Early human development最新文献

{"title":"Parental satisfaction on moving from open bay to single-family rooms neonatal intensive care unit","authors":"Wielenga Joke ,&nbsp;Pascual April ,&nbsp;Ruhe Kiki ,&nbsp;de Ligt Chantal ,&nbsp;van Kaam Anton","doi":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106394","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106394","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of moving from open bay units (OBU) to single-family rooms (SFR) on parental satisfaction in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) An observational longitudinal cohort study was conducted between February 2021 until January 2024, during which time the setting changed from OBU to SFR with a mixed transitional phase in between. All parents of infants admitted were eligible for inclusion. The Empathic-N was used to measure parental satisfaction. The Empathic-N was filled out by 110 mothers and 76 partners of 148 infants. The overall satisfaction when moving from an OBU and SFRs showed no statistical significant increase for both parents. Partners showed a statistically significant increase in the domains Communication and information (<em>p</em> = .012) and Organization (p = .012) after moving to SFRs. For mothers, only several statements within these domains showed a significant increase after transitioning to SFRs. In conclusion, parental satisfaction increased in specific domains after the transition from an OBU to SFR environment in a level III NICU. However, this improvement was modest and differed between mothers and partners. In case of pre-existing high parental satisfaction rates moving from OBU to SFR is not an important contributor to parental satisfaction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11435,"journal":{"name":"Early human development","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 106394"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145085037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of internalising trajectories in adult wealth and social relationships following very preterm birth/very low birth weight","authors":"Yanlin Zhou ,&nbsp;Elif Gonen ,&nbsp;Peter Bartmann ,&nbsp;Dieter Wolke","doi":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106395","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106395","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Individuals born very preterm (VPT; &lt;32 weeks) and/or with very low birth weight (VLBW; &lt;1500 g) are at higher risk for internalising problems and adulthood difficulties. However, internalising symptoms fluctuate over time, and it remains unclear how these patterns of change relate to adult outcomes after VPT/VLBW birth.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To examine whether internalising trajectories from childhood to early adulthood mediate or moderate the association between VPT/VLBW birth and adult wealth and social relationship difficulties.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Data were drawn from the Bavarian Longitudinal Study (252 VPT/VLBW, 228 term-born), followed from birth to 34 years. Internalising symptoms were parent-reported at four waves (ages 6, 8, 13 and 26 years) and modelled into trajectories. Path analysis tested direct and indirect effects of VPT/VLBW status on outcomes at 34 years via these trajectories. Moderation was tested using analysis of variance. Covariates included sex, socioeconomic status (SES) at birth, and neurosensory impairments (NSI).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Three internalising trajectories emerged: consistently low (70.4 %), decreasing (15 %), and increasing (14.6 %). The increasing trajectory mediated the association between VPT/VLBW birth and both lower wealth and greater social relationship difficulties. After adjusting for sex, SES, and NSI, only the mediation effect on wealth remained significant. Indirect effects accounted for approximately 15–18 % of the total effects. Interactions between birth group (VPT/VLBW vs. term-born) and internalising trajectory on adult outcomes were non-significant.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Increasing internalising symptoms partially mediate the impact of VPT/VLBW birth on adult wealth and social relationships. Findings highlight the value of continuing mental health support, particularly for those born VPT/VLBW.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11435,"journal":{"name":"Early human development","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 106395"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145091324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The evidence for neonatal arginine supplementation — A narrative review","authors":"F. Callaghan ,&nbsp;C. Morgan","doi":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106402","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106402","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Arginine is proteomic conditionally essential amino acid in the neonatal period. As well as being necessary for protein synthesis and growth, it is a highly functional amino acid playing a key role in many metabolic pathways critical to neonatal health. These include the urea cycle and ammonia detoxification, spermidine synthesis, immune modulation and acting as the key substrate for nitric oxide synthesis. The arginine-nitric oxide (NO) pathway is an important mechanism by which hypoargininaemia may contribute to neonatal morbidity, particularly necrotising enterocolitis and potentially sepsis, pulmonary disease and post-operative recovery. The role of the inhibitory metabolite asymmetric dimethylarginine in the arginine-NO pathway has been recognised but the neonatal clinical implications have yet to be established.