efficacy was assessed using thyroid weight and percent thyroid weight reduction at 1 year post-RAIT (TW-1y and %TW-1y, respectively).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The S group demonstrated significantly lower TW-1y (4.9 ± 2.6 g vs. 7.7 ± 5.1 g, <i>p</i> = 0.033) and greater %TW-1y (78.6 ± 8.3% vs. 68.0 ± 14.2%, <i>p</i> = 0.005) than the L group, despite higher TRAb and TSAb levels, which are typically associated with reduced treatment response. Standardized mean difference analysis confirmed adequate covariate balance, and doubly robust sensitivity analysis supported the reliability of these findings.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These results suggest that prolonged ATD administration before RAIT is associated with reduced therapeutic efficacy, providing stronger evidence than prior observational reports.</p>","PeriodicalId":11601,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine Research","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148410894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>AR</i> gene functional domains and their role in clinical severity in androgen insensitivity syndrome: a single-center cohort from Turkey.","authors":"Sukriye Tugce Celebi, Ihsan Turan, Leman Damla Kotan, Mevra Cay, Ayse Merve Cimen, Can Celiloğlu, Eda Mengen, Bilgin Yuksel","doi":"10.1080/07435800.2026.2686267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07435800.2026.2686267","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Androgen receptor (<i>AR</i>) gene mutations are a common cause of 46, XY disorders of sex development (DSD), resulting in varying degrees of androgen insensitivity. This study aims to comprehensively evaluate the clinical features, hormone profiles, and <i>AR</i> gene variants of patients diagnosed with Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS), and to analyze the distribution of these variants across different functional domains.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This retrospective, single-center study analyzed 16 cases of 46, XY DSD, all of whom were found to have <i>AR</i> variants from a single tertiary center in Turkey. Patients were evaluated based on their complaints, hormonal measurements, clinical features, and genetic diagnoses. Patients were classified as having Complete, Partial, or Mild AIS. The variants were categorized based on their location within the functional domains: The Ligand Binding Domain (LBD) and the N-terminal Domain (NTD).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Patients were classified as having CAIS (8/16), PAIS (6/16), MAIS (1/16), and suspected diagnosis (1/16). The most common clinical finding was cryptorchidism (11/16). Ten different <i>AR</i> variants were detected: eight missense (p.Pro392Ser, p.Ala749Val, p.Val890Met, p.Asp733Asn, p.Arg856His, p.Arg856Cys, p.Glu494Ala, and p.Glu710Lys), one nonsense (p.Lys659Ter), and with p.Lys659Ter, p.Glu494Ala and being novel. A CAIS associated with p.Pro392Ser has been reported, and intrafamily variability has been documented in variants such as p.Arg856His and p.Pro392Ser. Most variants (10/16 patients) localized to the LBD. Individuals harboring LBD variants demonstrated lower external genital scores and shorter phallus lengths compared to those with NTD variants. T/DHT ratio was available in 11 patients and did not yield false-positive AIS diagnoses. Marked intrafamilial phenotypic variability was observed.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study expands the <i>AR</i> variant spectrum in AIS and represents one of the more comprehensively characterized cohorts from our country. While LBD variants were more often associated with severe phenotypes and NTD variants with milder presentations, marked phenotypic variability was observed. Nevertheless, considerable phenotypic variability, including marked intrafamilial heterogeneity, was evident. The T/DHT ratio provided supportive biochemical information but did not replace the need for molecular confirmation. Molecular confirmation remains essential, and multidisciplinary, patient-centered management is warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":11601,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine Research","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148239078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction.","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/07435800.2026.2626893","DOIUrl":"10.1080/07435800.2026.2626893","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11601,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine Research","volume":" ","pages":"117"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147324851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Broad-Spectrum Effects of Carbohydrate Reduction on Inflammatory and Immune Mediators in Type 2 Diabetes.","authors":"Shaminie J Athinarayanan, Stephen D Phinney, Rebecca N Adams, Jeff S Volek, Debbie C Thurmond, Amy L McKenzie, Caroline G P Roberts, Robert E Ratner, Ronald M Krauss, Vivian A Fonseca","doi":"10.1080/07435800.2026.2659579","DOIUrl":"10.1080/07435800.2026.2659579","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Chronic low-grade inflammation contributes to the development and complications of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Nutritional ketosis improves glycemic control and weight, but its broader immunomodulatory effects are less well defined.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this post-hoc analysis, adults with T2D (<i>n</i> = 195) or prediabetes (<i>n</i> = 89) in a two-year continuous care intervention (CCI) with individualized carbohydrate reduction emphasizing nutritional ketosis were compared with T2D participants receiving usual care (UC, <i>n</i> = 63). Serum was collected at baseline, 1, and 2 years for high-sensitivity CRP, 15 cytokines/adhesion molecules, and comprehensive blood count (CBC)-derived indices. Linear mixed-effects models evaluated longitudinal changes, while regression (including least absolute shrinkage and selection operator, LASSO) examined associations with mean β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), weight change, HbA1c, and HOMA-IR.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Nineteen of 21 markers declined at 1 year in CCI, largely sustained at 2 years; UC showed no changes. Higher BHB predicted reductions in WBC, ICAM-1, VEGF-A, and systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), while weight loss correlated with IL-6, IL-18, IL-1β, and TNF-α.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>CCI induced broad, durable anti-inflammatory effects, supporting its role in lowering systemic inflammation and cardiometabolic risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":11601,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine Research","volume":" ","pages":"100-116"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147697834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of the trigeminal system in pancreatic innervation: new concept and challenge - a narrative review.","authors":"Fady M Bou Malhab, Serge A Jabbour, Ralph Defronzo, Rita Nemr","doi":"10.1080/07435800.2026.2631091","DOIUrl":"10.1080/07435800.2026.2631091","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The pancreas is innervated by a complex network including vagal, sympathetic, and spinal sensory pathways but recent studies suggest that the trigeminal system, known for its role in sensory perception, may also contribute to pancreatic innervation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This review explores the hypothesis that the trigeminal system, via sensory neuropeptides such as calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P, plays a role in pancreatic sensory innervation. Several hypotheses are proposed to explain this potential role, including embryological development, antidromic activity, and neurotransmitter actions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Neuropeptides, found in pancreatic tissues, may influence blood flow, inflammation, and pain perception, as well as modulate pancreatic functions such as enzyme secretion and insulin release. Understanding the interplay between the trigeminal system and the pancreas could provide insights into the pathophysiology of conditions like pancreatitis and diabetes.