Ecology and Evolution最新文献

{"title":"In Situ Thrust Measurement of Fish During Locomotion; Test Case: Sharks","authors":"Braedon Payne,&nbsp;Bryan A. Keller,&nbsp;Daniel Weihs,&nbsp;Roi Gurka","doi":"10.1002/ece3.71660","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.71660","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We present a novel method of measuring thrust of aquatic animals using in situ video data of swimming motions. To demonstrate its utility, the method was applied to several large elasmobranch species, which are typically highly challenging to measure. Using motion tracking software, we analyzed video footage of wild and captive sharks to track their instantaneous position and speed. In order to estimate the force output, we used the tail/body motion based on the swimming modes of the fish to calculate the water displaced by this motion during locomotion. Using Newton 3rd law, we have calculated the instantaneous force exerted by the water on the shark. The force output, that is thrust was calculated by averaging the instantaneous force over the tailbeat cycle. The thrust, for each fish was converted into a nondimensional parameter defined as: scaled thrust, allowing comparisons independent of size based on prior knowledge of the fish length and mass. This scaled thrust was analyzed for various swimming modes and caudal fin morphology to correlate to behavioral features through principal component analysis (PCA) we demonstrate the coupling between morphological traits and hydrodynamic forces. For the species studied the ratio of the upper to lower lobe of the caudal fin (CLAR) emerged as a strong predictor of scaled thrust, accounting for more than 80% of the observed variation. Our findings for the species studied indicate that coastal pelagic species exhibited lower scaled thrust values than benthic species, suggesting that benthic species may be less efficient, expending more energy to remain aloft or compensate for drag relative to generating forward motion. We propose that the unique ecological niches of these species drive behavioral changes that result in morphological adaptations to optimize performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":"15 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ece3.71660","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144492834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Hidden Diet: Determining the Distribution of the Threatened Julia Creek Dunnart (Sminthopsis douglasi) Using Eastern Barn Owl (Tyto javanica delicatula) Pellets","authors":"Dana A. Lockhart,&nbsp;Joshua J. Bon,&nbsp;Cameron L. Charley,&nbsp;Stephen G. Kearney,&nbsp;Pia Schoenefuss,&nbsp;Emma L. Gray,&nbsp;Andrew M. Baker","doi":"10.1002/ece3.71617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.71617","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Approximately 30% of the world's biodiversity has been threatened or driven to extinction since the 1500s, with Australia losing 10% of its endemic terrestrial mammal species in the last 200 years. The Julia Creek dunnart (<i>Sminthopsis douglasi</i>) is a threatened small mammal endemic to Queensland (Australia) that requires monitoring and protection. However, there is insufficient ecological data to determine its distribution adequately, and the species has only been sporadically caught in live trapping surveys, with no population size estimates. In the present study, eastern barn owl (<i>Tyto javanica delicatula</i>) pellet analysis was used to assess a range of locations for the presence of the Julia Creek dunnart as a prey species. Owl pellet deposit sites were chosen to encompass areas of high, medium, and low likelihood of Julia Creek dunnart occurrence based on Australian Government habitat models for the species with the goal of better understanding the species' distribution. In the analysis, Julia Creek dunnarts were present at four (of nine) locations, including all high-likelihood locations, half of the medium-likelihood locations, and no low-likelihood locations. This result supported the accuracy of the Australian Government habitat models. Results also demonstrated the importance of the long-haired rat (<i>Rattus villosissimus</i>) in the eastern barn owl diet during plague years. The research will assist with prioritizing sites for protection and monitoring of the Julia Creek dunnart. It also adds support to the utility of owl pellet analysis alongside or independent of traditional surveying techniques, such as live trapping, when targeting cryptic small mammal species.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":"15 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ece3.71617","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144492713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonal and Landscape-Driven Variations in Forage Resources of Apis mellifera scutellata: Implications for Pollination Sustainability and Colony Health in Taita Taveta County, Kenya","authors":"Mary Chege,&nbsp;Mbatha B. Wambua,&nbsp;Wambua J. Kilonzo,&nbsp;Sevgan Subramanian,&nbsp;Beatrice T. Nganso","doi":"10.1002/ece3.71613","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.71613","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Seasonality and land-use change are key factors influencing forage availability for managed honey bee colonies, yet knowledge of forage identity and how these factors influence forage availability remains limited in Africa. To address these gaps, we used DNA metabarcoding to identify nectar and pollen plant species supporting the nutrition of the African savannah honey bee, <i>Apis mellifera scutellata</i>, across different land-use/land cover types and seasons in Taita Taveta County, Kenya. We identified 