Drug Delivery and Translational Research最新文献

{"title":"PMVE/MA-based microneedle patches for rapid transdermal delivery of vitamin B12: fabrication and evaluation.","authors":"Sankalp Saurabh, Dinesh Kumar, Sanjeev Soni","doi":"10.1007/s13346-026-02055-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13346-026-02055-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) deficiency is a prevalent global health issue which has been historically treated with oral supplements or intramuscular injections. In case of pernicious anemia, there is poor absorption of Vitamin B12 in the intestine, so injection is a typical treatment option. However, injections are painful and require a trained medical professional, which can often lead to the patient visiting clinics, thereby leading to patient non-compliance. In order to overcome these disadvantages, this research investigates an alternative, minimally invasive, and patient-friendly self-administration option, transdermal delivery via dissolvable microneedle (MN) patch. We fabricate a poly (methyl vinyl ether/maleic acid) (PMVE/MA) based MN patch, a biocompatible material, for the rapid delivery of cyanocobalamin. An in-house developed polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) mold was used to prepare the MN patch. The MN patches were characterized by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to determine MN dimensions and morphology. Mechanical strength and skin penetration ability of the MNs were assessed through a universal testing machine (UTM) and a parafilm layer model. The findings suggest that 20% PMVE/MA formulation offered sufficient mechanical strength for skin penetration and more than 90% insertion efficiency which is total number of holes created by all the MNs. Dissolution of the needles was achieved within 45 s in agarose phantom and within 120 s in porcine skin. In vitro Franz diffusion experiments revealed continuous release, achieving a cumulative release mass of ~ 229 µg of vitamin B12 within 210 min. UV-Vis and FTIR analysis confirmed excellent B12 stability in the MN patch up to 60 days. The reported observations emphasize the advantages and the translational potential of PMVE/MA-based dissolvable MN patch as a safe, effective, and user-friendly system for the transdermal delivery of vitamin B12.</p>","PeriodicalId":11357,"journal":{"name":"Drug Delivery and Translational Research","volume":" ","pages":"3502-3514"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146218886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and evaluation of hydrogel microneedles based on Gantrez® S-97 and hyaluronic acid for transdermal delivery of metoclopramide.","authors":"Maitri Chetan Trivedi, Ariana Radmard, Ajay K Banga","doi":"10.1007/s13346-026-02208-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13346-026-02208-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microneedles have emerged as a promising technology for enhancing transdermal delivery. The micron-sized needles penetrate the stratum corneum with minimal pain and discomfort. Among the different microneedle types, hydrogel microneedles offer distinct advantages, including sustained drug release and biocompatibility. The present study aimed to optimize the formulation of hydrogel microneedles composed of Gantrez^®S-97, a hydrophilic polymer, crosslinked with the sodium salt of hyaluronic acid at 80 °C to form a hydrogel matrix. Polyvinyl pyrrolidone, a synthetic water-soluble polymer, was incorporated to improve microneedles stability and enhance sustained drug release. Metoclopramide hydrochloride is a dopamine receptor antagonist with variable oral bioavailability and established clinical use in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea, vomiting, and gastroesophageal reflux disorders. Metoclopramide-loaded hydrogel microneedle formulations were prepared with varying polymer compositions and evaluated by in vitro permeation studies. The optimized formulation demonstrated mechanical strength, uniform needle morphology, and a sustained drug release profile over 24 h. The hydrogel microneedles achieved up to an 18-fold enhancement in transdermal drug permeation compared to a conventional transdermal film.</p>","PeriodicalId":11357,"journal":{"name":"Drug Delivery and Translational Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148864038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biodegradable furylacryloyl-modified hyaluronan: in vivo evaluation and its use as a nanofibrous drug delivery system.","authors":"Barbora Brtková, Tereza Bártová, Lenka Piskláková, Matěj Šimek, František Ondreáš, Martina Bajerová, Aneta Hejčlová","doi":"10.1007/s13346-026-02213-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13346-026-02213-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Furylacryloyl-modified hyaluronan (F-HA) has emerged as an appropriate material for the fabrication of UV-crosslinkable, water-stable nanofibrous scaffolds with preserved porosity. However, the safety profile and in vivo applicability of F-HA have not yet been established. In this study, we present biological assessment of F-HA, including biodegradation studies and its first in vivo evaluation in C57BL/6J mice