</div><div>Neonates dependent on parenteral nutrition are particularly vulnerable to hypoargininaemia. Both parenteral and enteral arginine supplementation has been shown in a small number of clinical trials to reduce the risk of necrotising enterocolitis. This evidence has been sufficient to result in recommendations for arginine supplementation in systematic reviews and international guidelines. The potential benefits from reducing the risk of other neonatal complications such as sepsis and prolonged postoperative recovery have not been studied. No arginine side effects have been reported but the studies are not large enough to provide complete assurance. The methods of parenteral and enteral arginine supplementation also require further research to establish optimal timing, dose and target plasma level. Nevertheless, arginine supplementation relatively easy to implement in clinical practice and remains a potentially cost effective method in reducing serious neonatal morbidities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11435,"journal":{"name":"Early human development","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 106402"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145250431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heart rate variability is associated with self-regulation and stress neurobehavior in preterm infants","authors":"E.L. Donnellan ,&nbsp;R.B. Govindan ,&nbsp;J. Ngwa ,&nbsp;N. Andescavage ,&nbsp;C. Limperopoulos ,&nbsp;A.J. du Plessis","doi":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106406","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106406","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The NICU (neonatal intensive care unit) Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS) quantitatively assesses several distinct neurobehavioral domains. Neurobehavioral states interface with the autonomic nervous system. We sought to determine if autonomic tone, measured by heart rate variability (HRV), is associated with performance on NNNS neurobehavioral subscales.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Using continuous electrocardiogram recordings, we derived the following HRV measures: short (α1), and long-term (α2) fractal scaling exponents and short (RMS1) and long-term (RMS2) root mean square fluctuations. The NNNS was completed around term equivalent age (TEA). Linear mixed effects models tested associations between six NNNS subscales and HRV metrics. Secondary analyses explored the role of postmenstrual age (PMA) on associations between NNNS and HRV. These associations were further tested in the earliest and latest postnatal NICU weeks for each infant.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>We enrolled 39 premature infants (birth gestational age 23–36 weeks). Several HRV metrics were associated with Self-Regulation and Stress. After controlling for common NICU exposures (i.e. ventilation, steroids, caffeine and antibiotics), self-regulation was positively associated with alpha1 and RMS1 (<em>standardized β</em> = 0.262–0.284). Stress was associated negatively with alpha1 and RMS1 (<em>standardized β</em> = −0.283 to −0.286) and positively with alpha2 (<em>standardized β</em> = 0.245). Associations between Self-Regulation and Stress on RMS1 differed by PMA and NICU week, respectively. α1 and α2 at TEA predicted Stress (<em>AUC</em> = 0.730–0.775).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Of the six subscales examined, only Stress and Self-Regulation scores were associated with autonomic metrics in preterm infants. For short-term autonomic fluctuations, PMA and NICU week influenced this relationship. Furthermore, the fractal scaling exponents predict abnormal Stress scores.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11435,"journal":{"name":"Early human development","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 106406"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145212058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Digit Ratio (2D:4D) and lactate response during a football-specific intermittent field fitness test in women","authors":"Hadi Nobari ,&nbsp;Elena Mainer-Pardos ,&nbsp;Demetrio Lozano ,&nbsp;John T. Manning ,&nbsp;Koulla Parpa ,&nbsp;Laura Mason ,&nbsp;Marcos Michaelides ,&nbsp;Alberto Roso-Moliner","doi":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106414","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106414","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Lactate, an important respiratory substrate, is generated during exercise. Digit ratio (2D:4D) is strongly associated with lactate in men over a range of exercise intensities, but in women the association has been reported as weaker and restricted to high running speeds. Here we report a replication of this finding in women employing the 30–15 Intermittent Fitness Test (30–15 IFT).</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>The participants were amateur female football players. Digit lengths, height, body composition and VO_2max were measured. The 30–15 IFT involves 30-s shuttle runs between lines positioned 40 m apart. Audio signals determine the pace, starting at 10 km/h and increasing by 0.5 km/h to a maximum of 18 km/h.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Mean lactate levels (mmol/L) rose with running speed, ranging from 2.13 (±0.78) to 13.63 (±2.83). At running speeds 12 km/h to 16 km/h (<em>n</em> = 28 and 26 respectively) there were positive correlations between lactate and weight and BMI and negative associations with VO_2max. At 18 km/h (<em>n</em> = 16) right 2D:4D was positively related and height negatively related to lactate. The former remained significant after the effect of height was removed.