224 forage plant species from 65 families, with Asteraceae, Fabaceae, and Myrtaceae being the top contributors. Forage availability was significantly influenced by landscape and season, with honey bees in agricultural lowland areas foraging on fewer and less diverse resources, particularly pollen, than those in forested highland and midland areas during the short dry season. Nectar plants (the primary source of carbohydrates that support energetic needs) were generally more diverse than pollen plants (the main source of proteins and lipids that support development and health). Exotic species dominated the nutrition of <i>A. m. scutellata</i> (67%) compared to native species (33%), raising concerns about the long-term sustainability of local pollination networks, pollinator health, and productivity. Overall, these findings provide a foundation for future research on the comparative nutritional composition of both native and exotic plants across seasons, their impacts on honey bee health and productivity, and how the occurrence of exotic plants may affect local plant-pollinator networks, to guide the development of nutrient-rich forage landscapes for honey bees in this county.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":"15 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ece3.71613","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144492773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Copepod Mortality due to Short-Term Exposure to Natural Ultraviolet Radiation at Subtropical Latitudes","authors":"Samuel Hylander,&nbsp;Jeremias Nhaca,&nbsp;Ilário Timba,&nbsp;Marc M. Hauber,&nbsp;David V. P. Conway,&nbsp;Salomão Bandeira","doi":"10.1002/ece3.71701","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.71701","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Zooplankton, particularly copepods, are key components in aquatic food webs. However, the effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on copepods in marine systems, especially at tropical and subtropical latitudes, are not well understood. Incubations in UV and non-UV treatments during outdoor solar experiments at a subtropical latitude where copepods dominated the zooplankton community demonstrated that UV exposure led to 40%–50% higher mortality than in non-UV treatments after 4 h of exposure. In outdoor plankton migration tower experiments, most copepods avoided surface waters regardless of radiation treatment. While adaptations to avoid UV damage, such as the accumulation of photoprotective compounds, were observed in copepods, they were insufficient to fully mitigate UV-induced harm. Thus, surface avoidance is likely the primary adaptation employed by copepods and other zooplankton to evade UV exposure. This study expands upon existing UV research, which has largely focused on high-latitude and high-altitude ecosystems, suggesting that UV is a major environmental threat factor for low-latitude zooplankton. Hence, projected future climate-change related or geoengineering-driven increases in UV levels in subtropical and tropical systems may lead to higher mortality rates in zooplankton populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":"15 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ece3.71701","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144492979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Human Disturbance on Feeding Behavior and Activity Time Budget of Lesser Adjutant Stork Leptoptilos javanicus (Horsfield, 1821) in Nepal","authors":"Santosh Bajagain,&nbsp;Jhamak Bahadur Karki,&nbsp;Yajna Prasad Timilsina,&nbsp;Menuka Maharjan,&nbsp;Aavas Pradhan,&nbsp;Nabaraj Pudasaini,&nbsp;Prashant Rokka,&nbsp;Surendra Maharjan","doi":"10.1002/ece3.71643","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.71643","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Understanding how animals allocate their time among essential behaviors such as foraging, self-maintenance, and reproduction is critical for effective conservation, especially in human-modified landscapes. The study investigated how Lesser Adjutant Storks (<i>Leptoptilos javanicus</i>) adjust their behavior in response to human disturbance in the Janakinagar-Murtiya Important Bird and Biodiversity Area of Nepal. Using the Focal Animal Sampling method, we captured 600 min of video footage along road transects during the summer of 2023 and winter of 2024. The analysis revealed significant seasonal shifts. During the summer, vigilance dominated the activity budget (47.18%), while feeding was comparatively low (15.06%). In contrast, during winter, storks prioritized feeding (30.33%) over vigilance (23.32%). Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn's post hoc tests confirmed that both feeding and vigilance varied significantly across seasons (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05), suggesting that species adjust their time budgets based on resource availability and predation risk. Moreover, multinomial regression analysis indicated that human disturbance significantly influenced vigilance, with storks in high disturbance areas displaying greater vigilance than those in low disturbance areas (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). These findings were further supported by a Likelihood Ratio Test (LRT = 263.82, df = 6, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.05), confirming that disturbance level had a significant effect on behavioral variation. Collectively, the study suggests that vigilance behavior increases in both frequency and intensity under higher disturbance, potentially at the cost of feeding time and energy intake. This underscores the importance of minimizing human disturbance and conserving critical foraging habitats to support the long-term survival of the Lesser Adjutant Stork population in increasingly human-dominated landscapes.