Earth-Science Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Nordic boreo-arctic lands under rapid climatic change: A review of recent and future trends and extreme events","authors":"Jarle W. Bjerke ,&nbsp;Efrén López-Blanco ,&nbsp;Hans Tømmervik ,&nbsp;Anja Striberny ,&nbsp;Corine Davids ,&nbsp;Rannveig Ólafsdóttir ,&nbsp;Stein Rune Karlsen ,&nbsp;Per Sandström ,&nbsp;Minna Turunen ,&nbsp;Taru Rikkonen ,&nbsp;Marit K. Arneberg ,&nbsp;Sten Siikavuopio ,&nbsp;Karl Zinglersen ,&nbsp;Kristine Lynge-Pedersen ,&nbsp;Stefan Sandström ,&nbsp;Pasi Rautio","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.105012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.105012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Arctic amplification affects the geology, cryosphere, and the total environment of high-latitude maritime-influenced lands. This study synthesizes information on recent and future climatic changes within the Nordic boreo-arctic region. The study area includes Greenland, Iceland, and the central and northern parts of Finland, Norway (incl. Svalbard), and Sweden. The climate scenarios used are derived from the CMIP6 ECEarth3 Earth System Model (ESM) data for the period 2015–2100 under the SSP2–4.5 scenario. The synthesis builds upon a comprehensive range of sources, addressing both gradual climatic changes and the frequency of extreme weather events across all seasons. Ongoing and projected changes to the cryosphere, soil, freshwater systems, wind, precipitation, and frequency of hazardous events are comprehensively reviewed and discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"261 ","pages":"Article 105012"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143136840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plastic as a Sediment – A universal and objective practical solution to growing ambiguity in plastic litter classification schemes","authors":"C.E. Russell ,&nbsp;F. Pohl ,&nbsp;R. Fernández","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104994","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104994","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The universal and growing challenge of inconsistency and ambiguity in plastic classification schemes restricts our ability to predict plastic routing, degradation, and accumulation in all environments worldwide. Global plastic production has risen exponentially, reaching approximately 9200 million tons between 1950 and 2017. Of this, an estimated 5300 million tons have been discarded, with a significant fraction mismanaged and entering the natural environment. Plastics are pervasive, found in nearly every terrestrial and marine environment, and their durability ensures that they can persist in the environment for thousands of years, posing escalating ecotoxicological and environmental risks. To meaningfully address plastic distribution, pathways, and the impact it has, we need a clear, universally applicable classification scheme. Whilst there have been many calls to action from the community, we do not yet have a solution offered that facilitates universal understanding through its applicability. Here we propose treating plastic as sediment, such that we may employ the well-established principles and methodologies of sedimentology within its widely applicable framework for understanding and classifying particles. By applying sedimentological techniques to plastics, we developed a classification scheme to objectively describe plastic by its fundamental sedimentological characteristics that are known to correlate with particle behavior and distribution in the environment., i.e., size, shape, density, and material properties. It centers on objective observation before classification and interpretation, recognition of spatial and temporal changes, and an adaptable and flexible framework that can adapt to the complexities of plastic characteristics and research questions. As the classification scheme isolates each physical variable seen in plastic, through using it, we will be better able to understand how plastic characteristics influence their environmental behavior. Whilst the use of this scheme will be primarily beneficial in assessing source-to-sink routing, transport processes, and accumulation tendencies of plastic objects and particles, its potential impact extends beyond this. It has the capacity to enhance environmental monitoring and management strategies through cross-disciplinary and cross-regional data comparisons and exchanges, which will benefit a broad range of stakeholders interested in understanding and managing plastic pollution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"261 ","pages":"Article 104994"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143136864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quartz types, formation mechanism, and its effect on shale oil and gas enrichment: A review","authors":"Haikuan Nie ,&nbsp;Quanyou Liu ,&nbsp;Pei Li ,&nbsp;Peng Li ,&nbsp;Jianghui Ding ,&nbsp;Chuanxiang Sun ,&nbsp;Changbo Zhai ,&nbsp;Jianhua Zhao ,&nbsp;Zhijun Jin ,&nbsp;Wei Dang","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.105011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.105011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Quartz is one of the most common minerals in the Earth's crust, and its deposition and cycling are ubiquitous and crucial in energy and environmental sciences. Due to the existence of multiple types of quartz and diverse mechanisms that result in their formation, this variation is expected to significantly impact shale deposition, diagenesis, and reservoir properties. Moreover, it plays a crucial role in the enrichment, development, and production of shale oil and gas plays. Considering their importance, this study systematically summarizes observation and various research methods, such as optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cathodoluminescence (CL), energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), quantitative