following both intravenous and intraperitoneal administration. The results demonstrate good tolerability under the tested conditions and confirm biodegradability. Additionally, we confirm the ability of composite nanofibers consisting of F-HA with established nanofiber-forming polymers, to incorporate active pharmaceutical ingredients (API), while retaining their porous structure and favorable mechanical properties. Importantly, the incorporation of F-HA alters the release profile of embedded API. Using octenidine dihydrochloride (OCT) as a model compound, we demonstrate sustained release from F-HA/lauroyl hyaluronan (L-HA) nanofibrous scaffolds in biologically relevant protein-containing media, while retaining its structural integrity, thus supporting its suitability for biomedical applications. These findings highlight the potential of F-HA as a versatile platform for the development of advanced nanofibrous biomaterials with translational relevance in topical wound healing and drug delivery.</p>","PeriodicalId":11357,"journal":{"name":"Drug Delivery and Translational Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148856883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In vivo spatiotemporal fate of nanoparticle-incorporated dissolving microneedles: nanoparticle size effects.","authors":"Ting Zhou, Yanping Fu, Kaitlyn Wu, Ziyang Zheng, Xinyu Wen, Guanlin Wang, Siyuan Peng, Xin Pan, Chuanbin Wu, Zhengwei Huang, Guilan Quan","doi":"10.1007/s13346-026-02206-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13346-026-02206-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Integrating dissolving microneedles (DMNs) with nanocarrier (NC) provides an effective strategy to overcome the stratum corneum barrier, achieving controllable transdermal drug delivery through tuning physicochemical parameters. Among various physicochemical parameters, particle size of nanocarrier plays a pivotal role in governing transdermal diffusion dynamics and drug retention behavior of NC-loaded DMNs. Nevertheless, the spatiotemporal in vivo fate of NC-loaded DMNs, particularly the particle-size-dependent diffusion patterns, remains insufficiently elucidated. In this study, an aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) fluorescent probe with accurate bioimaging potential, P4, was encapsulated into solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) to enable visualization of intact NC. P4-labeled SLNs with varying particle sizes (SLNs1-150 nm, SLNs2-250 nm, and SLNs3-380 nm) were prepared via formulation modulation and subsequently embedded into DMNs to investigate their transdermal diffusion and retention in murine dorsal skin. The fabricated P4 SLNs demonstrated excellent physicochemical stability after incorporation into DMNs, with negligible changes in morphology or fluorescence characteristics. Both in vivo and ex vivo fluorescence imaging revealed a clear size-dependent diffusion trend, where smaller nanoparticles exhibited faster transdermal transport and broader tissue distribution (SLNs1 > SLNs2 > SLNs3). Further quantitative pharmacokinetic analysis verified significant size-dependent differences in key in vivo kinetic parameters. Specifically, the AUC₀₋_t values of SLNs1, SLNs2, and SLNs3 were 1711.82 ± 147.80%·h, 2155.38 ± 128.58%·h, and 2367.02 ± 181.48%·h, respectively, while their corresponding elimination T_1/2 values were 19.66 ± 4.62 h, 20.82 ± 7.48 h, and 39.98 ± 19.57 h. The quantitative data demonstrated that the larger-sized SLNs3 possessed a significantly longer half-life than the smaller-sized SLNs. Collectively, these findings confirmed that the transdermal diffusion and retention profiles of NC-loaded DMNs were strongly size-dependent. This study provided new insights into the spatiotemporal fate of nanoparticle-embedded DMNs, offering valuable guidance for rational formulation design and precise modulation of drug delivery efficiency and distribution kinetics.</p>","PeriodicalId":11357,"journal":{"name":"Drug Delivery and Translational Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148812129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A microenvironment-responsive microsphere-PLGA-PEG-PLGA hydrogel for sustained and coordinated co-delivery of celecoxib and ropivacaine in osteoarthritis therapy.","authors":"Hao Yuan, Bingwen Zhang, Wen Sun, Haofan Liu, Liandong Hu","doi":"10.1007/s13346-026-02202-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13346-026-02202-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study, celecoxib (CXB) microspheres (CM) and ropivacaine (RPV) microspheres (RM) were prepared respectively. A poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide)-block-poly (ethylene glycol)-block-poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA-PEG-PLGA, PPP) was synthesized by copolymerizing glycolide and lactide with polyethylene glycol. CM, RM, and hydroxyapatite (HA) were then incorporated into PPP solution to construct the microsphere-hydrogel system (CRMH hydrogels). CM, RM, and CRMH were systematically characterized in terms of morphology, physicochemical properties, pH-buffering capacity, and degradation behavior. The pH-dependent drug release and release kinetics of the individual CM, RM and the CRMH hydrogels were also investigated. In vitro release studies demonstrated that CRMH hydrogels provided coordinated, sustained release of CXB and RPV at pH 6.2. In a rabbit osteoarthritis (OA) model, intra-articular (IA) administration of CRMH hydrogels achieved sustained drug retention and release within the joint cavity, and effectively promoted articular cartilage repair. Overall, the CRMH hydrogels showed promising synergistic therapeutic potential for OA.