Advanced Materials最新文献_第5页

Structurally Colored Sustainable Sea Silk from Atrina pectinata 结构上着色的可持续的海蚕丝

IF 29.4 1区材料科学

Advanced Materials Pub Date : 2025-04-29 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202502820

Jimin Choi, Jun-Hyung Im, Young-Ki Kim, Tae Joo Shin, Patrick Flammang, Gi-Ra Yi, David J. Pine, Dong Soo Hwang

{"title":"Structurally Colored Sustainable Sea Silk from Atrina pectinata","authors":"Jimin Choi, Jun-Hyung Im, Young-Ki Kim, Tae Joo Shin, Patrick Flammang, Gi-Ra Yi, David J. Pine, Dong Soo Hwang","doi":"10.1002/adma.202502820","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202502820","url":null,"abstract":"The harvesting of sea silk, a luxurious golden textile traditionally obtained from the endangered mollusk Pinna nobilis, faces severe limitations due to conservation efforts, driving the search for sustainable alternatives. Atrina pectinata, a phylogenetically close relative within the Pinnidae family is identified, as a viable source of biomimetic sea silk. The byssal threads of A. pectinata can be processed using existing methods, providing a way to continue producing this historically significant textile. These threads exhibit a remarkable hierarchical structure with globular proteins organized across multiple scales and stabilized by supramolecular sugar-lectin interactions that influence their mechanical properties. Moreover, the threads display a brilliant golden hue arising from structural coloration, ensuring exceptional lightfastness, retaining their color for millennia. This discovery elucidates the biomolecular foundations of sea silk's unique properties and establishes A. pectinata as a sustainable candidate for producing exquisite golden textiles and bioinspired pigments, thereby addressing the growing demand for eco-friendly and long-lasting colored materials in the textile and pigment industries.","PeriodicalId":114,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Materials","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":29.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143884985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Mechanical Homogenization Promoting Dual-Directional Upcycling of Layered Oxide Cathodes 机械均质化促进层状氧化物阴极双向升级

IF 29.4 1区材料科学

Advanced Materials Pub Date : 2025-04-29 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202504380

Nianji Zhang, Huan Li, Chao Ye, Shi-Zhang Qiao

{"title":"Mechanical Homogenization Promoting Dual-Directional Upcycling of Layered Oxide Cathodes","authors":"Nianji Zhang, Huan Li, Chao Ye, Shi-Zhang Qiao","doi":"10.1002/adma.202504380","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202504380","url":null,"abstract":"Upcycling is regarded as a sustainable and promising recycling solution for spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, current upcycling strategies such as converting Ni-lean to Ni-rich cathodes struggle to change the composition of the spent cathodes to meet the diverse market demands. In addition, the commonly employed molten-salts method requires tens of hours of high-temperature treatment, restricting its sustainability. Herein, this study reports an efficient, flexible dual-directional upcycling strategy to upcycle a broad family of layered oxide cathodes into fresh LiNixCoyMnzO2 (NCM) cathodes with tailored Ni-contents—either increased or decreased—in just 4 h via mechanical homogenization pretreatment. This study confirms that the bulk diffusion of transition metals (TMs) is the rate-determining step in the resynthesis process, and the mechanical homogenization can shorten the diffusion pathway of TMs, thus reducing the sintering duration effectively. The as-upcycled NCM cathodes can deliver electrochemical performance on par with commercial counterparts. Notably, a systematic technoeconomic analysis shows that upcycling spent LiCoO2 into NCM622 can yield a profit up to 35 US$/kg, 30% higher than the conventional acid-leaching resynthesis approach. This work provides an energy-saving, widely adaptable, flexible, and cost-efficient method for regenerating spent cathode materials, paving the way for the sustainable recycling of LIBs.","PeriodicalId":114,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Materials","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":29.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143885254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Light-Driven Artificial Cell Micromotors for Degenerative Knee Osteoarthritis (Adv. Mater. 17/2025) 光驱动人工细胞微型马达用于退行性膝骨关节炎（Adv. Mater. 17/2025）

IF 27.4 1区材料科学

Advanced Materials Pub Date : 2025-04-29 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202570129

Chao Gao, Ye Feng, Suyi Liu, Bin Chen, Miaomiao Ding, Dailing Du, Wenjing Zhang, Daniela A. Wilson, Yingfeng Tu, Fei Peng

引用次数: 0

High-Performance Lead-Free Ceramics With Simultaneously High Piezoelectricity and High Mechanical Quality Factor 高性能无铅陶瓷，同时具有高压电性和高机械品质因数

IF 29.4 1区材料科学

Advanced Materials Pub Date : 2025-04-29 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202419325

Yang Yang, Li Ying, Dong Wang, Zhipeng Wang, Jiantuo Zhao, Yanshuang Hao, Yuanchao Ji, Xiaobing Ren