evaluation of minerals by scanning electron microscopy (QEMSCAN), fluid inclusion, which supports our understanding of the mineral diagenesis and generation of both detrital and authigenic origins. Parent rock type, transport distance, and depositional environment are known factors that control the grain size, sorting, roundness and types of detrital quartz. The authigenic quartz contains biogenic, hydrothermal origins and clay mineral transformation while fluid source, diagenetic mechanisms, and growth space control the formation time and crystal size of them. In addition, quartz controls the total organic carbon content, reservoir quality, fracturing ability, organic matter preservation and reservoir enrichment, etc. Notably, the microquartz cement derived from biosiliceous allochems (namely biogenic quartz) has a noticeable positive correlation with total organic carbon content and is formed during the early diagenetic stages which together with the detrital quartz form a rigid framework favorable to primary pores, ultimately forming high-quality marine shale reservoirs. Furthermore, the diagenesis of biogenic quartz also enhances the mechanical properties and fracturing potential of shale reservoirs. The biogenic quartz content and the thickness of shale intervals determine the potential and development of marine shale oil/gas reservoirs. However, in transitional and lacustrine shales, quartz is predominantly detrital in origin and negatively correlated with organic carbon content. In these two types of shales, detrital quartz and quartz formed during the transformation of clay minerals are known to play a positive role in the formation of shale reservoirs and hydrocarbon enrichment. Considering all of these factors, this study investigates different types and contents of quartz in typical shale oil and gas reservoirs worldwide and explains how they have influenced shale oil and gas enrichment and reservoir productivity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"261 ","pages":"Article 105011"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143136867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The precursor of apatite: Octacalcium phosphate (OCP) in the earth and environmental sciences - A review","authors":"Alfredo Idini ,&nbsp;Franco Frau","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105044","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105044","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Octacalcium phosphate (OCP) is a solid phase that is well known in the biomedical field because it is widely used and tested as a precursor to bioapatite to treat various diseases affecting bones and teeth. In contrast, the knowledge of OCP in the earth sciences and its actual and possible applications in the environmental field are much less well known. With this review, we aim to fill this gap by showing that OCP is a much more widespread phase than is thought in various geological systems, and its properties allow its effective use in the environmental field, especially when it is used in the removal of various contaminants from wastewater and drinking water. This review not only lists the occurrences of OCP in nature or its uses in the environmental field but also proposes a critical analysis of the literature. In particular, a thorough examination of the failure to recognize OCP in numerous studies has highlighted the importance of performing low-angle XRD measurements in order to achieve proper identification of calcium phosphate minerals. A useful analytical protocol for recognizing and distinguishing OCP from similar phases such as those in the apatite group is suggested. Finally, we propose that OCP be recognized as a natural mineral species by the International Mineralogical Association-Commission on New Minerals Nomenclature and Classification (IMA-CNMNC). Such recognition, in our opinion, would provide a renewed and stimulating impetus to studies on the geochemical and mineralogical cycle of phosphorus.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"261 ","pages":"Article 105044"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143136956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrological vs. mechanical impacts of soil water repellency on erosion","authors":"Mahboobeh Fallah ,&nbsp;Marco Van De Wiel ,&nbsp;Ran Holtzman","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.105022","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.105022","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soil erosion is a major concern for both agricultural and natural resources. Soil water repellency (SWR) is known to hinder wetting of soils, decreasing infiltration of water and thus increasing overland flow—the driving force for erosion. These hydrological impacts of SWR on erosion, are quite well established. In contrast, the mechanical impacts of SWR, namely on the resistance to erosion, are poorly understood. Here, we provide a critical review of the current understanding of both the hydrological and mechanical impacts of SWR on erosion. Analysis of compiled experimental data provides contradictory evidence: an increase in erosion with increasing SWR in some cases, versus a decrease in others, with a strong dependency on the mechanism (weather, fire, or pollution-induced SWR). We offer a plausible explanation for this contradiction—that the net erosional impacts of SWR depend on the balance between its hydrological and mechanical effects on erosion, and exemplify this in a simple 1D slope model. Our simulations illustrate the dual nature of SWR's influence on soil erosion, and explain the diversity of published data. Finally, we identify research gaps and suggest ways to address them.