</p>","PeriodicalId":11357,"journal":{"name":"Drug Delivery and Translational Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148812154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biguanide‑modified ursolic acid as a multifunctional lipid‑mimetic carrier of DOX liposome for synergistic chemotherapy.","authors":"Yanzhi Wang, Lei Zhang, Panying Cui, Yanting Fan, Jiaxin Zheng, Hongmin Liu","doi":"10.1007/s13346-026-02209-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13346-026-02209-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Doxorubicin (DOX) therapy is constrained by limited tumor accumulation, inefficient intracellular delivery, and dose-dependent systemic toxicity. Ursolic acid can potentiate DOX activity, but its poor compatibility with liposomal assembly complicates stable co-loading. We synthesized a biguanide-modified UA derivative (UAB) as an amphiphilic lipid-mimetic component and fabricated hyaluronic acid (HA)-modified liposomes co-encapsulating DOX and UAB (HA-DOX@UAB Lips). The optimized formulation showed high encapsulation efficiencies for both agents, a uniform nanoscale size distribution, and pH-dependent DOX release. In BGC-823 gastric cancer cells, HA-DOX@UAB Lips produced the highest intracellular DOX-associated fluorescence, synergistic cytotoxicity, the greatest inhibition of clonogenic growth and wound closure, and the strongest apoptosis-associated response among the tested formulations. In H22 hepatocellular carcinoma-bearing mice used as a non-gastric proof-of-concept model, HA-DOX@UAB Lips produced the greatest tumor suppression without overt short-term organ injury. These findings support UAB as a multifunctional lipid-mimetic component and bioactive partner for DOX co-delivery. Further studies in dedicated gastric cancer models and receptor-specific experiments are required to establish gastric-cancer-specific efficacy and the contribution of CD44 to cellular uptake.</p>","PeriodicalId":11357,"journal":{"name":"Drug Delivery and Translational Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148789532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Milk derived exosomes sensitize Gefitinib-resistant lung cancer cells to Pemetrexed via CAV1-mediated endocytosis.","authors":"Tao Liu, Yong Zhang, Tao Ren, Zihan Xu, Li Tu, Feng Luo, Li Wang","doi":"10.1007/s13346-026-02199-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13346-026-02199-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lung cancer patients resistant to EGFR-TKIs often demonstrate a decreased response to Pemetrexed. Therefore, it is urgent to explore the mechanisms of drug resistance and develop new strategies. We investigated the potential of milk-derived exosomes as drug carriers, focusing specifically on pemetrexed encapsulated in these exosomes. We isolated exosomes from milk and loaded them with pemetrexed through electroporation to form a drug delivery carrier named as mExoPEM. Then, we examined how mExoPEM exerts anti-tumor effects in Gefitinib-resistant lung cancer cells, as well as the molecular mechanisms involved. Gefitinib-resistant cells were insensitive to the cytotoxicity of pemetrexed, due to the drug reflux caused by the elevated P-glycoprotein. When co-cultured with mExoPEM, resistant cells demonstrated enhanced anti-tumor responses in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, mExoPEM facilitated cellular uptake via Caveolin-1 (CAV1)-mediated endocytosis, which was regulated by the PPARγ/CAV1 pathway. Notably, pioglitazone, a PPARγ agonist, augmented mExoPEM uptake and synergized with mExoPEM to inhibit the proliferation of resistant cells. In conclusion, our study presents a promising strategy to address pemetrexed resistance in GR lung cancer cells through the use of milk exosome as drug carriers. Moreover, we elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying pemetrexed resistance and its enhanced delivery via milk exosome-mediated endocytosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":11357,"journal":{"name":"Drug Delivery and Translational Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148789472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunotherapeutic efficacy of transdermal delivery of anti-CD3 antibody-conjugated magnetic nanoparticles using a hyaluronic acid-based dissolving microneedle patch.","authors":"Sang-Heon Choi, Jong-Gu Choi, Mahbub Hasan, Sung Don Lim, Sangwook Park, Sang-Suk Lee","doi":"10.1007/s13346-026-02205-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13346-026-02205-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Transdermal delivery of biologics remains challenging due to the stratum corneum barrier, which limits the clinical translation of antibody-based immunotherapies. In