IF 3.2 4区工程技术

Energies Pub Date : 2024-01-05 DOI: 10.3390/en17020278

Pandu Ranga Tirumalasetti, Fang-Bor Weng, M. M. Dlamini, Chia-Hung Chen

{"title":"Numerical Simulation of Double Layered Wire Mesh Integration on the Cathode for a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC)","authors":"Pandu Ranga Tirumalasetti, Fang-Bor Weng, M. M. Dlamini, Chia-Hung Chen","doi":"10.3390/en17020278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en17020278","url":null,"abstract":"The optimization of reactant and product mass transfer within fuel cells stands as a critical determinant for achieving optimal fuel-cell performance. With a specific focus on stationary applications, this study delves into the comprehensive examination of fuel-cell mass transfer properties, employing a sophisticated blend of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and the innovative design of a double-layered wire mesh (DLWM) as a flow field and gas diffusion layer. The investigation notably contrasts a meticulously developed 3D fine mesh flow field with a numerical model of the integrated DLWM implemented on the cathode end of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). Evaluations reveal that the 3D fine mesh experiences a notable threefold increase in pressure drop compared to the DLWM flow field, indicative of the enhanced efficiency achieved by the DLWM configuration. Oxygen distribution analyses further underscore the promising performance of both the 3D fine mesh and the proposed DLWM, with the DLWM showcasing additional improvements in water removal capabilities within the cell. Impressively, the DLWM attains a remarkable maximum current density of 2137.17 mA/cm2 at 0.55 V, indicative of its superior performance over the 3D fine mesh, while also demonstrating the potential for cost-effectiveness and scalability in mass production.","PeriodicalId":11557,"journal":{"name":"Energies","volume":"52 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139381821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Conducting a Geographical Information System-Based Multi-Criteria Analysis to Assess the Potential and Location for Offshore Wind Farms in Poland 开展基于地理信息系统的多重标准分析，评估波兰近海风电场的潜力和位置

IF 3.2 4区工程技术

Energies Pub Date : 2024-01-05 DOI: 10.3390/en17020283

Magdalena Przewoźniak, A. Wyrwa, J. Zyśk, Maciej Raczyński, M. Pluta

{"title":"Conducting a Geographical Information System-Based Multi-Criteria Analysis to Assess the Potential and Location for Offshore Wind Farms in Poland","authors":"Magdalena Przewoźniak, A. Wyrwa, J. Zyśk, Maciej Raczyński, M. Pluta","doi":"10.3390/en17020283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en17020283","url":null,"abstract":"Offshore wind energy is becoming an increasingly important element in the decarbonisation of energy systems. This study aims to estimate the technical potential for offshore wind energy in the Polish exclusive economic zone (EZZ) of the Baltic Sea. Such estimates are necessary to plan the expansion of energy infrastructure. This paper proposes a multi-criteria analysis for the estimation of offshore wind potential and site selection using QGIS software (QGIS Desktop 3.28.6). The criteria include wind velocity, water depth, distance from nature conservation areas, distance from submarine cables and gas pipelines, distance from shipping routes, distance from fishing areas, distance from shipwrecks, and distance from the coastline. The best sites are identified through the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The results show that the total suitable marine area of 16,218.67 square kilometres can be divided into three parts, in which the highly suitable area for offshore wind farms accounts for 17.55%, the moderately suitable area accounts for 48.56%, and the marginally suitable area accounts for 10.26%. Two different wind turbine placement configurations are being considered, in which wind turbines with a nominal capacity of 15 MW are laid out: 2.5 km and 2 km apart from each other. The corresponding overall electrical capacities only in highly suitable areas equal ca. 9 GW and 15 GW, respectively. If this area is extended to also include the moderately suitable parts, these values increase to ca. 31 GW and 50 GW. The results indicate that the technical potential of offshore wind in the Polish EEZ is significant and should be taken into account when designing the future electricity generation mix.","PeriodicalId":11557,"journal":{"name":"Energies","volume":"57 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139381850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Investigating the Role of Byproduct Oxygen in UK-Based Future Scenario Models for Green Hydrogen Electrolysis 调查副产物氧气在基于英国的绿色氢电解未来情景模式中的作用

