Ecology and Evolution最新文献

{"title":"Migration of Crab Plovers Dromas ardeola Wintering at Barr Al Hikman, Oman","authors":"Roeland A. Bom,&nbsp;Andy Y. Kwarteng,&nbsp;Jan A. van Gils","doi":"10.1002/ece3.71917","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.71917","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Crab plovers <i>Dromas ardeola</i> are shorebirds endemic to the coasts of the Indo-West Pacific biogeographical area. Very little is known about the migration of this enigmatic bird. Here, we studied the migratory itineraries of six crab plovers tracked between their wintering grounds in Barr Al Hikman, Oman, and their breeding grounds on islands in the north-west of the Arabian/Persian Gulf in Iran and Kuwait. During spring migration, all tagged birds followed a similar route. On the first leg, birds flew north over desert and mountain areas. After reaching the Arabian/Persian Gulf, they followed the northern coastline, where most birds had several stops. Birds initiated spring migratory flight between February 28 and May 7, and it took 3–24 days to travel from the non-breeding to the breeding areas. The birds spent between 96 and 174 days at the breeding colonies. Autumn migratory flights were mostly along the eastern coast of the Arabian/Persian Gulf. Four birds followed a coastal route back to Barr Al Hikman, similar to spring migration. Two birds followed a southerly route and short-cut the last stretch of 500 km by crossing the Empty Quarter (Rub Al Khali) desert region. Autumn migratory flights occurred between July 19 and October 24, lasting 3–91 days. Most migratory flights occurred predominantly between 6 p.m. and 6 a.m. and were almost always less than 25 m altitude above the Earth's surface. The maximum height of 1748 m above sea level was measured above the Oman Mountains. Crab plovers were able to cross potential barriers (i.e., the two desert areas and a mountain range) within a single night. We discuss our results with respect to the migratory connectivity known for this species.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":"15 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ece3.71917","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144782515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Avoidance of Water Bodies by Gaur at Parsa National Park (PNP): Real Ecology of the Species or Methodological Shortfalls?","authors":"Biplov Sharma","doi":"10.1002/ece3.71953","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.71953","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Gaur (<i>Bos gaurus</i>) is one of the largest and threatened ungulates in Nepal with limited ecological researches. To address the gap, Bhattarai et al. have published the article in 2025. However, the paper has many scientific limitations that could mislead the investment made in conservation of species. Their limitations include the issues related to referring gaur as preferred prey despite existing literature referring them as the prey species often avoided by tiger, failure to randomize the sampling necessary to acquire the answer to their research questions and selection of site for placement of camera traps using convenience sampling. Furthermore, despite using the occupancy model, they have failed to account detection probability. Issues of model checking and consideration of credible interval in the response curve have been ignored. When credible interval is included, the response of the species to the given variables becomes questionable. Details of the comments have been explained in the full text.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":"15 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ece3.71953","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144773914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Construction of GAN-RES and Its Application to Small Sample Fusulinid Fossil Recognition","authors":"Jiahui Xu,&nbsp;Yang Lu,&nbsp;Xu Xu","doi":"10.1002/ece3.71845","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.71845","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Traditional fossil identification relies on the rich experience and knowledge of paleontologists, and existing intelligent identification methods mainly rely on deep learning to train on a large number of fossil graphic samples to achieve a high degree of precision. In order to solve the above problems and still be able to accurately recognize small samples of rare fossils, we try to use the generative adversarial network (GAN) combined with ResNet50, EfficientNet, and customized CNN architectures, which are applied to the identification of small samples of fossils. First of all, the generator of GAN is fully trained, using it to generate a large number of samples to expand the dataset, enriching the image features extracted by the model, and then through the neural network to analyze the image abstraction computation, and finally, the best fossil identification model is trained through multiple iterations. Using the method of this paper on the same dataset with a data enhancement method for comparison experiments, the experimental results show that the accuracy rate reaches 93% in the case of epochs 100, higher than the other experimental results, and has a significant advantage in the recognition of fossils with scarce samples.