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Targeting these pathways might offer new therapeutic strategies for managing pancreatic disorders, especially pain control and inflammation.</p>","PeriodicalId":11601,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine Research","volume":" ","pages":"68-77"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146212357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state in patients with end-stage renal disease on dialysis: a review.","authors":"Laurence Aoun, Hadi Itani, Chris Kaspar, Michel Al Achkar, Fares Saliba, Shaza Al Mardini, Erica Abidor, Mohammad Aldalahmeh, Zaid Khamis, Toni Habib, Fadi Haddadin, Waleed Azam, Razan Dankar, Salim Barakat, Sai Shanmukha Sreeram Pannala, Julie Zaidan","doi":"10.1080/07435800.2026.2627210","DOIUrl":"10.1080/07435800.2026.2627210","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This review aims to discuss the prevalence, risk factors, and management of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on hemodialysis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A comprehensive literature review of retrospective studies, case reports, and clinical guidelines was conducted.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>DKA and HHS incidence is lower in ESRD patients due to delayed insulin clearance and regular dialysis. Management requires cautious fluid administration, reduced insulin infusion rates, conservative potassium replacement, and gradual correction of hyperosmolarity. Emergency hemodialysis may be necessary for severe acidosis or hyperkalemia.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Treatment must be individualized. Emerging strategies, including extended dialysis sessions and closed-loop insulin delivery, require further validation.</p>","PeriodicalId":11601,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine Research","volume":" ","pages":"59-67"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146225995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk of obstructive sleep apnea and diabetes in Korean adults.","authors":"Mi Ah Han","doi":"10.1080/07435800.2026.2631094","DOIUrl":"10.1080/07435800.2026.2631094","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>We aimed to determine the relationship between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and diabetes in Korean adults.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study used data from the 8th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2019-2021). A total of 11,439 adults aged ≥40 years were included. The obstructive sleep apnea was evaluated using the Snoring, Tiredness during the daytime, Observed apnea, high blood Pressure, Body mass index, Age, Neck circumference, and Gender (STOP-BANG) criteria.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The prevalence of diabetes was 18.3% and a high risk for OSA was 7.3%. The prevalence of diabetes differed depending on the OSA risk, with the high-risk group demonstrating a significantly higher adjusted odds ratio for diabetes (2.78, 95% confidence interval = 2.24-3.44) compared with the low-risk group for OSA. Additionally, we identified a dose-response relationship, where the risk of diabetes increased as the number of risk factors for OSA increased (<i>p</i> < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>People at high risk for OSA had a higher prevalence of diabetes than those who were not at risk. Given the increasing burden of diabetes and the potential association of OSA with other essential health conditions, further research is needed to evaluate the benefits of diabetes prevention or blood glucose testing in patients with OSA.</p>","PeriodicalId":11601,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine Research","volume":" ","pages":"93-99"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146164671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ETV4 transcriptionally activates STAT6 to inhibit ferroptosis and promote immune escape in thyroid cancer.","authors":"Wei Zong, Yancang Wang, Bin Xu","doi":"10.1080/07435800.2026.2629919","DOIUrl":"10.1080/07435800.2026.2629919","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Thyroid cancer (THCA) is one of the most common endocrine malignancies, with a significant increase in incidence over the past few decades. ETS variant transcription factor 4 (ETV4) is a member of the ETS family of transcription factors, which play crucial roles in tumorigenesis. However, the precise mechanisms by which ETV4 contributes to THCA progression remain largely unexplored.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The expression levels of ETV4, programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6), and solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) were analyzed using quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blotting assays. Cell viability was assessed using the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and apoptosis were evaluated by flow cytometry. Colorimetric assays were employed to measure malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, glutathione (GSH) levels, iron (Fe²⁺) levels, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) cytotoxicity. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to quantify interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-2 (IL-2) levels. The interaction between ETV4 and STAT6 was confirmed using a dual-luciferase reporter assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>ETV4 expression was upregulated in THCA tissues and cells. Its knockdown increased ROS, MDA, and Fe²⁺, decreased GSH and SLC7A11, and reduced PD-L1 expression. Silencing ETV4 enhanced CD8⁺ T cell cytotoxicity and elevated secretion of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2, while promoting apoptosis. STAT6 expression was upregulated in THCA tissues and positively correlated with ETV4 expression. Mechanistically, ETV4 transcriptionally activated STAT6 in FTC-133 cells, and STAT6 overexpression inhibited ferroptosis and promoted immune escape by interacting with ETV4.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>ETV4 transcriptionally activated STAT6 to inhibit ferroptosis and promote immune escape in THCA. Targeting the ETV4-STAT6 axis may offer a novel therapeutic strategy, potentially inhibiting ferroptosis and enhancing immune response in THCA patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":11601,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine Research","volume":" ","pages":"78-92"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147316820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}