{"title":"Creep Notch Stress Intensity Factors for mode 1 loaded solids with pointed V notches","authors":"Giulio Lutterotti, Michele Zappalorto","doi":"10.1016/j.engfracmech.2025.111553","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engfracmech.2025.111553","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the present work, a method to derive the creep Notch Stress Intensity Factors (NSIFs), quantifying the intensity of the stress fields in V-notched creeping solids, is proposed. The method is based on a non-conventional reformulation of the well-known Neuber Rule, focusing the attention on Mode 1 loaded V-notched solids under plane strain conditions and made of a material obeying a predominantly secondary creep, as described by the Norton constitutive model. Thanks to the rigorous analytical framework presented, a well-defined analytical link between creep Notch Stress Intensity Factors and elastic NSIFs is derived and validated against numerical results from a bulk of non-linear finite element analyses, considering different geometries, materials and loading conditions. The solution derived represents a powerful tool, allowing one to quickly estimate the local stress fields under creep, which would, instead, require time-consuming non-linear transient creep analyses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11576,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Fracture Mechanics","volume":"328 ","pages":"Article 111553"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145155281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kaihui Li, Guangzhen Du, Jiezhen Chen, Dongya Han, Zhanming Shi, Jiangteng Li, Kang Peng
{"title":"Effects of inherently structural anisotropy and stress anisotropy on strength and fracture characteristics of transversely isotropic rocks","authors":"Kaihui Li, Guangzhen Du, Jiezhen Chen, Dongya Han, Zhanming Shi, Jiangteng Li, Kang Peng","doi":"10.1016/j.engfracmech.2025.111566","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engfracmech.2025.111566","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To investigate the influences of structural anisotropy and stress anisotropy on the strength and fracture characteristics of transversely isotropic rocks, a series of true triaxial tests, covering a full range of intermediate principal stress (<em>σ</em><sub>2</sub>) that varies from the generalized triaxial compression to the generalized triaxial tensile stress states, were conducted on slate specimens with different foliation orientations (<em>θ</em><sub>1</sub>-<em>θ</em><sub>2</sub>-<em>θ</em><sub>3</sub>). The results show that the elastic modulus of slate specimen increases with <em>σ</em><sub>2</sub>, and is affected by its foliation orientation with the influence of <em>θ</em><sub>2</sub> less significant than <em>θ</em><sub>1</sub>. <em>θ</em><sub>1</sub> significantly influences rock failure characteristics: typically, ductile behavior occurs when <em>θ</em><sub>1</sub> < 60°, while brittle behavior occurs when <em>θ</em><sub>1</sub> ≥ 60°. The fracture patterns of slate specimens are closely related to <em>σ</em><sub>2</sub> and foliation orientation. To clarify the mechanism by which the two factors influence fracture patterns, a numerical approach is proposed to quantitatively analyze the effect of <em>σ</em><sub>2</sub> on normal and shear stresses on the foliation plane of specimen. Additionally, incorporating the structural anisotropy into the linear Mogi-Coulomb criterion, a true triaxial strength criterion is proposed and validated against the true triaxial data on slate. It is also found that the sensitivities of parameters of this criterion to <em>θ</em><sub>1</sub> are significantly higher than <em>θ</em><sub>2</sub>. Finally, the acoustic emission (AE) results reveal that the shear fracture along foliation plane and the mixed shear fracture involve a sudden energy release in the late stage, while the shear-through and tensile fractures show a gradual AE activity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11576,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Fracture Mechanics","volume":"328 ","pages":"Article 111566"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145118185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Peng Chu , Heping Xie , Lingwei Kong , Jianjun Hu , Yanshao Deng , Cunbao Li
{"title":"Anisotropic fracture phase-field model to characterize multi-mode fracture behavior of laminated rocks under various loading conditions","authors":"Peng Chu , Heping Xie , Lingwei Kong , Jianjun Hu , Yanshao Deng , Cunbao Li","doi":"10.1016/j.engfracmech.2025.111564","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engfracmech.2025.111564","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurately capturing the anisotropic fracture behavior of laminated rocks, such as initiation, propagation, branching, and coalescence, is challenging. This study introduces an anisotropic fracture phase-field model to capture the complex fracture patterns of laminated rocks. A structural tensor is constructed to characterize the rock’s anisotropy and is embedded into a crack density function to quantify the anisotropic fracture energy. Energy decomposition based on strain tensor and a shear failure energy criterion are utilized to derive equations describing tensile–shear and compressive–shear actions, which account for different fracture mechanisms. The equations and the anisotropic fracture energy function are integrated into a fracture variational framework to develop a mixed phase-field model that simulates the multi-mode fracture behavior of laminated rocks. The performance of the proposed model is evaluated by comparing it with experimental data and existing models, demonstrating its effectiveness in simulating crack propagation under tensile, tensile–shear, compressive–shear, and mixed-mode fractures. The influences of the anisotropic properties, stress paths, and critical energy release rate ratio on crack propagation in laminated rocks are comprehensively examined.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11576,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Fracture Mechanics","volume":"328 ","pages":"Article 111564"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145118180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sofia Papoulidou, Shan He, Branko Šavija, Mladena Luković
