Ecology and Evolution最新文献

{"title":"MHC Diversity Across Time and Space","authors":"Maria Cortazar-Chinarro,&nbsp;Kayla C. King,&nbsp;Mette Lillie","doi":"10.1002/ece3.71371","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.71371","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Most natural populations are genetically diverse. Understanding how diversity is maintained and distributed across time and space can provide insights into the potential for evolution and extinction of populations. Immunogenetic diversity aids individuals and populations in resisting infectious disease, with many studies linking resistance to genes encoding adaptive immune responses, such as the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes. The MHC is particularly important for advancing our understanding of local adaptive processes and host–parasite interactions. Here, we review the emerging work and theory exploring the geographic and temporal patterns of MHC diversity in the wild and how they are shaped by selective and demographic processes. We discuss patterns of variation along latitudinal and altitudinal gradients and place this in the context of Latitude Diversity Gradient and Central Marginal Theories. We emphasize how MHC diversity is often lower at the edges of species distributions, particularly in high-latitude and high-altitude regions. We also discuss MHC diversity in natural populations facing climate change. As climate change accelerates and emerging parasites spread, reduced immunogenetic diversity could severely threaten wildlife populations, compromising their resilience and long-term survival. We propose that including immunogenetic diversity into a larger database of environmental and parasite data would allow biologists to test hypotheses regarding host–parasite coevolution and develop effective measures for conservation.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":"15 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ece3.71371","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143879905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"To Bees or Not to Bees: Greater Honeyguides Sometimes Guide Humans to Animals Other Than Bees, but Likely Not as Punishment","authors":"David J. Lloyd-Jones,&nbsp;Musaji Muamedi,&nbsp;Claire N. Spottiswoode","doi":"10.1002/ece3.71136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.71136","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Greater honeyguides (<i>Indicator indicator</i>) are well known to guide human honey hunters to wild bees' nests in exchange for beeswax as food. Centuries of African Indigenous accounts have intriguingly reported that honeyguides occasionally guide humans to animals other than bees, typically large animals dangerous to humans. This is interpreted by some human cultures as punishment for prior failure to reward the bird, and by others as an altruistic warning behavior. Here, we present quantitative evidence from hundreds of honeyguide-human interactions in Mozambique of greater honeyguides guiding humans to snakes (<i>n</i> = 3) and a dead mammal (<i>n</i> = 1). We show that guiding behavior to these vertebrates was (i) spatially and acoustically analogous to honeyguide behavior when guiding to bees, (ii) did not occur more frequently after not being rewarded with beeswax by humans, and (iii) was rare (3.7% of human-honeyguide interactions in 1 year; 0% in others). We review historical accounts and cultural explanations for this behavior and use these to inform five hypotheses for why honeyguides guide people to nonbee animals. Our field data were most consistent with the hypothesis that guiding to nonbee animals results from a cognitive recall error of spatial information. We suggest that this behavior is unlikely to function as punishment, yet may coincidentally benefit honeyguides over longer timescales by initiating a human cultural interpretation that reinforces human cultural traditions of rewarding honeyguides with beeswax.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":"15 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ece3.71136","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143884113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Spatial and Temporal Urban Isolation on the Genetic Diversity, Acoustic Variation, and Morphological Characteristics of an Urban Survivor Bird Species","authors":"Luis Cueva,&nbsp;Eric J. Fuchs,&nbsp;Gilbert Barrantes,&nbsp;Ruth Madrigal-Brenes,&nbsp;Luis Sandoval","doi":"10.1002/ece3.70972","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.70972","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Urbanization modifies ecosystems by fragmenting natural habitats and increasing isolation between populations. Therefore, a reduction in gene flow among isolated populations is expected with greater distance and time since fragmentation. Changes in the structure, density, or community composition of the remaining habitats often result in species' differences in acoustic and morphological traits. However, the relationship between genetics, vocalizations, and morphological divergence in urban areas over time remains poorly understood. We analyzed ten years of genetic, acoustic, and morphological data from isolated populations of the white-eared ground-sparrow. We recorded and measured five acoustic traits, six morphological traits, and used seven microsatellites (SSRs) to compare the effect of urban expansion on the acoustics, morphology, and gene flow patterns across populations over a 10-year period. We found an increase in inbreeding, song duration, number of elements, and frequency of maximum amplitude, but a decrease in female body size and changes in male beak, decreasing size in one population and increasing in another. In general, we found changes in all characteristics studied but only found a significant correlation between genetic diversity and the acoustic characteristics of songs. Our results corroborate that urbanization acts as an important barrier for white-eared ground sparrows, which leads to significant divergence in genetic and behavioral traits.