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On the Quantitative Importance of Wage Bargaining Models 论工资议价模型的数量重要性
Labor eJournal Pub Date : 1998-01-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.105148
J. Costain
{"title":"On the Quantitative Importance of Wage Bargaining Models","authors":"J. Costain","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.105148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.105148","url":null,"abstract":"Four general equilibrium search models are compared quantitatively. The baseline framework is a calibrated macroeconomic model of the US economy designed for a welfare analysis of unemployment insurance policy. The other models make three simple and natural specification changes, regarding tax incidence, monopsony power in wage determination, and the relevant threat point. These specification changes have a major impact on the equilibrium and on the welfare implications of unemployment insurance, partly because search externalities magnify the effects of wage changes. The optimal level of unemployment insurance depends strongly on whether raising benefits has a larger impact on search effort or on hiring expenditure.","PeriodicalId":114523,"journal":{"name":"Labor eJournal","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130309632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Mentoring and Diversity 指导与多样性
Labor eJournal Pub Date : 1997-12-27 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.86649
S. Athey, Christopher Avery, Peter Zemsky
{"title":"Mentoring and Diversity","authors":"S. Athey, Christopher Avery, Peter Zemsky","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.86649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.86649","url":null,"abstract":"This paper studies the forces which determine how diversity at a firm evolves over time. We consider a dynamic model o a single firm with two levels of employees, the entry level and the upper level. In each period, the firm selects a subset of the entry-level workers for promotion to the upper level. The members of the entry-level worker pool vary in their initial ability as well as in their type,' where type could refer to gender or cultural background. Employees augment their initial ability by acquiring specific human capital in mentoring interactions with upper level employees. We assume that an entry-level worker receives more mentoring when a greater proportion of upper-level workers match the entry-level worker's type. In this model, it is optimal for the firm to consider type in addition to ability in making promotion decisions, so as to maximize the effectiveness of future mentoring. We derived conditions under which firms attain full diversity, as well as conditions under which there are multiple steady states, so that the level of diversity depends on the firm's initial conditions. With multiple steady states, temporary affirmative action policies can have a long-run impact on diversity levels.","PeriodicalId":114523,"journal":{"name":"Labor eJournal","volume":"37 5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128544929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 258
An Empirical Investigation of Gaming Responses to Performance 博弈对绩效反应的实证研究
Labor eJournal Pub Date : 1997-12-02 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.131328
P. Courty, G. Marschke
{"title":"An Empirical Investigation of Gaming Responses to Performance","authors":"P. Courty, G. Marschke","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.131328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.131328","url":null,"abstract":"This paper studies the provision of explicit incentives and the measurement of performance in a large service organization. The output produced by the agents of this organization is not contractible and is proxied by imperfect measures of performance. The measured outcomes are determined partly by agents' effort and partly by random factors which are observed by agents but are independent of their effort. We present evidence that agents use their private information to take credit for some outcomes that would have occurred in the absence of their intervention. Furthermore, we present evidence that these performance-driven incentive responses do not maximize the organization's objectives. This paper is one of the first attempts to demonstrate gaming in performance incentives by conducting a formal efficiency analysis.","PeriodicalId":114523,"journal":{"name":"Labor eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129754650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 39
The Dimensions of Wage Inequality Among Aboriginal Peoples 土著居民工资不平等的维度
Labor eJournal Pub Date : 1997-12-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.116328
Rachel G Bernier
{"title":"The Dimensions of Wage Inequality Among Aboriginal Peoples","authors":"Rachel G Bernier","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.116328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.116328","url":null,"abstract":"In addition to confirming a wage gap between Canadian workers as a whole and those of Aboriginal origin, our research also generated new findings: there is greater disparity in the distribution of wages among Aboriginals than among Canadian workers as a whole, even after allowing for demographic differences. Our analysis does not stop there. Indeed, this analysis can hide considerable wage dispersions between Aboriginal groups since appreciable wage gaps were noted between these groups. Having said this, wage dispersion is most likely greater for certain Aboriginal groups than others. Since this aspect has never been studied before, the purpose of this paper is to document differences in wage dispersion for the four main Aboriginal groups. Our results show that North American Indians living on reserves are the most disadvantaged Aboriginal group because their earnings are substantially lower than those of the other groups.","PeriodicalId":114523,"journal":{"name":"Labor eJournal","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122860236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 20
Returns to Mobility in the Transition to a Market Economy 向市场经济转型中的流动性回归
Labor eJournal Pub Date : 1997-12-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.99468
T. Boeri, C. Flinn
{"title":"Returns to Mobility in the Transition to a Market Economy","authors":"T. Boeri, C. Flinn","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.99468","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.99468","url":null,"abstract":"In spite of ongoing dramatic changes in labor market structure, transitional economies display rather low worker flows across sectors and occupations. Such low mobility can be explained by low returns to job changes as well as by market segmentation in the allocation of job offers. We develop an econometric model which enables us to characterize intertemporal changes in probabilities of dismissal, remuneration, and offer arrival rates on the basis of information on observed transitions and wage payments. The model is estimated using data from the Polish Labor Force Survey. Our results indicate a significant degree of segmentation in the allocation of job offers and more stability in public sector versus private sector jobs. Our model can also be used for policy experiments. In particular, we infer that reductions of 10 per cent in the generosity of unemployment benefits will not significantly boost outflows from the unemployment state. These findings support explanations for low mobility in transitional economies, which are based on informational failures, and high costs of moving from public to private enterprises for those with high levels of job tenure and labor market experience in the public sector.","PeriodicalId":114523,"journal":{"name":"Labor eJournal","volume":"392 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124628247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 106
