Earth-Science Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Holocene extreme flood distribution patterns in the upper and middle Yellow River: A review based on slackwater deposits","authors":"Wenhua Gao ,&nbsp;Kaifeng Li ,&nbsp;Xiaodong Miao ,&nbsp;Liang Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.105039","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.105039","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Investigating the past occurrences of Yellow River floods provides essential insights into the river's natural variability and recurrent patterns over time. This historical context is indispensable for predicting and mitigating future flood events. However, comprehending the long-term variability of these extreme flood events faces challenges from the limited duration and sparse geographical distribution of gauging station records. Fortunately, flood slackwater deposits (SWDs) within the fluvial stratigraphy provide excellent records for reconstructing extreme floods beyond historical documents and modern observations. Here we scrutinize and synthesize the reported SWD records from the upper and middle Yellow River, and conduct a meta-analysis of these floods, in order to reconstruct the distribution patterns of extreme floods throughout the Holocene. 30 SWD sequences from 57 sites passed our rigorous data quality scrutiny, and subsequently total of 72 flood units (with different age-quality levels) were utilized to reconstruct the spatiotemporal distribution of Holocene extreme floods. Our results identified five extreme flood-rich periods, centered at 8500 yr BP, 6300–6100 yr BP, 4300–4000 yr BP, 3400–3000 yr BP, and 1800–1600 yr BP. The floods in these periods exhibit a significant increase in frequency and a shift in their spatial scale after ∼5000 yr BP, which are probably modulated by millennial-scale summer insolation, resulting in increased El Niño-Southern Oscillation activity and intensified latitudinal temperature gradient. Our comparison analysis between flood-rich periods and various climatic proxies suggests a centennial-scale ‘dry-cold’ climatic configuration during these periods. An anomalous low-latitude western North Pacific anticyclone, coupled with an anomalous mid-latitude cyclone-anticyclone pair, contribute to the convergence of water vapor from the western Pacific and Arctic region into northern China. This convergence led to extraordinary rainstorms and extreme floods in the upper and middle Yellow River, which significantly impact the human activity in the lower Yellow River. In addition, identifying Holocene extreme flood-rich periods and their climatic configurations offers new insights for predicting long-term extreme hydrological events in the region. Nonetheless, the uncertainty of our synthesis results owing to the limitation of currently available data should be considered and warrants verification in future studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"261 ","pages":"Article 105039"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143136873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global vegetation zonation and terrestrial climate of the warm Early Eocene","authors":"Nick Thompson ,&nbsp;Ulrich Salzmann ,&nbsp;David K. Hutchinson ,&nbsp;Stephanie L. Strother ,&nbsp;Matthew J. Pound ,&nbsp;Torsten Utescher ,&nbsp;Julia Brugger ,&nbsp;Thomas Hickler ,&nbsp;Emma P. Hocking ,&nbsp;Daniel J. Lunt","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.105036","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.105036","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The early Eocene is a key geological time interval to further our understanding of climate change and biosphere variability under high atmospheric CO₂ concentrations of more than 800 ppmv that could potentially be reached by the end of this century under very high emission scenarios. Vegetation plays a crucial role in the global carbon cycle and climate, and future warming associated with high atmospheric CO₂ will alter modern vegetation patterns and biome distribution, consequently affecting vegetation-climate feedbacks. Here we present the most comprehensive global synthesis of vegetation and quantitative terrestrial climate estimates to date, compiled for 193 palaeobotanical locations, covering the early Eocene (Ypresian; 56.0-47.8 Ma). The floristic components of these palaeofloras are translated into 41 Plant Functional Types (PFT) and statistically grouped into palaeo-biomes. In addition, we used leaf phenology and PFT percentage of shrubs and xerophytes to assess vegetation openness. Our global biome reconstruction and quantitative climate estimates show a warmer and overall wetter world with reduced latitudinal temperature gradients and highlight the importance of climate seasonality as environmental controls of early Eocene biome distribution. A comparison of proxy-based reconstructions with outputs of the vegetation model BIOME4, driven by climate models of the Deep-Time Model Intercomparison Project (DeepMIP), show general good agreement at low intertropical and high polar latitudes. However, widespread discrepancies between proxy reconstructed forests and woodlands and modelled dry shrublands and deserts, covering most of the subtropics and mid latitudes, reveal fundamental gaps in our understanding of the early Eocene hydrological cycle and/or vegetation-climate interaction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"261 ","pages":"Article 