Ecology and Evolution最新文献

{"title":"The importance of temporal scale in distribution modeling of migratory Caspian Kutum, Rutilus frisii","authors":"Fateh Moëzzi,&nbsp;Hadi Poorbagher,&nbsp;Soheil Eagderi,&nbsp;Jahangir Feghhi,&nbsp;Carsten F. Dormann,&nbsp;Sabah Khorshidi Nergi,&nbsp;Kaveh Amiri","doi":"10.1002/ece3.70259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.70259","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The choice of temporal resolution has high importance in ecological modeling, which can greatly affect the identification of the main drivers of an organism's distribution, considering the spatiotemporal dynamism of environmental predictors as well as organisms’ abundance. The present study aimed to identify the spatiotemporal distribution patterns of Caspian Kutum, <i>Rutilus frisii</i>, along the southern coast of the Caspian Sea, north of Iran, evaluating multiple temporal resolutions of data. The boosted regression trees (BRT) method was used to model fish catch distribution using a set of environmental predictors. Three temporal scales of data, including seasonal, sub-seasonal, and monthly time frames over the catch season (October–April), were considered in our modeling analyses. The monthly models, utilizing more detailed data scales, exhibited the highest potential in identifying the overall distribution patterns of the fish, compared to temporally-coarse BRT models. The best models were the BRTs fitted using data from March and April, which represented the final months of the catch season with the highest catch levels. In the monthly models, the main determinants of the Kutum's aggregation points were found to be dynamic variables including sea surface temperature, particulate organic and inorganic carbon, as opposed to static topographic parameters such as distance to river inlets. Seasonal and sub-seasonal models identified particulate inorganic matter and distance to river inlets as the predictors with the highest influence on fish distribution. The geographical distributions of fish biomass hotspots revealed the presence of a stable number of fish aggregation hotspot points along the eastern coast, while some cold-spot points were identified along the central and western coasts of the Caspian Sea. Our findings indicate that utilizing fine time scales in modeling analyses can result in a more reliable explanation and prediction of fish distribution dynamics. The investigated approach allows for the identification of intra-seasonal fluctuations in environmental conditions, particularly dynamic parameters, and their relationship with fish aggregation.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ece3.70259","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142316706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A non-invasive measure of bone growth in mammals: Validating urinary CTX-I as a bone resorption marker through long-bone growth velocity in bonobos","authors":"Verena Behringer,&nbsp;Ruth Sonnweber,&nbsp;Gottfried Hohmann,&nbsp;Jeroen M. G. Stevens,&nbsp;Jonas Verspeek,&nbsp;Tracy L. Kivell","doi":"10.1002/ece3.70326","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ece3.70326","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Assessing bone growth trajectories in mammals is crucial for understanding life history dynamics, but the quantification of bone growth in natural settings can be challenging. Bone resorption markers that can be measured in urine, such as C-telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX-I), offer a non-invasive solution to assess bone growth. Although measurement of urinary CTX-I levels has been applied extensively in human studies, its use in other species is so far limited to a few clinical studies. To validate urinary CTX-I as a bone resorption marker under less controlled conditions, we investigated within-individual day-to-day variation, diurnal patterns, and sex and age-specific variation in zoo-housed bonobos (<i>Pan paniscus</i>). We then also correlated urinary CTX-I levels with forearm growth velocity measures. We found a day-to-day variability in urinary CTX-I levels of around 25%, comparable to human variation. Diurnally, CTX-I levels decreased, aligning with observations in humans and other species. Both sexes showed an age-related decline in urinary CTX-I levels, with a steady decrease after the age of 10 years. Additionally, we found a positive correlation between forearm growth velocity and urinary CTX-I levels across age in female, but not in male, bonobos. Our results demonstrate that urinary CTX-I levels are a meaningful measure of bone growth and highlight its potential to examine bone growth trajectories also in wild populations to investigate life history dynamics.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11417956/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142307317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differences between phytophagous and predatory species in Pentatomidae based on the mitochondrial genome","authors":"Xiaofei Ding,&nbsp;Siyuan Ge,&nbsp;Jing Chen,&nbsp;Long Qi,&nbsp;Jiufeng Wei,&nbsp;Hufang Zhang,&nbsp;Chi Hao,&nbsp;Qing Zhao","doi":"10.1002/ece3.70320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.70320","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Pentatomidae includes many species of significant economic value as plant pests and biological control agents. The feeding habits of Pentatomidae are closely related to their energy metabolism and ecological adaptations. In this study, we sequenced the mitochondrial genomes of 12 Asopinae species using the next-generation sequencing to explore the effect of dietary changes on mitochondrial genome evolution. Notably, all sequences were double-stranded