{"title":"Concrete-to-concrete interfaces: Interlocking architecture for improved toughness","authors":"Sofia Papoulidou, Shan He, Branko Šavija, Mladena Luković","doi":"10.1016/j.engfracmech.2025.111547","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engfracmech.2025.111547","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Concrete-to-concrete interfaces are brittle and reinforced with steel to ensure force transfer and provide ductility. Recent research in ceramics and polymers shows that by implementing intricate interlocking geometries, named bistable interlocks, toughness can be added to inherently brittle materials and their connections. In this research, the “bistable interlock” concept is applied to cementitious materials (strain-hardening cementitious composites, SHCC) offering a novel approach to increase the toughness of concrete interfaces. A bistable interlock mechanism is achieved by geometrically designing double-radii surface morphologies that can lock into two hardening positions under tensile loads and is combined with material hardening interlock of SHCC. The investigation focused on the effects of interface shape (straight vs. curved) and geometric characteristics (key length and diameter of interface keys), and interface treatments (as-cast, lubricated, and prefabricated). The findings highlight the critical role of interface treatment. Specimens with an untreated, strong interface were unable to activate bistable behavior, primarily failing due to key rupture. Lubricated interfaces facilitated key pullout, demonstrating in curved specimens up to 80% higher energy absorption compared to untreated specimens. The tensile strength of the architectured interface reached about 30% of the SHCC strength, whereas its deformation capacity was doubled. These results underscore the potential for customized, tough connections and their application in the design of precast concrete components.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11576,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Fracture Mechanics","volume":"329 ","pages":"Article 111547"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145227541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Meng-Di Jia , Hong-Wei Wang , Shuang-Shuang Wu , Shao-Dong Shen , Yan-Jie Wang , Zhi-Min Wu
{"title":"Theoretical model for mode I fatigue crack growth of concrete under different loading frequencies","authors":"Meng-Di Jia , Hong-Wei Wang , Shuang-Shuang Wu , Shao-Dong Shen , Yan-Jie Wang , Zhi-Min Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.engfracmech.2025.111551","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engfracmech.2025.111551","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Loading frequency is a critical factor that influences the mode I fatigue fracture of concrete. However, it is neglected in existing theoretical models, which limits their applicability. To address this issue, a new model for mode I fatigue fracture of concrete is developed in this study. This model converts the loading frequency into the loading rate, and introduces the rate-dependent crack growth criterion and cohesive constitutive model. The predicted fatigue crack growth process of three-point bending (TPB) beams under varying loading frequencies agrees well with the experimental results, thereby verifying the model’s effectiveness. Subsequently, based on the model, a quantitative analysis of fatigue life and crack growth of concrete under varying loading frequencies is conducted. The results indicate that the initial cracking load of TPB beams increases with increased loading frequency. When the load exceeds the fatigue peak load, specimens show infinite fatigue life. The ultimate load of TPB beams under monotonic loading increases with improved loading frequency. The fatigue crack growth of concrete is frequency-independent when the rate-dependent ultimate load is used to determine the fatigue load. The investigation provides a practical approach to quantify the frequency-dependent growth of fatigue cracks. Meanwhile, it reveals the mechanisms behind increased fatigue life and decreased fatigue crack growth at higher frequencies. Namely, the rate effect of concrete improves both the initial cracking load and ultimate load. It contributes to a reasonable evaluation of the stability of fatigue cracks and an in-depth understanding of the fatigue fracture of concrete under different loading frequencies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11576,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Fracture Mechanics","volume":"328 ","pages":"Article 111551"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145118181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lankai Liu , Qin Zhou , Taiwen Li , Le He , Juhui Zhu , Zidong Fan , Cunbao Li , Li Ren