this proof-of-concept study, we developed a biodegradable hyaluronic acid (HA)-based dissolving microneedle (MN) patch incorporating anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody-conjugated magnetic nanoparticles (Ab-MNPs) as a minimally invasive transdermal immunomodulatory platform. Anti-CD3 antibodies were covalently conjugated to dextran-coated, amine-functionalized Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles using glutaraldehyde chemistry and subsequently incorporated into HA microneedles by mold replication. The fabricated MN arrays exhibited uniform morphology with well-defined needle structures and retained the magnetic responsiveness of the incorporated nanoparticles after fabrication. Therapeutic feasibility was evaluated in a concanavalin A (ConA)-induced inflammatory mouse model. Animals received one, two, or three identical MN patches before ConA challenge, followed by measurement of serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). Compared with the untreated inflammatory control, MN-treated groups showed reduced circulating IL-6 and IFN-γ concentrations, with a general patch-number-associated trend toward greater cytokine reduction. Because antibody loading, delivered dose, pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and local release kinetics were not quantified, these findings should be interpreted as preliminary evidence of biological activity rather than confirmation of a quantitative dose-response relationship or CD3-specific immunomodulatory mechanism. Overall, this study demonstrates the feasibility of integrating antibody-conjugated magnetic nanoparticles into a biodegradable HA microneedle platform for minimally invasive transdermal delivery and provides a foundation for future investigations incorporating quantitative drug delivery analysis, mechanistic immunological evaluation, pharmacokinetic characterization, biodistribution studies, and comprehensive safety assessment to facilitate translational development.</p>","PeriodicalId":11357,"journal":{"name":"Drug Delivery and Translational Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148789437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dissolving microneedle delivery of anemoside B4: a strategy to enhance therapeutic efficacy against psoriasis.","authors":"Aocheng Xie, Yexin Du, Miao Tian, Jianping Zhao, Yao Yao, Yanli Liu, Ikhlas A Khan, Suxiang Feng, Dawei Ding, Qiongming Xu","doi":"10.1007/s13346-026-02207-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13346-026-02207-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Psoriasis, a chronic immune-mediated skin disease, lacks satisfactory treatment options due to the inherent limitations of conventional drug delivery: oral therapies often induce systemic toxicity, while topical agents fail to penetrate the thickened skin barrier. Anemoside B4 (AB4), a unique triterpenoidal saponin from Pulsatilla chinensis (content up to 9.7%), has previously shown anti-inflammatory efficacy comparable to dexamethasone. However, its unfavorable physicochemical properties severely hinder oral bioavailability and skin permeation, rendering traditional administration routes ineffective for psoriasis. To overcome these delivery failures, we developed dissolving hyaluronate sodium microneedles (AB4-MNs). The microneedles achieved a tunable drug loading up to 193.7 µg per patch with a strong linear correlation (R² = 0.9769) between the feeding ratio and encapsulated content. Upon skin insertion, the MNs dissolved rapidly (within 10 min in psoriatic skin), penetrated with 92.3% efficiency, and delivered AB4 with an approximately 10-fold higher skin retention than free drug solution. The drug diffused to a depth exceeding 240 μm, and the treatment reduced epidermal thickness by ~ 67% compared to the model group. In an IMQ-induced murine model, AB4-MNs at 4 mg/kg not only reversed psoriatic phenotypes and histopathology but also significantly suppressed key pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-17A, IL-23), with efficacy comparable to halometasone at 2.5 mg/kg and superior to oral AB4 (20 mg/kg) or topical AB4 (12 mg/kg), while exhibiting an excellent safety profile. Thus, transforming AB4 into a dissolvable microneedle system represents a targeted, safe, and highly effective therapeutic strategy for psoriasis, offering a decisive advantage over conventional routes.</p>","PeriodicalId":11357,"journal":{"name":"Drug Delivery and Translational Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148789457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: A self-unfolding polymer foil loaded with a permeation enhancer Ionogel for superior oral peptide delivery.","authors":"Konstantinos Raptis, Reece McCabe, Marta Rubio-Huertas, Stine Rønholt, Lasse Saaby, Lasse Højlund Eklund Thamdrup, Mahdi Ghavami, Khorshid Kamguyan, Hanne Mørck Nielsen, Anja Boisen","doi":"10.1007/s13346-026-02203-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13346-026-02203-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11357,"journal":{"name":"Drug Delivery and Translational Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148789454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}