circular DNA molecules containing 37 genes and one control region. We then compared and analyzed the mitochondrial genome characteristics of phytophagous and predatory bugs. Notably, no significant difference was observed in the length of the mitochondrial genomes between the predatory and phytophagous bugs. However, the AT content was higher in the mitochondrial genomes of phytophagous bugs than that of predatory bugs. Moreover, phytophagous bugs prefer codon usage patterns ending in A/T compared with predatory bugs. The evolution rate of predatory bugs was lower than that of phytophagous bugs. The phylogenetic relationships across phytophagous bugs' lineages were largely consistent at depth nodes based on different datasets and tree-reconstructing methods, and strongly supported the monophyly of predatory bugs. Additionally, the estimated divergence times indicated that Pentatomidae explosively radiated in the Early Cretaceous. Subsequently, the subfamily Asopinae and the genus <i>Menida</i> diverged in the Late Cretaceous. Our research results provide data supporting for the evolutionary patterns and classification of Pentatomidae.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ece3.70320","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142276604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Habitat quality effects on the abundance of a coral-dwelling fish across spatial scales","authors":"Hana Fahim,&nbsp;Taylor Naaykens,&nbsp;Cassidy C. D'Aloia","doi":"10.1002/ece3.70322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.70322","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Microhabitat associated fishes are expected to be negatively affected by coral reef degradation, given that many species are coral dwellers. However, the factors underlying this negative impact and the spatial scale(s) at which it occurs are poorly understood. We explored how habitat quality metrics and host preferences influence fish abundance across multiple spatial scales, using the functionally important cleaner fish <i>Elacatinus evelynae</i> as a study species. We surveyed fish at 10 sites in Curaçao that varied in coral cover and health. At the microhabitat scale, we found that <i>E</i>. <i>evelynae</i> group size increases on large, healthy corals and on some coral host species, namely <i>Montastraea cavernosa</i>. We also found that, although <i>E</i>. <i>evelynae</i> can occupy at least 10 coral host species, it selectively inhabits just three corals: <i>M</i>. <i>cavernosa</i>, <i>Colpophyllia natans</i>, and <i>Diploria labrynthiformis</i>. Scaling up to explore goby abundance along 30-m transects, we did not find a clear relationship between live coral cover and goby abundance. However, goby abundance was substantially higher at one location with elevated coral cover and a high relative abundance of <i>E</i>. <i>evelynae</i> host species. Collectively, these results confirm that <i>E</i>. <i>evelynae</i> abundance is impacted by reef health. They also indicate that the species' long-term persistence may depend on both the maintenance of healthy coral hosts and the gobies' plasticity in host preferences on changing reefscapes. Cryptobenthic fishes such as <i>E</i>. <i>evelynae</i> play a vital role in the ecosystem and understanding drivers of their abundance is important as reefs face increased degradation.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ece3.70322","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142276594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing mangrove afforestation: Mollusc biodiversity comparisons reveal optimal mudflat–mangrove area ratio","authors":"Yufeng Lin,&nbsp;Zifeng Luo,&nbsp;Xuan Gu,&nbsp;Yijuan Deng,&nbsp;Pingping Guo,&nbsp;Guogui Chen,&nbsp;Wenqing Wang,&nbsp;Mao Wang","doi":"10.1002/ece3.70330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.70330","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In recent decades, mangrove wetlands globally have suffered from human activities and climate change, leading to issues like area reduction, degraded ecological functions and declining biodiversity. Restoration efforts, primarily through mangrove afforestation (i.e. mangrove plantation in mudflats), have been widespread, yet they often overlook the significance of unvegetated mudflats. In addition, under the condition that the total area of suitable mudflats is limited, the problem of what is the threshold of mangrove forests and unvegetated mudflats to better protect mangrove biodiversity has not been solved. Therefore, this study conducted a field survey of molluscs in mangrove wetlands in Hainan Island in China and explored the relative importance of mangroves and unvegetated mudflats through taxonomic alpha diversity and functional diversity. The results showed that (1) mollusc abundance of unvegetated mudflats was notably higher than this of mangrove forests, and the species richness, functional richness and functional vulnerability were significantly lower than those of mangrove forests; (2) the abundance and functional vulnerability of molluscs were mainly affected by sediment properties (pH, interstitial water salinity, median diameter, total nitrogen, C/N ratio), while the species richness and functional richness of molluscs were primarily influenced by vegetation structure (plant density); and (3) retaining at least 20% of the unvegetated mudflat area could well protect the biodiversity of mangrove wetlands. To our knowledge, our study is the first to propose the proportion of mangrove forests and unvegetated mudflats on the basis of benthic biodiversity, providing theoretical support and decision-making reference for mangrove protection and restoration.