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Our findings from the 30–15 IFT in the field are similar to those reported from a laboratory treadmill test. The digit ratio, especially right 2D:4D, is positively associated with lactate levels during running in women, independent of height. In contrast previous findings in men the association applies to high running speeds only.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11435,"journal":{"name":"Early human development","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 106414"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145354094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hidden placental damage in stillbirths with idiopathic polyhydramnios","authors":"Laura Avagliano ,&nbsp;Martina Benuzzi ,&nbsp;Francesca Monari ,&nbsp;Gaetano Bulfamante","doi":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106393","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106393","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Idiopathic polyhydramnios is clinically linked to stillbirth; however, its placental histopathology remains poorly characterized. This is the first study analyzing placentas from stillbirths with idiopathic polyhydramnios, revealing frequent lesions of fetal and maternal vascular malperfusion. Findings support a previously unrecognized role of placental dysfunction in fetal compromise.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11435,"journal":{"name":"Early human development","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 106393"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145099984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maternal involvement and the language environment in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) – a cohort study","authors":"Megumi Mori ,&nbsp;Alicia Hersey ,&nbsp;Richard Tucker ,&nbsp;Melinda Caskey ,&nbsp;Betty R. Vohr ,&nbsp;Elisabeth C. McGowan","doi":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106353","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106353","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Preterm infants are at increased risk for language delays. Increased word exposure in the NICU is associated with increased child language skills at 2 years. Additionally, increased maternal involvement in infant care in the NICU is associated with improved outcomes.</div></div><div><h3>Aims</h3><div>To examine associations between maternal involvement in the NICU and early infant language exposures and vocalizations.</div></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><div>Outcome data were obtained for the control arm of a larger RCT at Women &amp; Infant's Hospital NICU from January 2013 to August 2016 which enrolled infants &lt; 32 weeks gestational age. Audio environment was captured and analyzed for adult word count (AWC), child vocalizations (CV) and conversational turns (CT) at 32-, 34- and 36-weeks PMA. Infant chart was reviewed for total hours of maternal involvement (visitation, skin-to-skin contact, holding, touching, bedside care and feeding participation) per recording day.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>As infant gestational age increased, maternal feeding involvement and infant holding increased, while skin-to-skin care decreased. Aggregate counts of maternal involvements over all recording days showed 51 % of mothers participated in 5–6 involvements and 4 % in 0 involvements. Negative binomial model showed that for every stepwise increase in maternal involvement, there was a 116 % increase (rate ratio 2.16; 1.78–2.62; p &lt; 0.0001) in AWCs and a subsequent 74 % increase (rate ratio 1.74; 1.47–2.05, p &lt; 0.0001) in CTs over the 3 recordings.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Infants of mother with increased involvement experienced increased exposure to AWC and responded with increased CTs. Increasing opportunities and types of parental care involvement are ideal methods of fostering early language development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11435,"journal":{"name":"Early human development","volume":"210 ","pages":"Article 106353"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144841986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neurodevelopmental effects of opioids in preterm infants – A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised and observational studies","authors":"Maya Rakshasbhuvankar ,&nbsp;Chandra Rath ,&nbsp;Sachin Agrawal ,&nbsp;Sanjay Patole","doi":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106357","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106357","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Opioids are commonly used to reduce pain and distress in preterm infants in neonatal intensive care units. However, there is a concern that exposure to opioids may adversely affect their neurodevelopment.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We conducted a systematic review of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies (OSs) to investigate the effect of opioids on neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants. We followed the Cochrane Collaboration guidelines and those for the synthesis of OSs. Results were pooled when at least two studies reported the outcome. We performed a qualitative synthesis for data not suitable for pooling.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The systematic review included 21 records of 16 studies (13 OSs [<em>n</em> = 2993] and three RCTs [<em>n</em> = 180]). Quantitative analysis was possible for ten studies. The certainty of evidence was ‘very low’ for all outcomes. The risk of neurodevelopmental impairment, the primary outcome, was not increased in opioid exposed preterm infants (OR: 1.15, 95 % CIs: 0.64, 2.08, 5 OSs, <em>n</em> = 697 and OR: 1.29, 95 % CIs: 0.56, 3.01, 2 RCTs, <em>n</em> = 151). There was no increase in adverse secondary outcomes apart from lower motor scores at 2–3 years of age (MD: -6.19, 85 % CI: −11.26, −1.11, 4 OSs, <em>n</em> = 692) in the opioid group. On qualitative analysis of adjusted data, opioids showed variable effects: ten reports suggested harm, two suggested benefit and two suggested no impact, while the results were inconsistent in three reports.