{"title":"Confinement-Driven fracture behavior transition in sandstone","authors":"Lankai Liu , Qin Zhou , Taiwen Li , Le He , Juhui Zhu , Zidong Fan , Cunbao Li , Li Ren","doi":"10.1016/j.engfracmech.2025.111556","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engfracmech.2025.111556","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydraulic fracturing experiments were performed on hollow double-wing crack specimens of tight sandstone from the Xujiahe Formation under simulated in-situ confining pressures corresponding to burial depths of 0, 3263, 4078, 4894 and 5710 m (0–140 MPa). The sandstone consistently developed straight main fractures along pre-existing fissures across this entire pressure range, reflecting its homogeneous microstructure and uniform interparticle stress transfer network—behavior that contrasts sharply with the bedding-controlled fracture modes observed in shale. Fracture pressure increased linearly with confining pressure, whereas net pressure rose quadratically, reaching five times atmospheric pressure at 140 MPa and thus explaining the steep rise in energy consumption during deep fracturing. Furthermore, sandstone’s fracture toughness and fracture energy exhibited far greater pressure sensitivity (400 % and 2394 % increases, respectively) compared to shale. Microscopic analysis revealed that elevated confining pressure enhances intergranular contact forces, driving a shift from transgranular to intergranular microcracking that governs the evolution of macroscopic fracture parameters. These results provide essential data and optimization strategies for designing more efficient fracturing treatments in deep tight-sandstone gas reservoirs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11576,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Fracture Mechanics","volume":"328 ","pages":"Article 111556"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145155277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yihan Zhao , Yue Su , Yunpeng Ding , Xingfa Liu , Jingxuan Zhang , Yi Yan , Bin Chen
{"title":"Pixel-removing digital image correlation − a universal method for speckle pattern image degradation and cracking","authors":"Yihan Zhao , Yue Su , Yunpeng Ding , Xingfa Liu , Jingxuan Zhang , Yi Yan , Bin Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.engfracmech.2025.111569","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engfracmech.2025.111569","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Digital Image Correlation (DIC) typically has poor accuracy when the speckle pattern is degraded, as in cases involving fractures, speckle melting or oxidation in high-temperature measurements, speckle slip, speckle obstruction due to surface roughness, pixel overexposure, or low-quality sensors with dead or defective pixels. We propose a pixel-removing DIC (PR-DIC) method that can accurately match the images with these challenging issues. The PR-DIC dynamically discards unreliable pixels within each subset and keeps only the good pixels for subset matching, enabling a better correlation. Numerical tests shows that PR-DIC has good matching accuracy and efficiency even under severe speckle pattern degradation, which obviously outperforms the classical DIC. A real test of joint root demonstrates reliable performance under practical fracture conditions when the images exhibit severe speckle degradation and crack-induced discontinuities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11576,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Fracture Mechanics","volume":"328 ","pages":"Article 111569"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145227386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Towards a comprehensive regularized continuum damage mechanics model for fatigue crack growth","authors":"O. Voreux, S. Feld-Payet, P. Kanouté, S. Kruch","doi":"10.1016/j.engfracmech.2025.111494","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engfracmech.2025.111494","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Efficient crack propagation models are required to ensure that critical parts of an aircraft continue to perform their function even in the presence of cracks. One of the main difficulties is to model the different types of damage that can occur in the same formalism given the variety of loading paths during in-service conditions that these parts are subjected to. To meet this challenge, incremental models are of particular interest, especially those based on <em>Continuum Damage Mechanics</em> (CDM). However, in order to obtain mesh-independent results, these models require the use of regularization methods. In addition, to check the ability of the model to catch the crack growth kinetics when the model is intrinsically continuous, a damage-to-crack transition is required in order to monitor the crack size. All these issues need to be addressed before any comparison can be made between numerical results from finite element calculations and those from a conventional <em>Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics</em> (LEFM) approach. This paper proposes a possible solution by combining a regularized time-incremental model that takes into account two different types of damage (here fatigue and ductile damage) with a continuous–discontinuous strategy to insert an easy-to-track discrete crack. The procedure is investigated on a nickel-based superalloy subjected to fatigue loading conditions at elevated temperatures. The high-temperature cyclic behavior of the material is modeled within the framework of unified elastic–viscoplasticity. The discrete crack, within structural calculations, is represented by successive crack-path tracking and remeshing steps. Finite element calculations illustrate the ability of the proposed strategy to recover features identical to those obtained with conventional LEFM methods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11576,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Fracture Mechanics","volume":"328 ","pages":"Article 111494"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145106119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mingtian Zhang , Jinyang Fan , Wang Yang , Zongze Li , Jie Chen , Deyi Jiang , Yaonan Li , Daniel Nelias