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ece3.70330","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142276605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evidence for gene flow from the Gulf of Mexico to the Atlantic Ocean in bonnethead sharks (Sphyrna tiburo)","authors":"Kristina L. Black,&nbsp;Kathy Liu,&nbsp;Jasmin R. Graham,&nbsp;Tonya R. Wiley,&nbsp;Jayne M. Gardiner,&nbsp;Catherine Macdonald,&nbsp;Mikhail V. Matz","doi":"10.1002/ece3.70334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.70334","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Gene flow is important for maintaining the genetic diversity required for adaptation to environmental disturbances, though gene flow may be limited by site fidelity in small coastal sharks. Bonnethead sharks (<i>Sphyrna tiburo</i>)—a small coastal hammerhead species—demonstrate site fidelity, as females are philopatric while males migrate to mediate gene flow. Consequently, bonnetheads demonstrate population divergence with distance, and Atlantic populations are genetically distinct from those of the Gulf of Mexico. Indeed, Florida forms a vicariant zone between these two bodies of water for many marine species, including some sharks. However, while bonnetheads are expected to have limited dispersal, the extent and rate of bonnethead migration remain uncertain. Thus, we aimed to determine their dispersal capacity by evaluating connectivity between disparate populations from the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean. Using 10,733 SNPs derived from 2bRAD sequences, we evaluated genetic connectivity between Tampa Bay on the Gulf Coast of Florida and Biscayne Bay on the Atlantic coast of Florida. While standard analyses of genetic structure revealed slight but significant differentiation between Tampa Bay and Biscayne Bay populations, demographic history inference based on the site frequency spectrum favored a model without divergence. However, we also estimate that if population divergence occurred, it would have been recent (between 1500 and 4500 years ago), with continuous unidirectional gene flow from Tampa Bay to Biscayne Bay. Our findings support the hypothesis that bonnetheads can migrate over relatively large distances (&gt;300 miles) to find mates. Together, these results provide optimism that under proper management, a small-bodied globally endangered shark can undergo long migrations to sustain genetic diversity.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ece3.70334","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142276606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Behavioral and economic traits reflect distinct resource acquisition strategies in tendril vines and stem twining vines","authors":"Hua Bai,&nbsp;Yingzheng Ji,&nbsp;Xueqing Wang,&nbsp;Zhi Liu,&nbsp;Zhe Zhou,&nbsp;Ming Yue,&nbsp;Yaoxin Guo","doi":"10.1002/ece3.70271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.70271","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Climbing plants are important components of tropical and many temperate forest ecosystems. Current studies regard climbing plants as a single ecological plant type and ignore the ecological differences resulting from their climbing mechanisms, which may lead to a misrepresentation of the role of climbing plants in forest dynamics. Based on behavioral traits and economic traits of climbing plants, we test the hypothesis that tendril climbers and stem twiners are characterized by different resource acquisition strategies. We quantified and compared 4 behavioral traits and 7 economic traits of four stem twining vines and four tendril vines in a temperate oak forest and further tested their differences in resource acquisition strategy. Our study found that tendril vines were scattered in a group distinct from stem twining vines along the first axes of the principal component analysis using four behavioral traits and seven economic traits, being located at the more acquisitive end with more hosts, a larger distance to length ratio of stem, higher leaf and root nitrogen concentrations, and lower leaf carbon content, while stem twining vines showed the opposite trends. These results indicate that tendril vines have a more acquisitive strategy than stem twining vines. The findings suggest a functional variability among the different climbing mechanisms, and which should be accounted for in future studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ece3.70271","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142273276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Globally suitable areas for Lycorma delicatula based on an optimized Maxent model","authors":"Zhengxue Zhao,&nbsp;Lin Yang,&nbsp;Xiangsheng Chen","doi":"10.1002/ece3.70252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.70252","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Lycorma delicatula</i>, a globally invasive pest, has caused considerable economic losses in many countries. Determining the potential distribution range of <i>L. delicatula</i> is crucial for its effective management and control; however, our understanding of this species remains limited. In this study, Maxent model with occurrence records and environmental variables were fit first and then optimized by selecting the best combination of feature classes and regularization multipliers using the lowest score of corrected Akaike information criterion. Subsequently, we predicted global suitable areas for <i>L. delicatula</i> both currently and in the future (2041–2060, 2061–2080, and 2081–2100). The results indicated that the mean temperature of the driest quarter is the most important environmental variable limiting <i>L. delicatula</i> distribution. Currently, the suitable areas are concentrated in East Asia (mainly in China, South Korea, and Japan), central and eastern United States, and southern Europe. Compared with current environmental conditions, in all future climate scenarios, the number of suitable areas for <i>L. delicatula</i> increased. In addition, we revealed that suitable areas are likely to expand northward in the future. Our study results suggest that policymakers and governments should prioritize the development of pest management measures in suitable areas for <i>L. delicatula</i>, especially in high suitable areas, to control this invasive pest and minimize global economic losses.