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":"15 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ece3.71643","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144492981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coastal Shorebirds Delay Maturity More Than Inland Ones","authors":"Danny I. Rogers,&nbsp;Theunis Piersma,&nbsp;Clive D. T. Minton,&nbsp;Adrian N. Boyle,&nbsp;Chris J. Hassell,&nbsp;Ken G. Rogers,&nbsp;Andrew Silcocks,&nbsp;Jorge S. Gutiérrez","doi":"10.1002/ece3.71679","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.71679","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Delaying the age of first breeding will lower lifetime reproductive output unless compensated for by increased fecundity or survival. Yet, in many migratory shorebird species (Charadriiformes) individuals delay their first return migration to the breeding grounds until they are several years old. Using data from non-breeding and breeding season counts of shorebirds in the non-breeding areas, recaptures, and long-term banding studies, we assess the age of first return migration (as a measure of maturity) for 37 shorebird species that have migrated to Australian non-breeding grounds. We provide a comparative analysis of the association between the measure of maturity and habitat use during the non-breeding period, contrasting coastal and inland wetland habitats. After controlling for latitudinal and phylogenetic covariates, we found a positive relationship between body size and the age of first return migration. However, there was still a stronger relationship with the type of non-breeding habitat used. Coastal shorebird species delayed maturity more than species that spend the non-breeding season in non-tidal inland wetlands. This finding expands on previously identified ecological and physiological differences between coastal and inland shorebirds and leads to questions on the environmental characteristics embodied in the habitat contrast. We propose that the complicated tidal dynamics and differences in prey make it more difficult to become an individually competent coastal (rather than inland freshwater) forager.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":"15 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ece3.71679","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144492984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coupled Multivariate Analyses Reveal Separate Climate and Local Drivers of Temporal and Spatial Change in a Coastal Marine Ecosystem","authors":"Tyler R. Abruzzo,&nbsp;Michael G. Frisk,&nbsp;Liam Butler,&nbsp;Matthew Sclafani,&nbsp;Paul Nunnenkamp,&nbsp;Rachel Sysak,&nbsp;Robert M. Cerrato","doi":"10.1002/ece3.71637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.71637","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Extensive temporal and spatial monitoring data provide an opportunity to identify the drivers of ecosystem change and to understand spatial relationships useful to conservation and management. Such data can potentially overcome the considerable intrinsic variability present in sampling and justify the cost of sustained monitoring. In this study, the temporal and spatial structure and trends in the mobile invertebrate and fish assemblage of the Peconic Estuary were identified. Data were obtained primarily from a small mesh trawl survey conducted by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation from 1987–2020 at 76 locations distributed throughout the system, supplemented by chlorophyll data and regional climate indices. A set of multivariate statistical tools, including K-means cluster analysis, redundancy analysis, and multiscale ordination, were applied to the data set in a complementary way. Distinctly different drivers for temporal and spatial patterns were found. Abrupt community shifts on a decadal time scale occurred, including a regime shift in 1999–2000, and were driven by changes in regional climate factors as indexed by the unlagged and lagged Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation and North Atlantic Oscillation. Spatially distinct habitats and assemblages were identified, separating eastern, inshore, and offshore regions of the system. These were differentiated by local conditions in bottom salinity, water depth and depth gradient, DO percent saturation, and water transparency. Each of these regions responded to the climate drivers in a similar way. Notably, annual bottom temperature and chlorophyll <i>a</i> were never found to be effective in explaining community variation. Overall, the results of this study suggest that, given the time lags in response, climate-induced changes in the system can be anticipated by continued monitoring and that conservation and management actions can be applied system-wide and not restricted to specific areas.