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":"15 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ece3.71845","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144767595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Y-Chromosome Genetic Characterization Supports the Establishment of Calving Centered Protected Areas for Tibetan Antelope Conservation","authors":"Shuwen Wang,&nbsp;Jingqing Ma,&nbsp;Ruotong Cheng,&nbsp;Jingyi Li,&nbsp;Xun Zhang,&nbsp;Zhongyuan Lin,&nbsp;Qing Wei,&nbsp;Jiarui Chen","doi":"10.1002/ece3.71897","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.71897","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Tibetan antelope (<i>Pantholops hodgsonii</i>), the flagship species of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, is renowned for its hardiness and resistance to low oxygen. Most of the previous studies focused on mitochondria and autosomes, with fewer studies related to the Y-chromosome. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed the Y-chromosome genetic diversity, population structure, and historical dynamics of Tibetan antelope populations using 26 Y-SNP loci and 5 Y-SSR polymorphic loci. Our results revealed a nucleotide diversity of 0.00092 ± 0.00002 and a haplotype diversity of 0.843 ± 0.029 based on 26 Y-SNPs from 14 sequences, with a total DNA sequence length of 10,675 bp. Genotyping of 123 Tibetan antelope male samples with 5 Y-SSR loci indicated a mean observed number of alleles of 6.600, an effective number of alleles of 4.071, Shannon's Information index of 1.215, Nei's gene diversity of 0.556, and a PIC (Polymorphism Information Content) of 0.522. The population structure analysis classified all samples into three genetic populations, showing significant genetic differentiation that dates back approximately 170,000 years. However, no corresponding relationship was found between genetic populations and their geographical distribution, suggesting population convergence among Tibetan antelope populations. We inferred that population convergence facilitated genetic mixing, so that the population was able to maintain a relatively high genetic diversity after experiencing a severe hunting crisis. Given these findings, we highlight that the current model of protected areas, which are divided into administrative areas, while offering some protection, may not be optimal for the long-term conservation of Tibetan antelope populations. Therefore, we propose to establish a system of protected areas centered around protecting calving regions, ensuring that key breeding habitats are effectively safeguarded, while simultaneously fostering natural connections and gene flow among populations, thereby providing a safer, more suitable, and coherent living environment for the Tibetan antelope.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":"15 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ece3.71897","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144767411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Variation in Eusperm Length May Reflect Reproductive Barriers and Differences in Sperm Competition Intensity Among Littorina Snails","authors":"Luisa Kumpitsch,&nbsp;Kerstin Johannesson,&nbsp;Jonathan N. Havenhand,&nbsp;Erica H. Leder","doi":"10.1002/ece3.71865","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.71865","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Reproductive barriers limit gene flow and drive population divergence. Sperm morphology plays an important role in reproductive barriers, as successful fertilization depends on how well sperm perform in the female environment. Specifically, sperm length must be adapted to fit the female reproductive tract and storage organs. We investigated sperm length in species and ecotypes of <i>Littorina</i>, a genus of promiscuous marine snails with internal fertilization. Various <i>Littorina</i> species have ecotypes adapted to different shoreline environments where reproductive traits like sperm length divergence might play a role in reinforcing these barriers. Due to their promiscuity, sperm competition likely plays a role in <i>Littorina</i>, and sperm length variation can give insights regarding sperm competition intensities. This study examined eusperm length in four species (<i>L. fabalis</i>, <i>L. littorea</i>, <i>L. obtusata</i>, <i>L. saxatilis</i>) and two different ecotypes in both <i>L. fabalis</i> and <i>L. saxatilis</i>. The ecotypes of both <i>L. fabalis</i> and <i>L. saxatilis</i> differed in eusperm lengths, indicating the potential for this trait to be involved in prezygotic reproductive barriers between ecotypes of these species. Among-species differences in eusperm length variation were observed and may be a result of different sperm competition intensities.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":"15 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ece3.71865","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144767325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Complete Mitochondrial Genome of Acheilognathus mengyangensis (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae, and Acheilognathinae): Characterization and Phylogenetic Analysis","authors":"Zhengran Li,&nbsp;Jinhui Yu,&nbsp;Chuanjiang Zhou","doi":"10.1002/ece3.71909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.71909","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this study, the mitochondrial genome data of <i>Acheilognathus mengyangensis</i> were subjected to a multigene tandem method to elucidate its taxonomic status. The total length of the mitochondrial genome was determined to be 16,779 bp, including 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes, and the D-loop region. Overall, there was a strong AT bias and anti-G bias; different protein-coding genes exhibited different degrees of codon preference. The rest of the amino acids, with the exception of tRNA^{Ser (GCT)}, of the 22 tRNAs were in one form, the secondary structure was incomplete, and the remaining tRNAs folded to form the secondary structure of a typical clover. Thirteen protein-coding genes of <i>Acheilognathus</i> and <i>Rhodeus</i> were concatenated to explore their phylogenetic relationships, with <i>Pseudorasbora parva</i> as the outgroup. The results revealed that <i>A. mengyangensis</i>, <i>Acheilognathus chankaensis</i>, and <i>Acheilognathus macropterus</i> were the most closely related. This research would supplement the <i>Acheilognathus</i> mitochondrial genome data, serving as a molecular basis for safeguarding species, facilitating genetic classification, and investigating Acheilognathinae phylogeny.