105036"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143137631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heat flow and thermal structure of the South China Sea","authors":"Wenjing Zhu ,&nbsp;Shaowen Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.105028","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.105028","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The South China Sea (SCS), the largest marginal sea in the western Pacific, is crucial for understanding geodynamic processes from continental breakup to seafloor spreading. The thermal state plays an important role in lithospheric deformation; however, that of the SCS remains poorly understood owing to poor data coverage and quality in early compilations. The incremental data accumulations over the decades enable an in-depth investigation of the thermal state of the SCS. A new compilation of 1338 heat flow data from the SCS indicates a high thermal condition with a mean of 75 mW/m². The central oceanic basin is uniformly hot while continental margins show strong lateral variations due to various tectonic settings and shallow environmental factors. Sedimentation correction considering both heat generation and thermal blanket was applied; the suppression on seafloor heat flow by sedimentation is as significant as 20 %–40 % in the Qiongdongnan Basin. A broad high heat flow anomaly zone is confirmed, extending from the ocean-continent transition in the northeast to the Xisha Trough and the central depression of the Qiongdongnan Basin. The combination of post-rifting magmatism and hydrothermal circulation is thought to be responsible for it. The thermal lithospheric thickness of the SCS is estimated to be 50–80 km and the mantle contributes more than 65 % of the seafloor heat flow. This compilation offers unprecedented insights into the heat flow pattern depiction and interpretation for the SCS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"261 ","pages":"Article 105028"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143136841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toward a big-data approach for reconstructing regional to global paleogeography and tectonic histories: Preface","authors":"Zheng-Xiang Li ,&nbsp;Bruce Eglington ,&nbsp;Tao Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.105030","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.105030","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Geoscience has come to an era of addressing system-scale big science questions through synthesising the rapidly expanding bodies of discipline-based global databases, while sharply discipline-focused in-depth research is conducted to test hypotheses based on such syntheses. Such big-data oriented research has been further empowered by rapid developments in machine-learning-based artificial intelligence (AI) over recent years. This special issue presents some outcomes of IGCP 648 Supercontinent Cycles and Global Geodynamics (2015–2020) that feature work taking a big-data approach to address regional to global geotectonic issues. Papers in this volume have topics ranging from (1) the building of global palaeomagnetic and other geoscience databases, (2) development of statistical approaches and methods for using big-data analysis to address geoscience questions with quantified confidence estimation, (3) examples of applying big-data analysis to synthesise regional geotectonic and palaeographic reconstructions, (4) using big-data approaches to evaluate the chemical evolution of Earth's mantle and its lead isotope system, to (5) using multiple global datasets and geodynamic synthesis to reconstruct ancient Earth history that includes a full-plate reconstruction with palaeolongitude constraints back to 2 billion years, and related geodynamic evolution featuring a hypothesised first-order mantle structure evolution since 1.7 billion years ago.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"261 ","pages":"Article 105030"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143136875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ediacaran-Cambrian Boundary in the Anti-Atlas belt (Morocco): A review of biostratigraphy, chemostratigraphy and geochronology","authors":"Jamal El Kabouri ,&nbsp;Ezzoura Errami ,&nbsp;Fred T. Bowyer ,&nbsp;Bruno Beker-Kerber ,&nbsp;Said Belkacim","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.105010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.105010","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The Ediacaran-Cambrian transition represents a pivotal geological marker, denoting the decline of the Ediacaran biota and the emergence of most modern phyla in an interval marked by perturbations to the carbon cycle (as evidence by carbonate carbon isotopes, δ&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C&lt;sub&gt;carb&lt;/sub&gt;), biotic turnover, dynamic paleoredox regimes, and magnetic field instability. Following initial international expeditions to the Anti-Atlas belt in Morocco, numerous attempts have sought to pinpoint the exact stratigraphic level of the Ediacaran-Cambrian boundary (E-C) in this important succession, where ca. 3 km of continuous carbonate rocks provide one of the most complete successions for the establishment of a global δ&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C&lt;sub&gt;carb&lt;/sub&gt; chemostratigraphic reference curve. Subsequently, a growing number of publications have explored the stratigraphy, paleontology, and geochronology of