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":"15 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ece3.70972","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143883944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced Iteroparity Is a Correlated Response to Direct Selection on Blood Feeding in a Mosquito","authors":"Rudyard J. Borowczak,&nbsp;Mary A. Wood,&nbsp;William E. Bradshaw,&nbsp;Peter A. Armbruster,&nbsp;Christina M. Holzapfel","doi":"10.1002/ece3.71335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.71335","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Herein, we determine life-history consequences of selection on blood feeding in a polymorphic population of the pitcher-plant mosquito, <i>Wyeomyia smithii</i> Coq. (Diptera: Culicidae). All populations of <i>W. smithii</i> produce an initial batch of eggs without ever taking a blood meal (biting); southern populations require a blood meal for the second and subsequent batches of eggs, but are polymorphic for propensity to bite. To determine correlated life-history responses to direct selection on blood feeding, we compared fecundity, adult longevity, and reproductive allocation between a line selected specifically for increased blood feeding and its unselected, control line maintained in parallel for 11 generations. Previous studies have focused on the fitness benefits of blood feeding in terms of overall fecundity. Herein, we evaluate a novel fitness benefit of blood feeding that reduces the risk of reproductive failure by spreading that risk across multiple reproductive events in a population confronted with an unpredictably variable larval environment. We propose that “spreading the risk” reinforces selection on blood feeding in other arthropods in which the separation of fecundity from reproductive allocation in time or space has previously been neglected. Importantly, heritable variation for “spreading the risk” should enhance vectorial capacity and make more difficult vector control through larval source reduction.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":"15 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ece3.71335","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143883942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Isospora Species (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) Identified From a Black-Faced Cuckoo-Shrike (Coracina novaehollandiae) (Gmelin, 1789) (Passeriformes: Campephagidae) in Western Australia","authors":"Yinhua Chen,&nbsp;Belinda Brice,&nbsp;Bruno P. Berto,&nbsp;Qiong Li,&nbsp;Rongchang Yang","doi":"10.1002/ece3.71298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.71298","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We describe and characterize a new <i>Isospora</i> species from the black-faced cuckoo-shrike (<i>Coracina novaehollandiae</i>) in Western Australia, using both morphological and molecular approaches. Microscopic analysis of a fecal sample revealed 20 ellipsoidal oocysts, which are subspheroidal to ovoid, measuring 40–43 × 39–41 μm (mean 41.4 × 39.6 μm) with a length/width (L/W) ratio of 1.0–1.1 (mean 1.04). The oocyst wall is bi-layered (~1.5 μm thick), with a smooth outer layer constituting approximately two thirds of the total thickness. A micropyle is present, characterized by a slight invagination of the inner layer (~6.0 μm wide), but no micropyle cap is observed. Both the oocyst residuum and polar granule are absent. Sporocysts (<i>n</i> = 20) are ellipsoidal, measuring 23–24 × 13–14 μm (mean 23.3 × 13.4 μm) with an L/W ratio of 1.7–1.8 (mean 1.74). A flattened to knob-like Stieda body (~1.5 × 3.0 μm) is present, while sub-Stieda and para-Stieda bodies are absent. The sporocyst residuum is composed of granules clustered by a membrane, forming an irregular shape (~12.0 × 8.0 μm). Sporozoites exhibit anterior and posterior refractile bodies and a nucleus. Molecular analyses of the 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA, and COI gene loci demonstrated that this species forms a distinct clade with <i>Isospora serinuse</i> in phylogenetic trees based on all three loci. It shares genetic similarities with <i>I. serinuse</i> of 98.8%, 93.7%, and 98.9% for the 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA, and COI loci, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis confirms that this new species is closely related to <i>I. serinuse</i>. Based on these findings, we propose this isolate as a new species, <i>Isospora coracinae</i> n. sp. This is the first coccidian species identified from the Campephagidae family in Australia.