Cleaning Up the Errors in the Monthly "Employment Situation" Report: A Multivariate State-Space Approach 月度“就业状况”报告中的错误清理:一种多元状态空间方法
Labor eJournal Pub Date : 1997-12-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.69416
M. W. French
{"title":"Cleaning Up the Errors in the Monthly \"Employment Situation\" Report: A Multivariate State-Space Approach","authors":"M. W. French","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.69416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.69416","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the underlying state of the labor market, assuming data in the monthly \"Employment Situation\" are contaminated by measurement error and other transient noise. To better filter out unobserved noise, the methodology exploits correlations among labor-market series. Household employment and labor force have cross-correlated sampling errors; establishment employment and hours worked may also. The Kalman filtering procedure also exploits fundamental economic relationships among these series. Error cross-correlations and economic relationships shape a multivariate labor-market model where observed variables embody unobserved components: trend, cycle and noise. Maximum-likelihood estimation enables construction of labor series from which noise components have been removed.","PeriodicalId":114523,"journal":{"name":"Labor eJournal","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129846919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Linking the Minimum Wage to Productivity 将最低工资与生产力挂钩
Labor eJournal Pub Date : 1997-12-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.104908
Oren M. Levin-Waldman
{"title":"Linking the Minimum Wage to Productivity","authors":"Oren M. Levin-Waldman","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.104908","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.104908","url":null,"abstract":"One of the principal problems with the minimum wage is that adjustments to it must be voted on by Congress. Although recent congressional action solves the immediate problem of restoring value to a wage that has otherwise failed to keep pace with inflation it has not removed the issue from the political agenda. Every time Congress acts, it does so amidst debate about the legitimacy of the wage. When Congress does act, it is usually too little and too late. Therefore, it might be preferable to create an automatic mechanism for adjusting the minimum wage that would not only assume the value of a wage floor to society, but be tied to levels of productivity. Such an approach would accomplish two objectives. First, it would be in keeping with the economic argument that an artificial wage floor can lead to greater productivity, rather than to the disemployment effect assumed in traditional economic textbooks. Second, because increases to the wage would be regular and expected, unlike the shocks attendant to sporadic increases. In the end such a plan might not only lead to less political opposition, but to greater efficiency.","PeriodicalId":114523,"journal":{"name":"Labor eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129240445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 12
The Economic Returns to Schooling for Italian Men: An Evaluation Based on Instrumental Variables 意大利男性教育的经济回报:基于工具变量的评估
Labor eJournal Pub Date : 1997-11-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.122128
G. Brunello, R. Miniaci
{"title":"The Economic Returns to Schooling for Italian Men: An Evaluation Based on Instrumental Variables","authors":"G. Brunello, R. Miniaci","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.122128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.122128","url":null,"abstract":"We study the relationship between (log) current earnings and educational levels in Italy. In line with other international evidence, we find that OLS underestimates the marginal return to additional education. When the endogeneity of educational choice is taken into account, the marginal return from one additional year in junior high school increases from 3.2 to 5 percent. Similarly, the marginal return from one additional year in secondary school or in college increases respectively from 3.4 to 4.2 percent and from 6.4 to 7.2 percent. Using longitudinal data, we also find that individuals of the same age with higher education experience faster earnings growth. Hence, there is evidence that wage differentials by education widen as individuals grow older.","PeriodicalId":114523,"journal":{"name":"Labor eJournal","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121129209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 93
Unemployment Insurance with Endogenous Search Intensity and Precautionary Saving 失业保险的内生搜索强度与预防性储蓄
Labor eJournal Pub Date : 1997-11-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.104948
J. Costain
{"title":"Unemployment Insurance with Endogenous Search Intensity and Precautionary Saving","authors":"J. Costain","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.104948","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.104948","url":null,"abstract":"A welfare analysis of unemployment insurance (UI) is performed in a general equilibrium job search model. Finitely-lived, risk-averse workers smooth consumption over time by accumulating assets, choose search effort when unemployed, and suffer disutility from work. Firms hire workers, purchase capital, and pay taxes to finance worker benefits; their equity is the asset accumulated by workers. A matching function relates unemployment, hiring expenditure, and search effort to the formation of jobs. The model is calibrated to US data; the parameters relating job search effort to the probability of job finding are chosen to match microeconomic studies of unemployment spells. Under logarithmic utility, numerical simulation shows rather small welfare gains from UI. Even without UI, workers smooth consumption effectively through asset accumulation. Greater risk aversion leads to substantially larger welfare gains from UI; however, even in this case much of its welfare impact is due not to consumption smoothing effects, but rather to decreased work disutility, or to a variety of externalities.","PeriodicalId":114523,"journal":{"name":"Labor eJournal","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126663869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 60
Productivity Adjustments and Learning-by-Doing as Human Capital 作为人力资本的生产率调整与实践学习
Labor eJournal Pub Date : 1997-11-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.48645
James Bessen
{"title":"Productivity Adjustments and Learning-by-Doing as Human Capital","authors":"James Bessen","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.48645","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.48645","url":null,"abstract":"This paper measures plant-level productivity gains associated with learning curves across the entire manufacturing sector. We measure these gains at plant startups and also after major employment changes. We find: 1.) The gains are strongly associated with a variety of human capital measures implying that learning-by-doing is largely a firm-specific human capital investment. 2.) This implicit investment is large; many plants invest as much in learning-by-doing as they invest in physical capital and much more than they invest in formal job training. 3.) This investment differs persistently over industries and is higher with greater R&D. 4.) Consistent with a learning-by-doing interpretation, the human capital investment is much larger following employment decreases than increases. We conclude that learning-by-doing is a major factor in wage determination, technical progress and asymmetric employment adjustment costs.","PeriodicalId":114523,"journal":{"name":"Labor eJournal","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124496751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 19
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