IF 3.2 4区工程技术

Energies Pub Date : 2024-01-05 DOI: 10.3390/en17020281

Cameron Campbell-Stanway, Victor Becerra, Shanker Prabhu, James Bull

{"title":"Investigating the Role of Byproduct Oxygen in UK-Based Future Scenario Models for Green Hydrogen Electrolysis","authors":"Cameron Campbell-Stanway, Victor Becerra, Shanker Prabhu, James Bull","doi":"10.3390/en17020281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en17020281","url":null,"abstract":"Water electrolysis for hydrogen production with renewable electricity is regularly studied as an option for decarbonised future energy scenarios. The inclusion of byproduct electrolytic oxygen capture and sale is of interest for parallel decarbonisation efforts elsewhere in the industry and could contribute to reducing green hydrogen costs. A deterministic hydrogen electrolysis system model is constructed to compare oxygen inclusion/exclusion scenarios. This uses wind and solar-PV electricity generation timeseries, a power-dependent electrolysis model to determine the energy efficiency of gas yield, and power allocation for gas post-processing energy within each hourly timestep. This maintains a fully renewable (and therefore low/zero carbon) electricity source for electrolysis and gas post-processing. The model is validated (excluding oxygen) against an existing low-cost GW-scale solar-hydrogen production scenario and an existing hydrogen production costs study with offshore wind generation at the multi-MW scale. For both comparisons, oxygen inclusion is then evaluated to demonstrate both the benefits and drawbacks of capture and utilisation, for different scenario conditions, and high parameter sensitivity can be seen regarding the price of renewable electricity. This work subsequently proposes that the option for the potential utilisation of byproduct oxygen should be included in future research to exemplify otherwise missed benefits.","PeriodicalId":11557,"journal":{"name":"Energies","volume":"54 40","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139382138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Reducing CO2 Emissions of Hybrid Heavy-Duty Trucks and Buses: Paving the Transition to Low-Carbon Transport 减少混合动力重型卡车和巴士的二氧化碳排放：为向低碳交通过渡铺平道路

IF 3.2 4区工程技术

Energies Pub Date : 2024-01-05 DOI: 10.3390/en17020286

N. Zacharof, Evangelos Bitsanis, Stijn Broekaert, G. Fontaras

{"title":"Reducing CO2 Emissions of Hybrid Heavy-Duty Trucks and Buses: Paving the Transition to Low-Carbon Transport","authors":"N. Zacharof, Evangelos Bitsanis, Stijn Broekaert, G. Fontaras","doi":"10.3390/en17020286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en17020286","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the CO2 reduction potential of powertrain hybridisation on heavy-duty lorries and city buses. The analysis considers modern parallel and serial hybrid architectures, assessing their efficiency and limits in CO2 emission reduction through vehicle simulation in VECTO, which is the official tool of the European Commission for calculating heavy-duty vehicle fuel and energy consumption. The results reveal distinct trends for each vehicle type and architecture. In lorries, more significant improvements are observed in urban delivery profiles, reaching up to ~16%, indicating the benefits of hybridisation in transient conditions with energy recuperation opportunities. City buses, particularly those with serial architectures, exhibit significant emission reductions that reach 36%, making them suitable for urban environments. The optimisation of electric motor size and performance plays a crucial role in achieving emission reductions, while battery capacity must be carefully considered to avoid adverse effects. For lorries in urban delivery use, further improvements of 17.5% can be achieved by utilising a 160 kW engine motor and 30 kWh battery. Buses are already quite well optimised, with serial architecture presenting the highest benefits with a 120 kW electric motor and a battery of 11 kWh. Future research should focus on supercapacitors and gearboxes to improve efficiency at higher vehicle speeds and assess hybridisation potential in interurban coach travel. The heavy-duty vehicle sector can make significant strides towards low-carbon transport by maximising hybrid powertrain efficiency and emission reductions.","PeriodicalId":11557,"journal":{"name":"Energies","volume":"38 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139382331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Heat Transfer Mechanisms and Contributions of Wearable Thermoelectrics to Personal Thermal Management 传热机制和可穿戴热电半导体对个人热管理的贡献