the Ediacaran-Cambrian transition in the Anti-Atlas. Despite extensive efforts, the precise position of the E-C boundary in the Anti-Atlas remains ambiguous, with multiple proposed positions ranging from within the Ouarzazate Group to the lower part of the Tifnout Member (Adoudou Formation, Taroudant Group). Here, we conduct a comprehensive review of the available chemostratigraphic, paleontological, and geochronological data associated with the late Ediacaran-Cambrian Ouarzazate Group and Adoudou Formation within the Anti-Atlas belt. The objective is to refine our understanding of the regional expression of the E-C boundary and offer clarity on the inconsistencies observed among biostratigraphy, chemostratigraphy, and geochronology. This review underscores that the currently proposed boundary relies primarily on the δ&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C&lt;sub&gt;carb&lt;/sub&gt; excursion, lacking corroboration from other independent markers such as geochronology and globally significant ichnofossil assemblage constituents. Additionally, through the integration of newly available data and enhanced global chemostratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology, our findings suggest that the E-C boundary within the Western Anti-Atlas may be positioned as low as within the upper unit of the Tabia Member. However, this interpretation relies heavily on a Fortunian age for the ichnotaxa &lt;em&gt;Monomorphichnus&lt;/em&gt;, in the absence of co-occurring specimens of the boundary-defining ichnospecies &lt;em&gt;Treptichnus pedum&lt;/em&gt;. Moreover, a revised assessment of chemostratigraphic correlation and geochronological markers indicates that the Tabia and Tifnout members in the Central and Eastern Anti-Atlas do not correlate with the same named members in the Western Anti-Atlas. Both the Tabia and Tifnout members of the Central-Eastern Anti-Atlas may instead correlate with the middle part of Tifnout Member in the Western Anti-Atlas. This implies a late Ediacaran to early Cambrian ca. 10 m.y stratigraphic gap in the Central-Eastern Anti-Atlas and hence the E-C boundary in the Central-Eastern Anti-Atlas is likely sit","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"261 ","pages":"Article 105010"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143137628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Paleoproterozoic (c. 2.3 Ga) Gowganda Formation: Deep water, glacially-influenced debrites and related mass flow along a passive margin","authors":"Kirsten Kennedy,&nbsp;Nicholas Eyles","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.105033","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.105033","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Gowganda Formation (ca. 2.3 Ga) of the Huronian Supergroup in Northern Ontario, Canada is the best-preserved stratigraphic record of a Paleoproterozoic glaciogenic environment in the world. The Lower Gowganda has been ascribed to a putative panglacial ‘Snowball Earth’ event despite little agreement as to its origins, paleotectonic and paleogeographic setting, and paleolatitude. The present study leverages a large database of previous field investigations with new sedimentological, structural and basin analysis data that shows that Gowganda facies record glacially-influenced, subaqueous, gravity-driven mass flow processes in deep water. The Lower Gowganda Formation is dominated by hundred-meter thick amalgamated units of thickly-bedded to massive, chaotically-bedded and graded diamictites. It also contains thick (&gt;50 m) regionally extensive laminated mudstone units (‘laminites’) with a small number of mostly pebble-grade lonestones, and interbedded graded sandstone and conglomerates. We interpret diamictite facies as debrites formed by downslope subaqueous mixing of large volumes of unstable glacially-derived gravel, sand, and mud. Laminites are distal turbidites with sparse ice-rafted drop stones and outrunner clasts from adjacent debris flows. Interbedded massive and graded conglomerates and sandstones are identified as turbiditic deposits resulting from slumping and resedimentation of basin margin glaciofluvial or nearshore deposits; clast shapes and lithologies are the same as those in diamictites which is key evidence for remixing with mud during mass flow to generate thick regionally-extensive diamictites in a deep water base-of-slope setting. Ice contact, basin margin sediments were not preserved. There are clear sedimentological and paleotectonic parallels between the Gowganda Formation and glacially-influenced successions of younger Neopreoterozoic age indicating a commonality of depositional environments where glaciogenic sediment was recycled and focussed into evolving rifts during continental breakup and along succeeding passive margins. We emphasize the ongoing role of both basement faulting and glacial erosion in creating significant and evolving paleo-topographic relief, giving rise to marked variations in stratal thickness. We conclude that glaciogenic sediments were reworked by gravity and preserved along the tectonically-active passive margin of a recently-rifted Superior Craton during the breakup of Kenorland. Pleistocene glaciogenic sedimentation adjacent to modern uplifted passive basement margins, such as the coast of Norway, is an appropriate tectono-sedimentary analog.