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"261 ","pages":"Article 105022"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143136863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Applying astronomical solutions and Milanković forcing in the Earth sciences","authors":"Richard E. Zeebe,&nbsp;Ilja J. Kocken","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104959","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104959","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Astronomical solutions provide calculated orbital and rotational parameters of solar system bodies based on the dynamics and physics of the solar system. Application of astronomical solutions in the Earth sciences has revolutionized our understanding in at least two areas of active research. (<em>i</em>) The Astronomical (or Milanković) forcing of climate on time scales <span><math><mo>≳</mo></math></span> 10 kyr and (<em>ii</em>) the dating of geologic archives. The latter has permitted the development of the astronomical time scale, widely used today to reconstruct highly accurate geological dates and chronologies. The tasks of computing vs. applying astronomical solutions are usually performed by investigators from different backgrounds, which has led to confusion and recent inaccurate results on the side of the applications. Here we review astronomical solutions and Milanković forcing in the Earth sciences, primarily aiming at clarifying the astronomical basis, applicability, and limitations of the solutions. We provide a summary of current up-to-date and outdated astronomical solutions and their valid time span. We discuss the fundamental limits imposed by dynamical solar system chaos on astronomical calculations and geological/astrochronological applications. We illustrate basic features of chaotic behavior using a simple mechanical system, i.e., the driven pendulum. Regarding so-called astronomical “metronomes”, we point out that the current evidence does not support the notion of generally stable and prominent metronomes for universal use in astrochronology and cyclostratigraphy. We also describe amplitude and frequency modulation of astronomical forcing signals and the relation to their expression in cyclostratigraphic sequences. Furthermore, the various quantities and terminology associated with Earth's axial precession are discussed in detail. Finally, we provide some suggestions regarding practical considerations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"261 ","pages":"Article 104959"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143136868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Earthquake-induced Submarine Landslides (EQISLs) and a comparison with their Terrestrial Counterparts: Insights from a New Database","authors":"Peng Du ,&nbsp;Linlin Li ,&nbsp;Achim Kopf ,&nbsp;Dawei Wang ,&nbsp;Kejie Chen ,&nbsp;Huabin Shi ,&nbsp;Weitao Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaoyi Pan ,&nbsp;Gui Hu ,&nbsp;Peizhen Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.105021","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.105021","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Earthquakes are recognized as the primary cause of submarine landslides. These earthquake-induced submarine landslides can damage seafloor infrastructure (e.g. submarine cables, oil pipes and rigs) and trigger anomalous tsunamis that cannot be explained solely by coseismic deformation. However, due to their underwater occurrence, earthquake-induced submarine landslides are difficult to observe and measure directly, and current understanding of their characteristics and triggering mechanisms remains limited compared to earthquake-induced terrestrial landslides. Historical instances of anomalous tsunamis and submarine cable breaks following earthquakes provide valuable insights into earthquake-induced submarine landslides. This study reviewed 124 global events of anomalous tsunamis and submarine cable breaks following earthquake occurrences since 1900 using the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration tsunami database and systematic literature review. The study compiled key parameters of earthquake-induced submarine landslides associated with anomalous tsunamis and submarine cable breaks, such as locations, initial water depths of the headscarp, average seabed slope angles, volumes and landslide types. This study also obtained seismic parameters such as epicentral distances, peak ground acceleration (PGA) and Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) from the USGS-ShakeMap to establish a quantitative relationship between earthquake-induced submarine landslides and their seismic triggering parameters. Additionally, a comparison was made between earthquake-induced submarine landslides and earthquake-induced terrestrial landslides with emphasis on differences and similarities in landslide parameters, earthquake magnitudes, seismic parameters PGA and MMI, earthquake magnitude-maximum epicentral distance relationships and triggering mechanisms. It was observed that most of the earthquake-induced submarine landslides occur in shallow nearshore areas and generate tsunamis characterized by high local wave heights. This attribute leaves little or no time for warning and preventive measures. Earthquakes with onshore epicenters or strike-slip mechanisms that trigger submarine landslide tsunamis pose an additional challenge for early warning systems. Compared to earthquake-induced terrestrial landslides, earthquake-induced submarine landslides typically occur on gentler slopes, have larger volumes, are triggered by smaller earthquake magnitudes and exhibit distinct triggering mechanisms. However, they show more similarities than previously anticipated, particularly in terms of seismic parameters (PGA and MMI) and focal mechanisms. The findings of this study contribute to a better understanding of earthquake-induced submarine landslide characteristics and their quantitative relationship with seismic parameters. It highlights the necessity for further research on anomalous tsunamis and submarine cable breaks following earthquakes in order to improve cur","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"261 ","pages":"Article 