{"title":"High-Performance Lead-Free Ceramics With Simultaneously High Piezoelectricity and High Mechanical Quality Factor","authors":"Yang Yang, Li Ying, Dong Wang, Zhipeng Wang, Jiantuo Zhao, Yanshuang Hao, Yuanchao Ji, Xiaobing Ren","doi":"10.1002/adma.202419325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202419325","url":null,"abstract":"Piezoelectric materials with a high piezoelectric coefficient (d33) and high mechanical quality factor (Qm) are vital for advanced high-power applications. However, achieving this combination is challenging, particularly for lead-free piezoelectrics, because a high d33 value relies on mobile domain walls, which increase dissipative losses and reduce Qm. In this study, this longstanding trade-off is overcome by introducing defect dipoles (via Mn doping) into the quadruple point (QP) composition of the lead-free Ba(Sn, Ti)O3 system. The resultant 0.5%Mn-doped Ba(Sn0.11Ti0.89)O3 (BST-0.5%Mn) ceramic exhibits a high d33 value of 710 pC/N and high Qm value of 929, while the BST-1%Mn ceramic achieves a d33 value of 614 pC/N and Qm value of 1138. These values represent a 10-fold increase in Qm and 1.6-fold increase in d33 for BST-0.5%Mn, compared to those for undoped BST. High-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy and phase-field simulations reveal that the enhanced d33 and Qm are attributable to the coexistence of multiple phases of QPs with symmetry-conforming defect dipoles, challenging the long-held notion of physical incompatibility between high d33 and high Qm. These findings offer a pathway for designing eco-friendly piezoelectric materials with unprecedented performance, paving the way for sustainable and efficient high-power applications.","PeriodicalId":114,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Materials","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":29.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143884986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Decoupling Interlayer Interactions Boosts Charge Separation in Covalent Organic Frameworks for High-Efficiency Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction 去耦层间相互作用促进共价有机框架中电荷分离的高效光催化CO2还原

IF 29.4 1区材料科学

Advanced Materials Pub Date : 2025-04-29 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202504205

Liyang Qin, Dazhong Sun, Daokuan Ma, Zirui Wang, Yuan Liu, Qiaohong Li, Fei Song, Kaifeng Wu, Liyong Gan, Tianhua Zhou, Jian Zhang

{"title":"Decoupling Interlayer Interactions Boosts Charge Separation in Covalent Organic Frameworks for High-Efficiency Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction","authors":"Liyang Qin, Dazhong Sun, Daokuan Ma, Zirui Wang, Yuan Liu, Qiaohong Li, Fei Song, Kaifeng Wu, Liyong Gan, Tianhua Zhou, Jian Zhang","doi":"10.1002/adma.202504205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202504205","url":null,"abstract":"Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have emerged as promising photocatalysts owing to their structural diversity, tunable bandgaps, and exceptional light-harvesting capabilities. While previous studies primarily focus on developing narrow-bandgap COFs for broad-spectrum solar energy utilization, the critical role of interlayer coupling in regulating charge transfer dynamics remains unclear. Conventional monolayer-based theoretical models inadequately address interlayer effects that potentially hindering intralayer electron transport to catalytic active sites. This work employs density functional theory (DFT) calculations to investigate the influence of interlayer interactions on intralayer charge transfer in imine-based COFs. Theoretical analyses reveal that bilayer architectures exhibit pronounced interlayer interference in intramolecular charge transfer processes which has not been observed in monolayer models. Based on these mechanistic insights, this work designs two isomeric pyrene-based COFs incorporating identical electron donor (pyrene) and acceptor (nickel bipyridine) units but with distinct interlayer coupling strengths. Strikingly, the optimized COF with weakened interlayer interactions demonstrates exceptional photocatalytic CO2 reduction performance, achieving a CO evolution rate of 553.3 µmol g−1 h−1 with 94% selectivity under visible light irradiation without additional photosensitizers or co-catalysts. These findings establish interlayer engineering as a crucial design principle for developing high-performance COF-based photocatalysts for solar energy conversion applications.","PeriodicalId":114,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Materials","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":29.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143885305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Aggregation Engineering of Toluene-Processed Acceptor Layer Enables Over 19% Efficiency of Air-Blade-Coated Organic Solar Cells 甲苯处理受体层的聚集工程使空气叶片包覆有机太阳能电池的效率超过19%

IF 29.4 1区材料科学

Advanced Materials Pub Date : 2025-04-29 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202502579

Yu Ge, Yue Wu, Yulong Hai, Xiaoxiao Li, Tianchen Pan, Top Archie Dela Peña, Jiaying Wu, Yungui Li, Hang Yang, Chaohua Cui, Yongfang Li