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"261 ","pages":"Article 105033"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143137629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The geomorphology of monoclinal scarps associated with interstratal-dissolution fronts in evaporite formations, illustrated with the Upper Jurassic Arab and Hith formations in Ar Riyadh and Central Saudi Arabia","authors":"Francisco Gutiérrez ,&nbsp;Yasser Zabramawi ,&nbsp;Abdullah Memesh ,&nbsp;Ahmed M. Youssef ,&nbsp;Alaa Bahamil ,&nbsp;Luis Auqué","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.105032","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.105032","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The downdip migration of dissolution fronts in gently tilted evaporite formations produces updip-facing monoclinal folds and adjacent synformal troughs (depositional basins) in the supra-evaporite strata. These gravitational deformation structures, up to 1000 km long, can be expressed in the landscape as laterally migrating fold escarpments and linear depressions, forming the largest karst features on Earth. Despite their large dimensions and numerous associated practical implications (hydrocarbon, salt, geostorage, water quality, sinkhole hazards), the scientific publications dealing with these interstratal evaporite karst features are rather scarce. This work reviews the available literature on dissolutional edges and associated features developed on dipping salt and gypsum/anhydrite formations. It also analyses the &gt;800 km long dissolution and subsidence belt associated with the updip edge of the Upper Jurassic Arab and Hith anhydrites in the Interior Homocline of central Saudi Arabia, with special focus on its striking geomorphic features. This is the largest Ca-sulphate karst feature in the world, despite the aridity of the region, and is also the example in which the associated landforms and deformation structures are best displayed. It displays striking monoclinal scarps with an aggregate length of 420 km, affected by crestal extensional structures and punctured by numerous giant caprock collapse sinkholes. The increased sinkhole hazard and risk documented in the Ar Riyadh area in recent times can be attributed to adverse human activities (localized artificial water input) and the expansion of the urban area across the dissolution front and monoclinal scarp.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"261 ","pages":"Article 105032"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143137630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How “wet islands” form – A case study of the Qilian Mountains on the arid northern Tibetan Plateau during the Middle Miocene","authors":"Yongheng Yang ,&nbsp;Yunfa Miao ,&nbsp;Xuelian Wang ,&nbsp;Jie Wu ,&nbsp;Yulong Ren ,&nbsp;Tao Zhang ,&nbsp;Liwu Li ,&nbsp;Xiaomin Fang","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105041","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105041","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;In arid regions, mountains usually exhibit diverse climates and complex ecological niches, fostering the formation of “wet islands”. However, the timing and mechanisms behind the formation of such “wet island” remain poorly understood, particularly in the central East Asia arid region (CEAA). This study focuses on the Qilian Mountains in the northern Tibetan Plateau (NTP), adjacent to the CEAA, which constitute an alpine “wet island” with a mean annual precipitation (MAP) exceeding 500 mm. &lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Miao et al. (2012)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; synthesized climate records spanning Eurasia and the oceans since the Middle Miocene and proposed a conceptual hypothesis: global temperature decreases drive aridification, while mountain uplift shapes regional climate humidity. In this study, we explore the Middle Miocene (16–12 Ma), a period characterized by significant global cooling and intense NTP uplift, to quantify how these processes contributed to the formation of the Qilian Mountains “wet island”. First, we integrated typical climate records from the Westerlies, Asian monsoon, Plateau basin, and Qilian Mountains. The results show continuous aridification in the first three regions driven by a cooling-induced reduction in moisture transport. In contrast, the Qilian Mountains experienced a wetting trend due to orographic uplift. Second, this differential climate evolution led to divergent vegetation patterns between the Qilian Mountains and Qaidam Basin: conifers became dominant in the mountains, while the basin interior exhibited a complex vegetation response to both cooling and uplift. The moisture disparity between the mountains and basin also widened, with MAP differences widening from ∼100 mm at 16–15 Ma to ∼470 mm at 13–12 Ma. This growing disparity indicates that the formation of the Qilian Mountains “wet island” occurred during the Middle Miocene Climatic Cooling period (14–12 Ma). Third, we conducted a regional climate model (RegCM 4.6) simulation at a 30-km resolution, testing temperature sensitivity (a decrease of ∼2 °C) and comparing the results with a topography sensitivity test (uplift from one-third of the present elevation to current level) from &lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Miao et al. (2022a)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. The model results show that the cooling-driven precipitation reduction in the CEAA (−100 %) was much greater than the precipitation increase (+30 % to +80 %) caused by uplift. Conversely, the