Ecology and Evolution最新文献

{"title":"Corn or Climate? Climate Change Facilitated, but Did Not Initiate, the Northward Range Expansion of the Green Jay in Texas.","authors":"Callen M Inman, Lawrence E Gilbert","doi":"10.1002/ece3.74513","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.74513","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Anthropogenic changes are driving global shifts in species distributions. Two highly divergent bird species, the green jay (<i>Cyanocorax yncas</i>) and the blue jay (<i>Cyanocitta cristata</i>), recently hybridized in Texas following range expansions. While the southwestern spread of the blue jay has been attributed to suburban bird-feeding, the cause of the green jay's > 2° northward expansion over the last 70 years is less clear. Climate change has been proposed as a driver, but concurrent changes in habitat and resource availability-including widespread supplemental feeding of deer-complicate interpretation. We combine ornithological records, eBird observations, climate data, and economic data to investigate the progression of the green jay's range expansion in relation to climate and supplemental feeding. The first records of resident green jays north of southernmost Texas occurred in the 1960s. Sustained northward expansion was detectable from 1980 to 2021 and coincided with reduced severe freeze frequency from 1982 to 1996. Severe winters occurred alongside a reduced probability of green jay detections in newly occupied locations. However, range expansion increased during the period with the coldest average winter in the 95-year climate record and coincided with growing supplemental feeding. We suggest that winter food supply on widespread hunting ranches and habitat loss drove initial northward colonization by green jays. Subsequent warming may have then relaxed climatic constraints once this novel resource became widespread. This potential interaction between novel resources and climate change highlights that different anthropogenic mechanisms may work together to alter species distributions.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":"16 10","pages":"e74513"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13677283/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149223582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Local Adaptation With Gene Flow Has a Polygenic Basis in a Threatened Coastal Songbird.","authors":"Jonathan D Clark, Haw Chuan Lim, Brian J Olsen, Adrienne I Kovach","doi":"10.1002/ece3.74506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.74506","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Species that span heterogenous environments often exhibit local adaptation despite gene flow among populations. In such cases, the maintenance of local adaptation is controlled by several factors, including the strength of selection, migration, assortative mating, and genomic architecture. The song sparrow (<i>Melospiza melodia</i>) is a widespread songbird with diverse subspecies, including the coastally adapted Atlantic song sparrow (<i>M. m. atlantica</i>). Despite extensive gene flow with a generalist subspecies, Atlantic song sparrow populations have been found to maintain their coastally adaptive phenotypes. We produced a new chromosome-level reference assembly for the species and whole-genome data to explore the genomic architecture of divergence with gene flow and the genetic basis of adaptation in this subspecies. Adaptation in the Atlantic song sparrow has a polygenic basis, with loci under divergent selection scattered throughout the genome rather than concentrated in low-recombination linkage blocks. Signatures of fine-scale population structure, limited genomic differentiation, and divergent selection on a small set of genes suggest a role for natural selection in maintaining this subspecies boundary. Our findings highlight the complex interplay among selection, gene flow, and recombination in shaping adaptation with gene flow and provide insights into the genomic architecture of ecological divergence within a widespread, morphologically diverse species.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":"16 10","pages":"e74506"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13678279/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149223550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cuticular Barcoding-A Novel Method for Host Identification From Adult Parasitoid Wasps.","authors":"Maura Haas-Renninger, Michael Haas, Manuel Stothut, Henrik Krehenwinkel, Johannes L M Steidle, Lars Krogmann","doi":"10.1002/ece3.74529","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.74529","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Parasitoid wasps are important regulators of their hosts and highly relevant for the resilience of terrestrial ecosystems. However, data on parasitoid-host interactions are scarce and missing for many parasitoid species as parasitoids are mostly collected as adults without host association and rearing of parasitoids from their hosts can be difficult. Molecular methods can thus help to circumvent this bottleneck. We here present cuticular barcoding, a novel non-destructive molecular approach to identify parasitoid-host associations from adult parasitoid wasps. We tested our approach by rearing the parasitoid wasp <i>Lariophagus distinguendus</i> on two beetle species, and washing off remnant host DNA from the wasp cuticle to detect the host species using DNA barcoding. Our results showed a success rate of 49%, detecting the