IF 3.2 4区工程技术

Energies Pub Date : 2024-01-05 DOI: 10.3390/en17020285

Diana Enescu

{"title":"Heat Transfer Mechanisms and Contributions of Wearable Thermoelectrics to Personal Thermal Management","authors":"Diana Enescu","doi":"10.3390/en17020285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en17020285","url":null,"abstract":"Thermoelectricity can assist in creating comfortable thermal environments through wearable solutions and local applications that keep the temperature comfortable around individuals. In the analysis of an indoor environment, thermal comfort depends on the global characteristics of the indoor volume and on the local thermal environment where the individuals develop their activity. This paper addresses the heat transfer mechanisms that refer to individuals, which operate in their working ambient when wearable thermoelectric solutions are used for enhancing heating or cooling within the local environment. After recalling the characteristics of the thermoelectric generators and illustrating the heat transfer mechanisms between the human body and the environment, the interactions between wearable thermoelectric generators and the human skin are discussed, considering the analytical representations of the thermal phenomena. The wearable solutions with thermoelectric generators for personal thermal management are then categorized by considering active and passive thermal management methods, natural and assisted heat exchange, autonomous and nonautonomous devices, and direct or indirect contact with the human body.","PeriodicalId":11557,"journal":{"name":"Energies","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139383067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Fast Dynamic Simulation Method of an Active Distribution Network with Distributed Generations Based on Decomposition and Coordination 基于分解与协调的分布式主动配电网络快速动态仿真方法

IF 3.2 4区工程技术

Energies Pub Date : 2024-01-05 DOI: 10.3390/en17020287

K. Liu, Xueshun Ye, Tianyuan Kang, Zhao Li, Dongli Jia

{"title":"A Fast Dynamic Simulation Method of an Active Distribution Network with Distributed Generations Based on Decomposition and Coordination","authors":"K. Liu, Xueshun Ye, Tianyuan Kang, Zhao Li, Dongli Jia","doi":"10.3390/en17020287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en17020287","url":null,"abstract":"With the penetration of distributed resources into power distribution networks, power distribution networks are transforming into active distribution networks with a high proportion of distributed generations and power electronic equipment. Efficient modeling and simulation methods are essential to perform dynamic response analysis. In order to satisfy the fast/steady/slow multiple time-scale simulation requirements of active distribution networks, a fast/medium/slow time partition model and a network decoupling method for short line characteristic lines is proposed in this paper. Through the decomposition coordination simulation method, the network is decomposed into multiple regions that can be simulated in parallel. Based on the interconnection of fiber optic network cards, a multi-rate parallel simulation and synchronization strategy is proposed, which significantly improves the simulation speed of active distribution networks while ensuring simulation accuracy. The numerical experiments have been conducted based on a modified IEEE 33-bus and a PG&E 69-bus, and simulation results show the feasibility of the proposed method. The verification results of the example show that using adaptive variable-step-size multi-rate parallel simulation technology can increase the subnet computation-time balance rate and simulation acceleration ratio to 119.90% and 121.31% in the same rate-parallel mode.","PeriodicalId":11557,"journal":{"name":"Energies","volume":"101 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139383619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Adaptive Control Approach for Accurate Current Sharing and Voltage Regulation in DC Microgrid Applications 在直流微电网应用中实现精确分流和电压调节的自适应控制方法

IF 3.2 4区工程技术

Energies Pub Date : 2024-01-05 DOI: 10.3390/en17020284

Mohamed A. Mesbah, Khairy Sayed, Adel Ahmed, Mahmoud Aref, Z. Elbarbary, A. Almuflih, Mahmoud A. Mossa

{"title":"Adaptive Control Approach for Accurate Current Sharing and Voltage Regulation in DC Microgrid Applications","authors":"Mohamed A. Mesbah, Khairy Sayed, Adel Ahmed, Mahmoud Aref, Z. Elbarbary, A. Almuflih, Mahmoud A. Mossa","doi":"10.3390/en17020284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en17020284","url":null,"abstract":"A DC microgrid is an efficient way to combine diverse sources; conventional droop control is unable to achieve both accurate current sharing and required voltage regulation. This paper provides a new adaptive control approach for DC microgrid applications that satisfies both accurate current sharing and appropriate voltage regulation depending on the loading state. As the load increases in parallel, so do the output currents of the distributed generating units, and correct current sharing is necessary under severe load conditions. The suggested control approach raises the equivalent droop gains as the load level increases in parallel and provides accurate current sharing. The droop parameters were checked online and changed using the principal current sharing loops to reduce the variation in load current sharing, and the second loop also transferred the droop lines to eliminate DC microgrid bus voltage fluctuation in the adaptive droop controller, which is different and inventive. The proposed algorithm is tested using a variety of input voltages and load resistances. This work assesses the performance and stability of the suggested method using a linearized model and verifies the results using an acceptable model created in MATLAB/SIMULINK Software Version 9.3 and using Real-Time Simulation Fundamentals and hardware-based experimentation.","PeriodicalId":11557,"journal":{"name":"Energies","volume":"80 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139381574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Novel Electricity Theft Detection Strategy Based on Dual-Time Feature Fusion and Deep Learning Methods 基于双时特征融合和深度学习方法的新型窃电检测策略