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":"15 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ece3.71298","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143884114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Migration, Habitat and Hunting Style Do Not Affect the Malar Stripe of Different Falcon Species","authors":"Celeste Polak,&nbsp;Jente Ottenburghs","doi":"10.1002/ece3.71028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.71028","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The solar glare hypothesis suggests that the malar stripe of a falcon decreases the sun's glare in the eye, possibly increasing their hunting success. The amount of sunlight an individual experiences could be affected by its migratory strategy, hunting style or main habitat. However, it is not known if these environmental variables impact the size and intensity of the malar stripe. Therefore, this study aimed to analyse differences in size and intensity of malar stripes between individuals of 12 falcon species with different migratory strategies, habitats, and hunting styles distributed worldwide. The malar stripes of 12 falcon species were measured and scored using more than 6000 photos from citizen science repositories. The measurements of the malar stripes were first reduced with a principal component analysis (PCA) and then analysed using a linear mixed model that included migratory strategy, habitat and hunting style as fixed factors and several posture variables as random factors. The relationships between the measurements of the malar stripe and solar radiation of the individual's location were also analyzed using linear mixed models. Overall, we found no differences in malar stripe size and intensity between species with differing migratory strategies, habitats, and hunting styles. The relationships between various characteristics of the malar stripe and solar radiation did depend on the species and the habitat the individual occupied. Therefore, migratory strategy, habitat and hunting style do not markedly influence the size and intensity of malar stripes across falcon species, suggesting that other mechanisms, such as thermoregulation or camouflage, also play a role.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":"15 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ece3.71028","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143877754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genomic Divergence of Sympatric Lineages Within Stichopus cf. horrens (Echinodermata: Stichopodidae): Insights on Reproductive Isolation Inferred From SNP Markers","authors":"Kenneth M. Kim,&nbsp;Apollo Marco D. Lizano,&nbsp;Robert J. Toonen,&nbsp;Rachel Ravago-Gotanco","doi":"10.1002/ece3.71283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.71283","url":null,"abstract":"<p>How reproductive barriers arise in early stages of divergence among broadcast spawning organisms that exist in sympatry remains poorly understood. Reproductively isolated lineages (Clade A and B) of <i>Stichopus</i> cf. <i>horrens</i> were previously reported across the western Pacific, with an additional putative cryptic species detected within the Clade B lineage warranting further examination. The present study further examines the hypothesis that the two mitochondrial lineages (Clade A and Clade B) of <i>Stichopus</i> cf<i>. horrens</i> represent putative cryptic species and whether another cryptic species within the Clade B lineage exists using a reduced representation genomic approach. Using double-digest RAD (ddRAD) sequencing, a total of 9788 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers were used to examine divergence among <i>Stichopus</i> cf<i>. horrens</i> lineages (<i>n</i> = 82). Individuals grouped into three SNP genotype clusters, broadly concordant with their mitochondrial lineages and microsatellite genotype clusters, with limited gene flow inferred among clusters. Outlier analysis recovered highly divergent SNP loci with significant homology to proteins related to rhodopsin and tachykinin receptor signaling, sperm motility, transmembrane transport, and hormone response. This study confirms the existence of three reproductively isolated genotype clusters within <i>Stichopus</i> cf. <i>horrens</i> and highlights gene regions related to reproduction that may contribute to establishing reproductive barriers between broadcast spawning species at an early stage of divergence.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":"15 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ece3.71283","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143879714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Host–Parasite Association Dynamics Influence Dispersal and Population Genetics of Little Brown Myotis (Myotis lucifugus, Le Conte 1831) Ectoparasites","authors":"Alexandra H. Sauk,&nbsp;Hugh G. Broders","doi":"10.1002/ece3.71233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.71233","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Host–parasite relationships can affect the dispersal and transmission of parasites. <i>Myodopsylla insignis</i> (Rothchild, 1903), a bat flea, and <i>Spinturnix americanus</i> (Banks, 1902), a bat wing mite, are two common ectoparasites of the little brown myotis (<i>Myotis lucifugus,</i> Le Conte 1831) that differ in life cycles and time spent on the host. Our goal was to compare how life history traits and host–parasite relationships influence the genetic structure and biogeography of co-infecting ectoparasites using <i>S. americanus</i> mites and <i>M. insignis</i> fleas that feed on <i>Myotis lucifugus</i> bats. Ectoparasites were collected from bats captured at maternity roosts between 2010 and 2017 in Atlantic Canada and sequenced for the cytochrome oxidase c subunit 1 gene. We barcoded 223 <i>S. americanus</i> and 87 <i>M. insignis</i> specimens and examined their genetic diversity, genetic structure, and biogeography. We found evidence of a weak association between geographic distance and sequence divergence between Labrador and Nova Scotia for <i>M. insignis</i> and evidence of regional differentiation between the island of Newfoundland and the mainland for <i>S. americanus</i>, similar to previous findings for <i>M. lucifugus</i>. In terms of biogeography, <i>M. insignis</i> likely underwent historical population expansion, particularly in Labrador, whereas <i>S. americanus</i> may have undergone historical population expansion or selection. Our study highlights how host–parasite relationships are influenced at multiple scales by both host and parasite biology and how an understanding of both host and parasite informs predictions on how these dynamics will be affected by disturbances.