{"title":"Experimental study on dynamic fracture and fragmentation behavior of surrounding rock in salt cavern gas storage under impact loading","authors":"Mingtian Zhang , Jinyang Fan , Wang Yang , Zongze Li , Jie Chen , Deyi Jiang , Yaonan Li , Daniel Nelias","doi":"10.1016/j.engfracmech.2025.111559","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engfracmech.2025.111559","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Salt rock is a critical medium for underground energy storage (e.g., oil, natural gas, and CO<sub>2</sub>). However, it faces significant challenges under dynamic loading conditions, such as blasting and seismic events, threatening the stability and safety of salt caverns. The dynamic fracture behavior and failure mechanisms of salt rock under high-strain-rate loading remain inadequately understood, particularly concerning fracture propagation patterns and energy dissipation characteristics. This study investigates salt rock, employing a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) dynamic impact test system integrated with high-speed photography and digital image correlation (DIC) techniques. The mechanical properties and fracture propagation behavior of salt rock under impact loading are systematically analyzed. Based on fractal dimension theory, particle size distribution analysis of fractured salt rock is conducted, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is employed to examine the crushed fragments. The results show that: (1) Salt rock material is a strain-rate-sensitive material, the dynamic peak strength of salt rock is positively correlated with strain rate under impact loading, and the fragmentation pattern shifts from coarse particles to finer grains as the strain rate escalates. (2) Salt rock exhibits distinct fracture propagation stages under dynamic loading, with an increasing fragment fractal dimension with strain rate. (3) Within the strain rate range of 68.39 s<sup>−1</sup>–83.51 s<sup>−1</sup>, the dynamic compressive strength of salt rock is lower than the static compressive strength. (4) As the impact pressure increases beyond the threshold of 0.3 MPa, the failure characteristics of salt rock exhibit pronounced “avalanche” dynamic behavior. These findings are highly significant for assessing geological engineering disaster risks under extreme loading conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11576,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Fracture Mechanics","volume":"328 ","pages":"Article 111559"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145118186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abouzar Jafari , Mostafa Mollaali , Lingyue Ma , Amir Ali Shahmansouri , Ying Zhou , Roberto Dugnani
{"title":"Brittle fracture strength prediction via XML with reliability considerations","authors":"Abouzar Jafari , Mostafa Mollaali , Lingyue Ma , Amir Ali Shahmansouri , Ying Zhou , Roberto Dugnani","doi":"10.1016/j.engfracmech.2025.111555","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engfracmech.2025.111555","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a Machine Learning (ML)-based framework for predicting the brittle fracture strength of glass and ceramic materials in tension and flexure. Traditional empirical methods rely on subjective interpretations and oversimplified formulas that overlook critical factors such as specimen geometry, residual stresses, elastic properties, and microstructural heterogeneity, leading to inconsistent and unreliable strength estimates. To overcome these limitations, this research utilizes a dataset of over 4,600 fractured specimens spanning 44 brittle material types and employs both single and ensemble ML algorithms, including Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), XGBoost, and LightGBM. Two approaches are proposed: (i) Practical Solution (PS) derived from a simplified MLP architecture, offering explicit mathematical equations for ease of use, and (ii) high-accuracy Model-Based Solution (MBS) integrated into a user-friendly GUI. The results demonstrate that LightGBM outperforms empirical methods, PS, and other MBS, achieving superior predictive accuracy with lower RMSE and MAE, along with higher correlation coefficient across different material types and loading conditions. Specifically, for glass or glass-like (glass) in flexure, the LightGBM model achieved RMSE, MAE, and correlation coefficient values of 0.07, 0.044, and 0.98, respectively, compared to 0.116, 0.078, and 0.93 for the PS and 0.210, 0.170, and 0.93 for empirical solutions. Similar trends were observed for other cases, with non-glass (ceramic) materials exhibiting slightly lower accuracy due to their complex microstructure and the inherent challenges in fracture surface interpretation. A reliability analysis using Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) confirmed that ensemble ML solutions provide robust and generalizable predictions across varying input conditions, while PS, though more conservative, exhibits lower predictive accuracy. Feature importance analysis via SHAP revealed that the non-dimensional parameter <span><math><msqrt><mrow><mi>t</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>R</mi></mrow></msqrt></math></span> (where <span><math><mi>t</mi></math></span> is the thickness of the plate or the diameter of the rod, and <span><math><mi>R</mi></math></span> is the mirror radius) is the most influential factor in fracture strength prediction, consistent with classical fracture mechanics. For further validation of the developed ML-based solutions, additional experimental studies were conducted, confirming both their accuracy and practical applicability in engineering applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11576,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Fracture Mechanics","volume":"328 ","pages":"Article 111555"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145155218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}