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":"15 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ece3.71909","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144767596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intraspecific Competition Promotes Oviposition During Host Egg Incubation in the Parasitic Fly Philornis downsi","authors":"Barbara Kofler,&nbsp;Denis Mosquera,&nbsp;George E. Heimpel,&nbsp;Heinz Richner,&nbsp;Sabine Tebbich","doi":"10.1002/ece3.71892","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.71892","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Avian biodiversity declines are increasingly linked to invasive parasites threatening local bird populations that lack evolved defenses. The level of virulence in these interactions, in turn, influences the parasites' own fitness and drives co-evolutionary dynamics. Studying newly established host–parasite systems can shed light on adaptive processes and associated behavioral and ecological aspects. The invasive parasitic fly <i>Philornis downsi</i>, unintentionally introduced to the Galapagos Islands, severely threatens native bird species, including endemic Darwin's finches. Over the past decades, <i>P. downsi</i> infestation rates have increased, shortening nestling survival and limiting larval development. Furthermore, an earlier shift in oviposition timing has been documented, with female flies infesting incubated host nests, despite <i>P. downsi</i> having previously been classified as an obligate nestling parasite. In this study, we investigated the hypothesis that intraspecific competition, shaped by host density and parasite infestation patterns, drives oviposition during the incubation of bird eggs in <i>P. downsi</i>. Host density, interacting with mean infestation intensity of simultaneously active nests, positively influenced oviposition during host incubation, and long-term data identified the proportion of infested nests (prevalence) as a key driver. When mean infestation intensity was low, higher host density increased per-nestling infestation and reduced larval survival, suggesting clustered nests attract more flies. In contrast, under high mean infestation intensity, greater host density led to lower per-nestling infestation and higher larval survival. Our findings suggest high fly competition drives the earlier shift in the parasite's life cycle, while associated trade-offs or potential adaptive strategies may explain the observed decrease in per-nestling infestation intensity. Moreover, oviposition during host incubation was not observed in mainland Ecuador, the native range of the ancestral <i>P. downsi</i> population. Despite higher <i>Philornis</i> species diversity, reduced competition in mainland Ecuador contrasts with high infestation rates in Galapagos, indicating rapid behavioral divergence due to increased competition in the latter location.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":"15 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ece3.71892","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144767410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Larval Pigmentation Reveals Environmental and Genetic Influences in Hybridizing Ambystoma Salamanders","authors":"Alfredo Ascanio,&nbsp;Victor Fitzgerald,&nbsp;Patrick Altomari,&nbsp;Jason T. Bracken,&nbsp;Tereza Jezkova","doi":"10.1002/ece3.71911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.71911","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Closely related species may produce hybrids, and these hybrids often display intermediate traits that can influence fitness and reproductive isolation. In this study, we examine <i>Ambystoma barbouri</i> and <i>Ambystoma texanum</i>, two sister salamander species that breed in contrasting aquatic habitats with differing levels of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure. Although these species can hybridize, it remains unclear whether hybrid pigmentation responses to UVR confer an advantage, a disadvantage, or are simply intermediate between parental forms. Pigmentation in salamanders is regulated by chromatophores, melanophores, and xanthophores, which help mitigate UVR-induced damage. Given previous knowledge on the species, habitats, and behaviors, we hypothesized that: (1) <i>A. barbouri</i> would show stronger UVR-induced pigmentation (i.e., greater darkening) than <i>A. texanum</i>, due to its exposure to clearer, shallower streams; (2) hybrids would exhibit intermediate responses; and (3) xanthophore coverage would remain stable or decrease under UVR as melanophores expand. To test these hypotheses, we conducted a fully factorial breeding experiment using pure and reciprocal hybrid crosses, exposing larvae to four UVR durations (0, 1, 4, and 12 h). We quantified skin darkness and chromatophore-specific pigmentation using standardized digital image analysis, Bayesian beta regression, and Bayesian compositional regression. Our results supported all three hypotheses. <i>A. barbouri</i> showed greater darkening under UVR exposure than <i>A. texanum</i>, and hybrids exhibited intermediate responses, but with a greater similarity toward their maternal phenotype. Xanthophore coverage remained stable or declined with increasing UVR exposure, evidencing that their main purpose is different from UVR protection. These findings raise the possibility that hybrids could experience reduced performance if intermediate pigmentation is suboptimal, but that maternal effects may offset some of these disadvantages.