host species in 35 out of 72 samples. Samples containing pooled wasp specimens performed equally well as single wasp specimens, which indicates that single field-collected wasps are sufficient to identify host associations. Hosts could be detected in wasps that were fixated either through freezing or ethanol, which also supports the application of this method in the field. The primers Jerry/Pat targeting the mitochondrial COI gene performed better than the universal primers LCO/HCO, indicating that more studies testing universal primers are needed to establish this method. This non-destructive method allows to preserve the sampled wasp as a physical voucher for subsequent morphological identification which will be essential for its usage in situ. Our study presents a novel method that enables detection of parasitoid-host interactions, and holds significant potential for conservation ecologists, pest managers and evolutionary biologists.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":"16 10","pages":"e74529"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13677443/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149223627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Black-Tailed Godwits Eat Animal and Plant Material at a Key Non-Breeding Site at the Overlap of Two Asian Flyways.","authors":"Delip K Das, Naim Khandakar, Md Soab Ali, Wouter M G Vansteelant, El-Hacen M El-Hacen, Theunis Piersma","doi":"10.1002/ece3.74479","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.74479","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dietary knowledge of migratory birds along their migration routes is fundamental for understanding ecological and evolutionary aspects of bird migration, how migrants select and repeatedly use specific non-breeding areas, accumulate fuel for migration and breeding, and assess carrying capacity at key sites in the migratory network. Local changes in food availability and foraging habitat have been shown to contribute to population declines in migratory shorebirds. Nevertheless, the diet of many migratory bird populations remains unknown at key migratory sites. We address this knowledge gap for Black-tailed Godwits (<i>Limosa limosa</i>) by exploring their diet in the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna delta in the Bay of Bengal, a key non-breeding site overlapping the Central Asian and East Asian-Australasian flyways. We assessed how benthic prey availability changed during their non-breeding period based on 600 mud samples collected from 120 foraging locations between October 2018 and March 2019. In mid-January 2019, we determined godwit diets by analyzing undigested remains of 15 feces and 15 pellets collected from roosting areas, and compared dietary composition with benthic prey availability from samples collected concurrently. Polychaetes and oligochaetes were the most abundant benthic groups in the mud, but we did not find them in the droppings. We observed intra-seasonal changes in abundance and body size of bivalvia, decapoda, and gastropoda, which were the main animal foods found in droppings and mud samples, and were positively selected by godwits based on availability compared to other benthic prey. We also found plant materials, rice kernels, and rhizomes of <i>Porteresia coarctata</i>, in one-third of the droppings. This finding extends previous evidence of godwits' herbivory in the East-Atlantic flyway to Asian flyways. Scaling up our efforts to systematic monitoring could help address conservation questions, such as the impact of shellfish harvesting on the carrying capacity of the world's largest river delta for shorebirds.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":"16 10","pages":"e74479"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13677280/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149223595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plant-Soil Feedbacks May Underlie Competitive Dynamics Between Co-Occurring Invasive Annual Grasses <i>Bromus tectorum</i> and <i>Ventenata dubia</i>.","authors":"Lilly Sencenbaugh, Jane M Mangold, Bruce D Maxwell, Danielle E M Ulrich, Lisa J Rew","doi":"10.1002/ece3.74516","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.74516","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Plant communities are shaped by interactions among plants and soil legacies. Plant-soil feedbacks (PSF) may alter invasion dynamics and change plant community species composition. There have been field observations of the invasive annual grass, <i>Ventenata dubia</i>, replacing another invasive annual grass, <i>Bromus tectorum</i>, though previous work has not found evidence of competition that would support these shifts. The goal of this study was to determine if PSF via soil legacies and competition are present between co-occurring invasive annual grasses <i>B. tectorum</i> and <i>V. dubia</i>, and if so, quantify their effects on interactions with these species. We measured aboveground per capita biomass of these species grown in biculture with three field soils (neutral, <i>B. tectorum</i>, <i>V. dubia</i>) over two experimental Phases in a greenhouse. We evaluated biomass in Phase 1 with field-conditioned soil, and Phase 2 in soil conditioned from Phase 1. We used generalized linear mixed models to determine the effect of soil origin and plant density on biomass, and non-linear analysis to quantify competition regression coefficients. The linear analysis showed intraspecific competition negatively impacted both species in both Phases, but by Phase 2 interspecific competition was weakened in conspecific soil, suggesting positive PSF. Intraspecific competition coefficients were always greater than interspecific coefficients from the non-linear analysis across soil origins. These results are suggestive of a positive PSF which may alter the strength of competition between these species in a biculture. Understanding how PSF influences interactions between these species provides insight into how their invasion dynamics may change over time.