{"title":"Aggregation Engineering of Toluene-Processed Acceptor Layer Enables Over 19% Efficiency of Air-Blade-Coated Organic Solar Cells","authors":"Yu Ge, Yue Wu, Yulong Hai, Xiaoxiao Li, Tianchen Pan, Top Archie Dela Peña, Jiaying Wu, Yungui Li, Hang Yang, Chaohua Cui, Yongfang Li","doi":"10.1002/adma.202502579","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202502579","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding the unique features of photovoltaic materials in high-performance blade-coated organic solar cells (OSCs) is critical to narrow the device performance difference between spin-coating and blade-coating methods. In this work, it is clarified that the molecular packing of acceptor and molecule-solvent interaction plays an essential role in determining the photovoltaic performance of blade-coated layer-by-layer OSCs. It is demonstrated that the unique dimer packing feature of L8-BO-4Cl can lead to lower excited energy (∆ES1) and dominant J-aggregates in the blade-coated film compared to the analogs of Y6 and L8-BO. Meanwhile, the weaker molecule-solvent interaction between L8-BO-4Cl and toluene is in favor of forming prominent J-aggregation in blade-coated film, contributing to a more compact π-stacking than Y6 and L8-BO. Additionally, the blade-coated D18/L8-BO-4Cl film shows more defined interpenetrating networks with clearer donor-acceptor interfaces than D18/Y6 and D18/L8-BO, facilitating improved charge extraction and suppressed charge recombination. As a result, the air-blade-coated layer-by-layer device based on D18/L8-BO-4Cl yields a remarkable power-conversion efficiency (PCE) of 19.31% without any additive and post-treatment, while much lower PCEs of 7.01% and 16.47% are obtained in the device based on D18/Y6 and D18/L8-BO, respectively. This work offers an effective approach to developing highly efficient air-blade-coated layer-by-layer OSCs.","PeriodicalId":114,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Materials","volume":"71 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":29.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143885256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Selective Urea Electrosynthesis from CO2 and Nitrate on Spin-Polarized Atomically Ordered PdCuCo 自旋极化原子有序PdCuCo上CO2和硝酸盐选择性电合成尿素

IF 29.4 1区材料科学

Advanced Materials Pub Date : 2025-04-29 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202505286

Mengqiu Xu, Hang Zhou, Ximeng Lv, Yuqiang Fang, Xueyang Tu, Fang Wang, Qing Han, Xuelu Wang, Gengfeng Zheng

{"title":"Selective Urea Electrosynthesis from CO2 and Nitrate on Spin-Polarized Atomically Ordered PdCuCo","authors":"Mengqiu Xu, Hang Zhou, Ximeng Lv, Yuqiang Fang, Xueyang Tu, Fang Wang, Qing Han, Xuelu Wang, Gengfeng Zheng","doi":"10.1002/adma.202505286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202505286","url":null,"abstract":"The electrocatalytic conversion of NO3− and CO2 into urea features a potential means of reducing carbon footprint and generating value-added chemicals. Nonetheless, due to the limited efficiency of carbon−nitrogen (C─N) coupling and the competing side reaction that forms ammonia, the urea selectivity and production yield have remained low. In this work, a spin−polarized cobalt−doped, atomically ordered PdCu intermetallic compound (denoted as PdCuCo) is developed as an efficient urea electrosynthesis catalyst. The Pd and Cu serve as the adsorption sites for CO2 and NO3−, respectively, and the spin−polarized Co sites promote the adsorption of *NO intermediate, followed by hydrogenation of *NO at its N−terminal to form *HNO, instead of at its O−terminal. The difference in the hydrogenation position switches the subsequent reaction pathway to produce urea, in contrast to the PdCu or Ni−doped PdCu intermetallic compounds with main product selectivity of ammonia. The PdCuCo electrocatalyst exhibited an outstanding electrosynthesis of urea from NO3− and CO2, including a Faradaic efficiency of 81%, a high urea yield of 227 mmol gcat.−1 h−1, and a notable electrochemical stability of >260 h, suggesting the attractive potential of designing spin−polarized catalytic sites for carbon−nitrogen coupling processes.","PeriodicalId":114,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Materials","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":29.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143885304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Hybrid Lipoplex Boosts Neuron-Microglia Crosstalk for Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease through Aβ-Targeted-Autophagy and ApoE2 Gene Supplementation 混合脂质体通过a β靶向自噬和ApoE2基因补充促进神经元-小胶质细胞串扰治疗阿尔茨海默病

IF 29.4 1区材料科学

Advanced Materials Pub Date : 2025-04-29 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202418560

Yiyao Pu, Xue-l. Dai, Yichun Wang, Yanbing Chen, Chengheng Wu, Xiangyu Zhou, Meiwan Chen, Yi-Hung Chen, Xintao Shuai, Rongrong Jin, Yu Nie