105021"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143136842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The ichnogenus Ophiomorpha Lundgren, 1891: Taxonomy and environmental distribution","authors":"Dirk Knaust","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104988","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104988","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The classic trace fossil <em>Ophiomorpha</em> ranks among the most common biogenic sedimentary structures on earth and has been widely reported from Mesozoic and Cenozoic strata. Originally thought to be restricted to shallow-marine environments, subsequently <em>Ophiomorpha</em> was also recognised in marginal-marine and deep-marine deposits. A proper application for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions is hindered by inadequately defined ichnospecies and gradual transitions among them. This review reveals five ichnospecies as valid, each of which occurs in a particular sedimentary environment. <em>Ophiomorpha saxonica</em> and <em>O. nodosa</em> are common in shallow-marine and nearshore environments. <em>Ophiomorpha nodosa</em> may cooccur and intergrade with <em>O. irregulairis</em>, which reaches far into marginal-marine environments with brackish-water conditions. <em>Ophiomorpha rudis</em> and <em>O. annulata</em> are deep-marine forms, probably reaching up to the upper continental slope. Care must be taken assigning burrows with a knobby lining from continental deposits to <em>Ophiomorpha</em>, which might be more conformable with other, similar ichnotaxa. Based on modern analogues and body fossils within their burrows, <em>Ophiomorpha nodosa</em> and partly <em>O. saxonica</em> are believed to result from the burrowing activity of callianassid shrimp. Decapod crustaceans belonging to Axiidea (mud shrimp, ghost shrimp and burrowing shrimp) and Gebiidea (mud lobsters and mud shrimp) are the likely producers of the other ichnospecies. A combined deposit- and suspension-feeding can be inferred for the tracemaker. Intimate association of <em>Ophiomorpha</em> with minute mud-lined burrows suggests the occurrence of brooding chambers and emergence of juvenile crustaceans.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"261 ","pages":"Article 104988"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143136847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Abrupt thaw and its effects on permafrost carbon emissions in the Tibetan Plateau: A remote sensing and modeling perspective","authors":"Yonghong Yi ,&nbsp;Tonghua Wu ,&nbsp;Mousong Wu ,&nbsp;Huiru Jiang ,&nbsp;Yuanhe Yang ,&nbsp;Brendan M. Rogers","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.105020","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.105020","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Tibetan Plateau (TP) has the largest permafrost area in the low- and mid-latitudes. With warmer ground temperatures and ice-rich terrain, the TP permafrost is potentially more vulnerable to climate warming. Abrupt thaw induced by rapid ground ice melt and thermokarst process has become more frequent in the TP, which will likely have a large impact on the regional water and carbon exchanges. This review presents recent researches on the drivers of abrupt thaw, with a focus on the hillslope thermokarst, and advances in remote sensing and process-based modeling of abrupt thaw process and the permafrost carbon feedback in the TP, with a comparison to the Arctic studies. Ground ice content and local topography are the two main factors controlling the rate and form of abrupt thaw; however, a lack of accurate estimates of ground ice content distribution and challenges in characterizing lateral heat transfer and groundwater flows greatly limit modeling capability in representing fine-scale thermokarst processes at a regional scale. High resolution satellite remote sensing has been widely used to identify various thermokarst landforms across the TP. However, studies using multi-source remote sensing to quantify the thermokarst-induced soil volume ice and mass loss are still lacking, particularly in the TP, which are important for characterizing the permafrost carbon feedback with abrupt thaw. Integration of spatial information derived from multi-source remote sensing with process-based models will allow better characterization of abrupt thaw processes, which generally occur at scales finer than model grid cells and are difficult to parameterize for coarse-resolution global and regional models. This synthesis can inform future research on better representing abrupt thaw process not only in the TP region but extending to other permafrost areas as well.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"261 ","pages":"Article 105020"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142790089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reply to Holliday et al. regarding the Carolina Bays","authors":"Antonio Zamora","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.105024","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.105024","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The paper by Holliday, et al. (2023) tries to establish that the major axes of the elliptical Carolina Bays are not oriented toward the Great Lakes and that the bays are well documented ice-melt landforms known as kettles. Both of these propositions are inaccurate. The paper relies on outdated references from before LiDAR was in common use and before the Nebraska basins had been discovered. The orientations of the Carolina Bays can be determined accurately by fitting them with ellipses using the least squares method. The argument that the Carolina Bays are ice-melt landforms can be dismissed by referencing the extent of the Laurentide Ice Sheet and permafrost during the Last Glacial Maximum.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"261 ","pages":"Article 105024"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143035315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}