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":"16 10","pages":"e74516"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13677447/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149223598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"FishMitoCleaner: Automated Stop Codon Processing and Quality Control of Fish Mitochondrial Protein-Coding Sequences.","authors":"Shaoyu Yang, Peng Xu, Jingzhen Wang, Xiaohui Cai","doi":"10.1002/ece3.74557","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.74557","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vertebrate mitochondrial protein-coding genes follow a different genetic code, in which TGA encodes tryptophan and a large number of genes terminate with incomplete stop codons completed post-transcriptionally via polyadenylation. These features are often mishandled when coding sequences (CDS) downloaded from public databases are processed with standard tools, resulting in errors in downstream codon usage and evolution. Here we present FishMitoCleaner, a Python command line tool automating quality control and normalisation of fish mitochondrial CDS sequences in five steps: character validation, internal stop codon scanning, terminal TGA detection, stop codon processing and length normalisation. FishMitoCleaner cleaned 97.6% of input sequences in 22 fish species representing 7 orders and all 13 mitochondrial protein coding genes. Statistical comparison of RSCU values confirmed no bias in codon usage analysis (Welch's <i>t</i>-test, all <i>p</i> > 0.05). FishMitoCleaner is a Python command that allows researchers in aquatic biology and fisheries science to perform rigorous and reproducible CDS quality control in a single command, and clean sequences ready to be analysed in downstream analyses. FishMitoCleaner is also applicable to mitochondrial CDS data from other vertebrate taxa.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":"16 10","pages":"e74557"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13677282/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149223603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the Potential Distribution of <i>Eriocheir sinensis</i> Under Climate Change: Regional Contrasts and Spatial Mismatches in Terrestrial and Nearshore Suitability.","authors":"He Gong, Xiaolong Yang, Gorka Bidegain, Yihang Wang, Yuqing Jiang, Tao Han, Jianyu Dong, Xiumei Zhang","doi":"10.1002/ece3.74351","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ece3.74351","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Chinese mitten crab (<i>Eriocheir sinensis</i>), native to China and the Korean Peninsula, has established invasive populations with substantial ecological and economic impacts in Europe and North America. Anticipating changes in its potential distribution is important for invasion-risk screening and estuarine management. We developed a global species distribution model (G-SDM) and regional models for the native range, Europe, and North America, each comprising terrestrial and nearshore brackish-water components. Future suitability was projected under SSP126, SSP245, and SSP585. Terrestrial PCA-env analyses assessed changes in projected suitable environmental space, whereas MESS and MoD diagnosed environmental novelty and extrapolation uncertainty. Terrestrial suitability was mainly associated with annual mean temperature, annual precipitation, and distance to the coastline, whereas nearshore suitability was mainly associated with water depth, chlorophyll concentration, and sea-surface temperature, although the ranking of predictor importance differed among regions. Predicted-suitable environments in Europe and North America extended to lower annual and wettest-quarter temperatures than those in the native range. Under future scenarios, projected suitability was generally redistributed towards higher latitudes, particularly under SSP585. Terrestrial suitability showed more pronounced spatial redistribution than nearshore suitability in several regions, and the two components were not always geographically aligned. Terrestrial PCA-env analyses indicated greater retention of suitable environmental space in Europe but increasing unfilling in the native range and North America. MESS analysis further identified environmental novelty and extrapolation uncertainty in some future suitable areas. These findings provide a scientific basis for early prevention, targeted monitoring, field validation, and estuarine management.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":"16 10","pages":"e74351"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13675134/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149215175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Longitudinal Variation in Riparian Spider Communities Along Near-Natural Streams.","authors":"Léa Fargette, Martin H Entling, Felicia Hoffmann, Alessandro Manfrin, Franziska Middendorf, Jens Schirmel","doi":"10.1002/ece3.74512","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ece3.74512","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Applying the River Continuum Concept to riparian zones, this study examined how longitudinal gradients in five southwestern German streams affect spider communities. While alpha diversity remained stable, spider abundance increased downstream, and community and trait compositions shifted significantly along the watercourse. These findings highlight how natural longitudinal variations structure riparian ecosystems, offering a crucial baseline for assessing human impacts on biodiversity.