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":"15 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ece3.71233","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143877755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lifetime Fitness Variation Across the Geographical Range in a Colour Polymorphic Species","authors":"Gian Luigi Bucciolini,&nbsp;Chiara Morosinotto,&nbsp;Jon Brommer,&nbsp;Al Vrezec,&nbsp;Peter Ericsson,&nbsp;Lars-Ove Nilsson,&nbsp;Karel Poprach,&nbsp;Ingar Jostein Øien,&nbsp;Patrik Karell","doi":"10.1002/ece3.71051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.71051","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The maintenance of variation (i.e., different phenotypes) for heritable traits that are under selection, despite expectations of selection eroding variation and favouring only the fittest phenotype, represents an evolutionary paradox. Here, we studied variation in life-history traits in five populations of colour polymorphic tawny owls (<i>Strix aluco</i>) across Europe that have been individually studied for 13 years. Tawny owls show heritable plumage colour variation ranging from less pigmented (grey) to more heavily pigmented (brown-red). The breeding life span (BLS), lifetime egg production (LEP), lifetime reproductive success (LRS) and the number of years skipped between breeding attempts (NYS) varied between the study populations, with LEP and LRS varying across colour morphs in a population-specific fashion. Thus, grey tawny owl females have higher lifetime fledgling and egg production than brown-red females in some populations, but vice versa in others. Hence, our findings demonstrate disruptive selection of tawny owl plumage colourations across their European range, which may be one factor maintaining variation in heritable tawny owl colourations.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":"15 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ece3.71051","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143877767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tree Architecture and Structural Complexity in Mountain Forests of the Annapurna Region, Himalaya","authors":"Smita Das,&nbsp;Prakash Basnet,&nbsp;Dominik Seidel,&nbsp;Alexander Röll,&nbsp;Martin Ehbrecht,&nbsp;Dirk Hölscher","doi":"10.1002/ece3.71341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.71341","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Mountain ranges comprise heterogeneous environments and high plant diversity, but little is known about the architecture and structural complexity of trees in mountain forests. We studied the relationship between tree architecture, environmental conditions, and tree structural complexity in forests of the Annapurna region in the Himalaya. We further asked whether and how tree structural complexity translates into forest stand structural complexity. The study covers 546 trees on 14 undisturbed study plots across wide ranges of elevation (1300 to 3400 m asl.) and annual precipitation (1180 to 3600 mm yr.⁻¹). They were assessed by ground-based mobile laser scanning. We found that tree structural complexity, expressed as box-dimension (<i>D</i>_<i>b</i>), was lowest for the needle-leaved <i>Pinus wallichiana</i> and highest for the broad-leaved <i>Daphniphyllum himalense</i>. A high share of the variation in <i>D</i>_<i>b</i> was explained by tree architecture. In multivariate models, tree height, crown radius, and crown length explained more than 60% of the observed variation in <i>D</i>_<i>b</i>. Stem density of the plot accounted for 19% of the variation in <i>D</i>_<i>b</i>, and there was no influence of tree diversity. Precipitation explained l3% of the observed variation in tree <i>D</i>_<i>b</i>, but elevation and slope did not have significant influences. As expected, tree height decreased with increasing elevation, but small trees often had relatively high <i>D</i>_<i>b</i> values. The standard deviation of tree-level <i>D</i>_<i>b</i> within a plot explained 47% of the variation in stand-level structural complexity among plots, surpassing the maximum tree-level <i>D</i>_<i>b</i>. This suggests that both the sole removal of small or large trees would reduce the stand-level complexity by 36%. We conclude that in the Himalayan forests, species identity and tree architecture play a significant role in determining tree structural complexity, while environmental factors have a smaller role. Furthermore, structural variation among the trees within a plot plays a crucial role for the structural complexity at the stand level.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":"15 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ece3.71341","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143879712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}