Qilian Mountains experienced a substantial precipitation increase (+100 %) due to uplift, which mitigated the slight cooling-driven decrease (−10 %). These results suggest that global cooling and mountain uplift were pivotal factors in the formation of the Qilian Mountains “wet island”, within a context of overall drying in the CEAA. After the NTP reached its present elevation in the late Middle Miocene, global climate primarily governed the evolution of climate and environment in the interior of Asia. In summary, this study provides a model for understandin","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"261 ","pages":"Article 105041"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142968110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nordic boreo-arctic lands under rapid climatic change: A review of recent and future trends and extreme events","authors":"Jarle W. Bjerke ,&nbsp;Efrén López-Blanco ,&nbsp;Hans Tømmervik ,&nbsp;Anja Striberny ,&nbsp;Corine Davids ,&nbsp;Rannveig Ólafsdóttir ,&nbsp;Stein Rune Karlsen ,&nbsp;Per Sandström ,&nbsp;Minna Turunen ,&nbsp;Taru Rikkonen ,&nbsp;Marit K. Arneberg ,&nbsp;Sten Siikavuopio ,&nbsp;Karl Zinglersen ,&nbsp;Kristine Lynge-Pedersen ,&nbsp;Stefan Sandström ,&nbsp;Pasi Rautio","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.105012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.105012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Arctic amplification affects the geology, cryosphere, and the total environment of high-latitude maritime-influenced lands. This study synthesizes information on recent and future climatic changes within the Nordic boreo-arctic region. The study area includes Greenland, Iceland, and the central and northern parts of Finland, Norway (incl. Svalbard), and Sweden. The climate scenarios used are derived from the CMIP6 ECEarth3 Earth System Model (ESM) data for the period 2015–2100 under the SSP2–4.5 scenario. The synthesis builds upon a comprehensive range of sources, addressing both gradual climatic changes and the frequency of extreme weather events across all seasons. Ongoing and projected changes to the cryosphere, soil, freshwater systems, wind, precipitation, and frequency of hazardous events are comprehensively reviewed and discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"261 ","pages":"Article 105012"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143136840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plastic as a Sediment – A universal and objective practical solution to growing ambiguity in plastic litter classification schemes","authors":"C.E. Russell ,&nbsp;F. Pohl ,&nbsp;R. Fernández","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104994","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104994","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The universal and growing challenge of inconsistency and ambiguity in plastic classification schemes restricts our ability to predict plastic routing, degradation, and accumulation in all environments worldwide. Global plastic production has risen exponentially, reaching approximately 9200 million tons between 1950 and 2017. Of this, an estimated 5300 million tons have been discarded, with a significant fraction mismanaged and entering the natural environment. Plastics are pervasive, found in nearly every terrestrial and marine environment, and their durability ensures that they can persist in the environment for thousands of years, posing escalating ecotoxicological and environmental risks. To meaningfully address plastic distribution, pathways, and the impact it has, we need a clear, universally applicable classification scheme. Whilst there have been many calls to action from the community, we do not yet have a solution offered that facilitates universal understanding through its applicability. Here we propose treating plastic as sediment, such that we may employ the well-established principles and methodologies of sedimentology within its widely applicable framework for understanding and classifying particles. By applying sedimentological techniques to plastics, we developed a classification scheme to objectively describe plastic by its fundamental sedimentological characteristics that are known to correlate with particle behavior and distribution in the environment., i.e., size, shape, density, and material properties. It centers on objective observation before classification and interpretation, recognition of spatial and temporal changes, and an adaptable and flexible framework that can adapt to the complexities of plastic characteristics and research questions. As the classification scheme isolates each physical variable seen in plastic, through using it, we will be better able to understand how plastic characteristics influence their environmental behavior. Whilst the use of this scheme will be primarily beneficial in assessing source-to-sink routing, transport processes, and accumulation tendencies of plastic objects and particles, its potential impact extends beyond this. It has the capacity to enhance environmental monitoring and management strategies through cross-disciplinary and cross-regional data comparisons and exchanges, which will benefit a broad range of stakeholders interested in understanding and managing plastic pollution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"261 ","pages":"Article 104994"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143136864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}