IF 3.2 4区工程技术

Energies Pub Date : 2024-01-05 DOI: 10.3390/en17020275

Qinyu Huang, Zhenli Tang, Xiaofeng Weng, Min He, Fang Liu, Mingfa Yang, Tao Jin

{"title":"A Novel Electricity Theft Detection Strategy Based on Dual-Time Feature Fusion and Deep Learning Methods","authors":"Qinyu Huang, Zhenli Tang, Xiaofeng Weng, Min He, Fang Liu, Mingfa Yang, Tao Jin","doi":"10.3390/en17020275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en17020275","url":null,"abstract":"To enhance the accuracy of theft detection for electricity consumers, this paper introduces a novel strategy based on the fusion of the dual-time feature and deep learning methods. Initially, considering electricity-consumption features at dual temporal scales, the paper employs temporal convolutional networks (TCN) with a long short-term memory (LSTM) multi-level feature extraction module (LSTM-TCN) and deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) to parallelly extract features at these scales. Subsequently, the extracted features are coupled and input into a fully connected (FC) layer for classification, enabling the precise detection of theft users. To validate the method’s effectiveness, real electricity-consumption data from the State Grid Corporation of China (SGCC) is used for testing. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves a remarkable detection accuracy of up to 94.7% during testing, showcasing excellent performance across various evaluation metrics. Specifically, it attained values of 0.932, 0.964, 0.948, and 0.986 for precision, recall, F1 score, and AUC, respectively. Additionally, the paper conducts a comparative analysis with mainstream theft identification approaches. In the comparison of training processes, the proposed method exhibits significant advantages in terms of identification accuracy and fitting degree. Moreover, with adjustments to the training set proportions, the proposed method shows minimal impact, indicating robustness.","PeriodicalId":11557,"journal":{"name":"Energies","volume":"96 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139383658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Enzymatic In Situ Interesterification of Rapeseed Oil with Methyl Formate in Diesel Fuel Medium 柴油介质中甲酸甲酯对菜籽油的酶促原位酯化反应

IF 3.2 4区工程技术

Energies Pub Date : 2024-01-05 DOI: 10.3390/en17020282

V. Makarevičienė, K. Kazancev, E. Sendžikienė, M. Gumbytė

引用次数: 0

Study of the Interaction of a Hydraulic Fracture with a Natural Fracture in a Laboratory Experiment Based on Ultrasonic Transmission Monitoring 基于超声波传输监测的实验室实验中水力压裂与天然压裂的相互作用研究

IF 3.2 4区工程技术

Energies Pub Date : 2024-01-05 DOI: 10.3390/en17020277

Evgeny V. Zenchenko, S. Turuntaev, V. Nachev, T. K. Chumakov, P. Zenchenko

{"title":"Study of the Interaction of a Hydraulic Fracture with a Natural Fracture in a Laboratory Experiment Based on Ultrasonic Transmission Monitoring","authors":"Evgeny V. Zenchenko, S. Turuntaev, V. Nachev, T. K. Chumakov, P. Zenchenko","doi":"10.3390/en17020277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en17020277","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the results of experiments on the study of a hydraulic fracture’s interaction with a preexisting fracture. A distinctive feature of the conducted experiments is the ability to use ultrasonic transmitting monitoring to measure the fracture propagation and opening simultaneously with the pore pressure measurements at several points of the porous saturated sample. It allows us to obtain the pressure distributions at various experiment stages and to establish a relation between the pore pressure distribution and hydraulic fracture propagation and its interaction with macroscopic natural fractures. The possibilities of active ultrasonic monitoring have been expanded due to preliminary calibration experiments, which make it possible to estimate the fracture opening via attenuation of ultrasonic pulses. The experiment demonstrated the most complex scenario of fracture interactions when a hydraulic fracture intersected with a natural fracture and the natural fracture in the vicinity of the intersection was also opened. The additional complications arise from fracture arrangement: the hydrofracture was normal with respect to the base plane, while the natural fracture was slanted. This led to gradual growth of the intersection zone as the hydrofracture propagated. The experiments show that the natural fracture limited the fracture’s propagation. This was caused by the hydraulic fracturing fluid leaking into the natural fracture; thus, both the hydraulic fracture and natural fracture compose a united hydraulic system.","PeriodicalId":11557,"journal":{"name":"Energies","volume":"52 47","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139382293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

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