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ece3.70252","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142275047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Black-throated blue warblers (Setophaga caerulescens) exhibit diet flexibility and track seasonal changes in insect availability","authors":"Sara A. Kaiser,&nbsp;Lindsey E. Forg,&nbsp;Andrew N. Stillman,&nbsp;John F. Deitsch,&nbsp;T. Scott Sillett,&nbsp;Gemma V. Clucas","doi":"10.1002/ece3.70340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.70340","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Changes in leaf phenology from warming spring and autumn temperatures have lengthened the temperate zone growing “green” season and breeding window for migratory birds in North America. However, the fitness benefits of an extended breeding season will depend, in part, on whether species have sufficient dietary flexibility to accommodate seasonal changes in prey availability. We used fecal DNA metabarcoding to test the hypothesis that seasonal changes in the diets of the insectivorous, migratory black-throated blue warbler (<i>Setophaga caerulescens</i>) track changes in the availability of arthropod prey at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire, USA. We examined changes across the breeding season and along an elevation gradient encompassing a 2-week difference in green season length. From 98 fecal samples, we identified 395 taxa from 17 arthropod orders; 242 were identified to species, with <i>Cecrita guttivitta</i> (saddled prominent moth), <i>Theridion frondeum</i> (eastern long-legged cobweaver), and <i>Philodromus rufus</i> (white-striped running crab spider) occurring at the highest frequency. We found significant differences in diet composition between survey periods and weak differences among elevation zones. Variance in diet composition was highest late in the season, and diet richness and diversity were highest early in the season. Diet composition was associated with changes in prey availability surveyed over the green season. However, several taxa occurred in diets more or less than expected relative to their frequency of occurrence from survey data, suggesting that prey selection or avoidance sometimes accompanies opportunistic foraging. This study demonstrates that black-throated blue warblers exhibit diet flexibility and track seasonal changes in prey availability, which has implications for migratory bird responses to climate-induced changes in insect communities with longer green seasons.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ece3.70340","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142273220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Imperfections in transparency and mimicry do not increase predation risk for clearwing butterflies with educated predators","authors":"Justin Yeager,&nbsp;Abigail Robison,&nbsp;Cordon D. Wade,&nbsp;James B. Barnett","doi":"10.1002/ece3.70307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.70307","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Transparency is an intuitive form of concealment and, in certain butterflies, transparent patches on the wings can contribute to several distinct forms of camouflage. However, perhaps paradoxically, the largely transparent wings of many clearwing butterflies (Ithomiini, Nymphalidae) also feature opaque, and often colorful, elements which may reduce crypsis. In many instances, these elements may facilitate aposematic signaling, but little is known of how transparency and aposematism may interact. Here, we used field predation trials to ask two main questions regarding camouflage and signaling in Ithomiini clearwings. In Experiment 1, we focused on camouflage to ask where being transparent may have an advantage over being opaque. We predicted that, as a single opaque pattern can only match a limited range of backgrounds, transparent wings would offer more effective concealment, and experience lower predation risk, over a wider range of backgrounds colors (i.e., green vs. brown substrates) and behaviors (i.e., perched vs. flying) than opaque wings. In Experiment 2, we focused on the effect conspicuous opaque colors may have on clearwing survival. We predicted that although salient signals may increase detectability, those commonly associated with toxic Ithomiini clearwings would not increase predation risk. Both experiments were conducted among educated predators within the natural range of Ithomiini clearwings and we found predation rates to be very low. In Experiment 1, we found some marginal evidence to suggest that opaque, but not transparent, butterflies may suffer increased predation during flight, whereas in Experiment 2, we found equal survival across all model prey types regardless of coloration. Taken together we suggest that any loss of camouflage due to conspicuous coloration may be compensated by aversive signaling, and that educated predators may broadly generalize across a wide range of known and novel clearwing phenotypes.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ece3.70307","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142273203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}