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":"15 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ece3.71637","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144492983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploiting Nest Defense Behavior of Hosts: A Case Study of Successful Parasitism by a Common Cuckoo","authors":"Qiqi Liu,&nbsp;Wei Liang","doi":"10.1002/ece3.71704","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.71704","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this study, we document the case of a common cuckoo (<i>Cuculus canorus</i>) successfully locating and parasitizing the nest of a gray bushchat (<i>Saxicola ferreus</i>) by exploiting the latter's nest defense behavior in Liuzhi, Guizhou, southwest China. We found that the common cuckoo could identify the secluded nest site by observing the host's defense behaviors (e.g., frequent lunging and emitting alarm calls), and successfully laid its egg in the nest despite aggressive host defense. This phenomenon provides strong support for the “host activity hypothesis.” The nest defense behavior exhibited by the gray bushchat aimed at protecting its nest, inadvertently provided cues to the common cuckoo regarding its nest site. This finding reveals a complex coevolutionary relationship between parasitism and antiparasitism, highlighting the dual role of the host's nest defense behavior in both reducing brood parasitism and providing parasites with nest-site cues. Our findings offer a new perspective for further exploring the behavioral strategies of parasitic birds and the evolutionary dynamics of the host's nest defense behavior.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":"15 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ece3.71704","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144492824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimating the 15th-Century Potential Habitats of Endangered Mammals on the Korean Peninsula: Implications for Restoration","authors":"Dabin Kim,&nbsp;Kyung Ah. Koo","doi":"10.1002/ece3.71676","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.71676","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Understanding the past distribution is valuable reference information for restoring endangered species that lack current suitable habitat information. We, thus, estimated the 15th-century potential habitats of critically endangered mammals at the genus level on the Korean Peninsula with a historical document: big cats (<i>Panthera</i> spp.), including tigers and leopards, foxes (<i>Vulpes</i> spp.), bears (<i>Ursus</i> spp.), and gorals (<i>Naemorhedus</i> spp.). For this, we mapped the district-based mammals' habitats using the tribute records of local mammalian products in Sejong Silok jiriji, a historical document written in the 1400s on a peninsula scale. The habitats of all mammal genera mainly included the Baekdudaegan mountain range, stretching from North to South Korea, and were commonly found in the two provinces of North Korea: Hamgyung-do and Pyungan-do. Especially, foxes showed the peninsula-wide habitat distribution, including non-forest areas. The common characteristics of their habitats were high-altitude mountainous areas with steep slopes and rugged topography. Contrary to the current limited ranges of the corresponding mammal species on the Korean Peninsula, especially in South Korea, the 1400s estimations showed peninsula-wide distributions of the four mammal genera. Despite several limitations of historical documents, such as presence-only administrative and genus-level information, estimating mammals' habitats using historical records is a novel and important approach, highlighting the value of these records in understanding past mammals' habitat distributions and characteristics. Our results provide valuable reference information for the restoration and conservation practices of the four critically endangered mammals, with limited knowledge of their suitable habitat conditions in the Republic of Korea.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":"15 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ece3.71676","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144492835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the Trend of the Great Slaty Woodpecker (Mulleripicus pulverulentus) Population Status in Western Nepal","authors":"Deelip Chand Thakuri,&nbsp;Hari Basnet,&nbsp;Laxman Prasad Poudyal,&nbsp;Prakash Chandra Aryal","doi":"10.1002/ece3.71671","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.71671","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Great Slaty Woodpecker (<i>Mulleripicus pulverulentus</i>) has experienced a rapid population decline due to the loss of primary forest habitats across its range. Despite being classified as globally Vulnerable, detailed information regarding its status and distribution is largely insufficient and outdated. To address this, we conducted surveys from 2019 to 2021 in the western Terai Arc Landscape of Nepal, covering 29 transects, each 5 km long, to estimate the present population status, tree size of cavity trees, and overall distribution of the species in Nepal. We measured the diameter at breast height (DBH) within meter circular plots of 15 m radius at each woodpecker sighting location to explore the relationship between tree diameter and woodpecker presence. Additionally, we modelled the potential distribution of the habitat of Great Slaty Woodpecker across Nepal using available occurrence points. A total of 81 individuals were recorded across 14 transects, with 66 individuals within protected areas and 15 outside. Our findings demonstrated a direct correlation between tree DBH and woodpecker presence, indicating that large trees are critical for the species, with an average DBH of 61.26 cm for cavity trees where woodpeckers excavated cavities. Furthermore, we found that the total suitable habitat for the species in Nepal is approximately 6738 km², with a significant portion located outside protected areas. The habitat in community forests and outside protected areas is particularly vulnerable to selective logging, posing a threat to the species. Therefore, further studies on the impact of logging on the Great Slaty Woodpecker are essential for effective conservation strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":"15 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ece3.71671","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144492712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}