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":"15 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ece3.71911","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144767594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nuclear and Chloroplast Markers Provide New Insights Into the Syngameon Dynamics of Genus Micromeria (Lamiaceae) in the Canary Islands","authors":"Manuel Curto,&nbsp;Pamela Puppo,&nbsp;Harald Meimberg","doi":"10.1002/ece3.71843","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.71843","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Species syngameons are groups of more than two hybridizing species that form complex hybrid networks. Syngameons facilitate sharing the gene pool among species while maintaining morphological differentiation. In oceanic islands, hybridization is common, and syngameons are expected to be common and play an important role in increasing standing variation in the face of the founder effect associated with the colonization process. The mechanisms of how these syngameons are formed and maintained, the impact islands' geological history has on syngameons, and their evolutionary consequences remain unknown. Using the genus <i>Micromeria</i> (Lamiaceae) in the Canary Islands as an example, we aim to describe the structure of the syngameons and evaluate if it varies across island age, taxa, and genomic region. For this, we used 14 Exon primed intron spanning (EPIC) nuclear markers and 12 chloroplast (cpDNA) markers to conduct phylogenetic and genetic diversity analyses. The results show that species in younger islands have higher genetic diversity and share haplotypes with more taxa than species in older islands. Moreover, widespread taxa have higher intraspecific connectivity than taxa with narrower distributions. These findings suggest that species syngameons are larger and more complex in younger islands and that widespread taxa are key players in maintaining them. This pattern and phylogenetic signal were not consistent across loci and genomic compartments, indicating that different genomic regions may show different perspectives on syngameons dynamics. This study provides evidence that island ontogeny, degree of evolutionary divergence, and species distribution range shape the formation, expansion, and maintenance of syngameons.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":"15 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ece3.71843","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144758571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temperate Forest Floor Bryophytes Functionally Respond to Small-Scale Variability in Water, Light and Nutrient Availability","authors":"T. J. Deilmann,&nbsp;M. Bernhardt-Römermann,&nbsp;J. Hentschel,&nbsp;P. Gros,&nbsp;C. Römermann","doi":"10.1002/ece3.71839","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.71839","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Bryophytes form an integral component in numerous ecosystems. They impact ecosystem processes by regulating water, carbon, and nutrient input into the soil, making them an ecologically significant but understudied group of plants. To understand ecosystem processes, functional traits offer a suitable tool as they reflect plant performance and strategies that respond to changes in the environment. Functional traits, however, have been hardly studied and are still poorly understood in bryophytes, limiting the understanding of functional responses to environmental variability and future change. Therefore, we here measured 10 functional traits related to water balance (e.g., leaves per cm, branching density, water uptake capacity) and productivity (e.g., shoot length, in situ fluorescence, specific shoot area) and related them to environmental variability for eight common forest floor bryophyte species in two temperate coniferous forests. We tested how well these traits respond to small-scale variability in water, light, and nutrient availability. Multivariate analyses showed a large variation in trait composition of the investigated species, mainly driven by growth form (pleurocarpous vs. acrocarpous), while the impact of forest type (Norway spruce vs. Scots pine) on trait composition seemed less important. Mixed effects models across all species revealed that traits were very sensitive to within-forest small-scale variability; for example, leaves per cm or in situ fluorescence were positively related to increasing plot-level characteristics such as leaf area index and throughfall, again with growth form-specific responses. We further found intraspecific trait variation for the most dominant bryophyte species, indicating considerable phenotypic plasticity. We conclude that moss trait variability is more linked to growth form than to forest type, and that both bryophyte communities and individual species are functionally sensitive to small-scale environmental variability. We therefore emphasize including bryophytes and growth form as a functional group more specifically in functional response studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":"15 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ece3.71839","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144740544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}