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The current evidence for the effect of opioids on neurodevelopmental outcomes of preterm infants is inconclusive and of very low certainty.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11435,"journal":{"name":"Early human development","volume":"210 ","pages":"Article 106357"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144866141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interaction effect of gestational age on the association between sleep and neurodevelopmental outcomes in early childhood: A longitudinal study from birth to 24 months","authors":"Peggy Hiu Ying Chan ,&nbsp;Ching Man Lai ,&nbsp;Patrick C.M. Wong ,&nbsp;Hugh Simon Lam","doi":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106354","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106354","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To investigate how gestational age at birth (GA) affects the sleep durations from birth to 24 months old and its association with neurocognitive outcomes.</div></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><div>Longitudinal sleep data from birth to 24 months of age were collected using the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire (BISQ). Of the 481 participants, 259 underwent neurodevelopment assessments at 24 months using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Daytime sleep (DS) in the first 3 months(3 m) significantly differed between term-born infants and moderate to late preterm (MLPT) infants (6.32 vs 6.86 h; <em>p</em> &lt; 0.05). Shorter DS and longer nighttime sleep (NS) after 3 months of age were significantly associated with better language outcome. Significant interaction between GA and 24-month NS indicates that this effect was stronger in infants born at a more mature GA. Longer DS from birth to 24 months was associated with a 29 % to 48 % higher risk of language delay. GA also influenced the effect of 6-month total sleep (TS) on predicting the risk of cognitive, language, and motor delay, suggesting a higher risk of delay for more premature infants who sleep longer at 6 months.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study revealed the complex associations between longitudinal infant sleep and neurodevelopmental outcomes, with GA serving as a moderating factor. The study highlights a need to further explore the associations between GA, early life sleep durations, and neurodevelopmental outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11435,"journal":{"name":"Early human development","volume":"210 ","pages":"Article 106354"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144827135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of physical activities on physical literacy and cognitive performance of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).","authors":"Morteza Homayounnia Firouzjah, Morteza Pourazar, Saeed Nazari Kakvandi, Refail Azadian Dalasm","doi":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106350","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106350","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is one of the most severe childhood disorders and every child with this disorder has a unique situation in terms of strengths or challenges in cognitive, motor, emotional and social fields.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study is semi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design and a control group. The statistical population in this research included all (ASD) from 8 to 12 years old in the educational centers for children with this disorder in Mazandaran province in 2024. Random sampling method was applied to select the target sample, based on which 30 children with autism spectrum disorders were selected for this study. The training program was taken from Horwitz and Sissel (Horwitz R), which includes reinforcement, games, and sports activities for children, performed by the experimental group for 24 sessions (60 min each session and for 70 days). Canadian Assessment of Physical Literacy - Second Edition (CAPL-2) was employed to assess physical literacy and Tower of London test for cognitive performance. The data were analyzed by multivariate covariance method.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The obtained results indicated that for the total physical literacy, the results of the post-hoc-test for the main effect of Practice intervention showed that the experimental group is significantly different from control group, all p < 0.05. Means comparisons showed that the experimental group resulted in higher physical literacy than control group. Also time test (reaction time) from the series of tests of the tower of London (Cognitive Performance) no significant differences two groups in the pre-test (F > 1), confirming that the two groups did not differ before training.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Therefore, it can be concluded that performing physical activities as an essential and main part of the daily schedule of these children can provide effective consequences in improving their cognitive performance and physical literacy.</p>","PeriodicalId":11435,"journal":{"name":"Early human development","volume":"210 ","pages":"106350"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144798481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}