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":"16 10","pages":"e74512"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13673409/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149215205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combined Effects of Beetle Density and Sex Ratio on Reproductive Trade-Offs and Dung Burial in Tunnelling Dung Beetles.","authors":"Zinat Jahan Chowdhury, Zac Hemmings, Alfonsina Arriaga-Jimenez, Karl Vernes, Timothy M Schaerf, Nigel R Andrew","doi":"10.1002/ece3.74499","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ece3.74499","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dung beetle density and sex ratio play a significant role in intraspecific competition, and reproductive success depends on the beetle's maturity. We examined the impact of increasing density in small groups on dung burial and brood production using mature first-generation individuals of two dung beetle species (<i>Onthophagus binodis</i> and <i>Digitonthophagus gazella</i>) by manipulating the number of males and females in a dung pat. Beetles were reared under controlled laboratory conditions and provided with cattle dung, which was collected from pastureland. Weekly dung burial was calculated by measuring the residual dung organic matter content. The number of broods produced per dung pat, broods' dry weight, and their size were recorded. In both species, treatments with intermediate numbers of male and female beetles produced more broods than solitary beetles. On the other hand, treatments with moderate to high numbers of male and female beetles buried more dung than individual females. At higher-density treatments, brood size and brood dry weight declined, suggesting shifts in reproductive allocation under increasing intraspecific interactions. The two species showed very similar patterns, although <i>O. binodis</i> produced more broods while <i>D. gazella</i> buried more dung. We also observed a positive relationship between brood dry weight and brood size in both species. Overall, the results indicate that the combined effects of beetle density and sex ratio influenced reproductive investment and dung burial under controlled laboratory conditions. Further field studies are needed to determine whether similar patterns occur under higher density and natural ecological conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":"16 10","pages":"e74499"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13674177/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149215155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Varroa-Sensitive Hygiene (VSH) as a Potential Contributor to the Natural Survival of Ethiopian Honey Bees (<i>Apis mellifera simensis</i>) Against <i>Varroa destructor</i> Mite.","authors":"Alemu Tsegaye, Tessema Aynalem, Mengistie Taye, Workneh Ayalew, Abebe Jenberie, Mary Chege, Tadelle Tefera, Beatrice Nganso","doi":"10.1002/ece3.74461","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ece3.74461","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although the <i>Varroa destructor</i> mite is the primary threat to honey bee (<i>Apis mellifera</i>), populations of <i>A. m. simensis</i> in Ethiopia naturally survive mite infestations without treatment. While general hygienic and grooming behaviors have been previously reported to contribute to the natural survival of this subspecies against Varroa mites, the role of Varroa-sensitive hygiene (VSH) remains unknown. Here, we experimentally evaluated four VSH responses in worker brood cells of this subspecies artificially infested with a single mite (treatment) or opened and resealed without introducing a mite (control) across varying infested patch sizes (five, eight, and ten neighboring cells): untouched cells (UC), cell cap opened or partially opened (CO), brood and introduced mite removed (BMR), and introduced mite removed, brood retained, and cell recapped (MR). Our results revealed that VSH responses differed significantly between treatment categories and were significantly dependent on infested patch size. At five-cell patch size, VSH responses did not differ between treatment categories, whereas eight- and ten-cell patch sizes significantly increased the odds of BMR, MR and/or CO relative to UC by between five- and twenty-nine-fold. Model-predicted probabilities showed that the removal response (BMR + MR) accounted for 64.9% and 83.7% in infested patches at eight and ten cells, respectively, compared with 21.5% and 23.1% in controls. The uncapping response (CO + BMR + MR) reached 71.2% and 89.8% in eight and ten cells compared with 33.1% and 30.2% in controls, respectively. Overall, these findings suggest VSH as an additional behavioral mechanism of Ethiopian honey bees against <i>V. destructor</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":"16 10","pages":"e74461"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13673401/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149215164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}