{"title":"Hybrid Lipoplex Boosts Neuron-Microglia Crosstalk for Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease through Aβ-Targeted-Autophagy and ApoE2 Gene Supplementation","authors":"Yiyao Pu, Xue-l. Dai, Yichun Wang, Yanbing Chen, Chengheng Wu, Xiangyu Zhou, Meiwan Chen, Yi-Hung Chen, Xintao Shuai, Rongrong Jin, Yu Nie","doi":"10.1002/adma.202418560","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202418560","url":null,"abstract":"Efficient clearance of amyloid-β (Aβ) is vital but challenging in Alzheimer's disease (AD) treatment due to its complicated regulation mechanisms during generation and metabolism. It necessitates a multidimensional synergistic strategy based on ingenious delivery system design. Herein, guanidine-rich lipids (metformin-inspired MLS and arginine-contained RLS) are devised to trigger selective chaperone-mediated autophagy for amyloid precursor protein degradation in neurons. They are further co-assembled with oleic acid-modified cerium dioxide (OA@CeO2) to form RMC assembly for pApoE2 delivery (RMC/pApoE2 lipoplex). The OA@CeO2 boosts macro-autophagy, alleviates oxidative stress and inflammatory microenvironment, and promotes the neurons-microglia crosstalk for Aβ elimination. Concurrently, both guanidine-rich lipids and OA@CeO2 benefit pApoE2 transfection in neurons, enabling the transport of Aβ into microglia, and facilitating enzymatic hydrolysis and cellular digestion of extracellular Aβ. The lipoplex-boosted neuron–microglia interactions ultimately eliminate both intra- and extra-cellular Aβ aggregates. Consequently, the RMC/pApoE2 lipoplex eliminates ≈86.9% of Aβ plaques in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice and restored the synaptic function and neuronal connectivity. Moreover, it recovers the spatial memory of APP/PS1 mice to nearly the level of WT control. The presented hybrid lipoplex showcases an advanced gene delivery system, and offers a promising strategy for Aβ clearance in AD treatment.","PeriodicalId":114,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Materials","volume":"95 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":29.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143885306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Biomimetic Gradual Helical Structure for Enhancing the Strength and Toughness of Fiber-Reinforced Composites 提高纤维增强复合材料强度和韧性的仿生渐变螺旋结构

IF 29.4 1区材料科学

Advanced Materials Pub Date : 2025-04-29 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202501166

Zhengqi Zhang, Boyu Cui, Yanan Sun, Jun Shan, Shuang Li, Shuo Hao, Weidong Shan, Weihong Wang, Yongming Song, Yiqun Fang, Tian Liu

{"title":"Biomimetic Gradual Helical Structure for Enhancing the Strength and Toughness of Fiber-Reinforced Composites","authors":"Zhengqi Zhang, Boyu Cui, Yanan Sun, Jun Shan, Shuang Li, Shuo Hao, Weidong Shan, Weihong Wang, Yongming Song, Yiqun Fang, Tian Liu","doi":"10.1002/adma.202501166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202501166","url":null,"abstract":"Multilayered helical arrangements are commonly observed in natural creatures to enhance their strength and toughness. A biomimicry of such an intricate structure has thus far been challenging. Herein, a green, facile, and versatile design strategy is proposed for transitional units. The proposed strategy is applied to develop a gradual helical (GH) structure that can reinforce thermoplastics using bamboo fibers (≈20 cm). A transitional unit is constructed through a combination of rolling and twisting. Following hot pressing, a biomimetic fiber-reinforced composite with a GH structure is fabricated. The GH structure is made up of 3D helical fibers with a gradual variation in the helical angle from the surface to the core, achieving minimal staggered angles and bridging of different fiber layers. Owing to stress decomposition and transfer as well as the coupling effect of the helical fibers, the GH structure exhibits outstanding tensile and bending strengths. Moreover, owing to the staggered arrangement, bridging, and deformation behavior of the fibers, the GH structure achieves remarkable impact toughness through crack deflection and fiber uncoiling. The GH structure and transitional unit assembly strategy can facilitate the development of advanced composites with superior mechanical properties through an environmentally friendly, simple, and versatile structural design approach.","PeriodicalId":114,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Materials","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":29.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143885257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Titanium Self-Intercalation in Titanium Diselenide Devices: Insights from In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy (Adv. Mater. 17/2025) 钛在二硒化钛器件中的自嵌入：来自原位透射电子显微镜的见解（Adv. Mater. 17/2025）

IF 27.4 1区材料科学

Advanced Materials Pub Date : 2025-04-29 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202570127

Hsin-Ya Sung, Che-Hung Wang, Mu-Pai Lee, Yu-Chuan Lin, Yen-Fu Lin, Chun-Wei Huang, Wen-Wei Wu

引用次数: 0