Drug and Chemical Toxicology最新文献

{"title":"Evaluation of immunotoxicity of iron oxide nanoparticles on coelomocytes of <i>Eisenia fetida</i>.","authors":"Briska Jifrina Premnath, Saravanan Alamelu, Gokul Raj Rajendran, Pratima Bichandarkoil Jayaram, Harish Krishnan, Sathish Kumar Kamaraj, Arun Thirumurugan, Mohammed Ali Alshehri, Samy Sayed, Manoj Kumar Srinivasan, Chellasamy Panneerselvam","doi":"10.1080/01480545.2024.2373794","DOIUrl":"10.1080/01480545.2024.2373794","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄ NPs) have gained considerable attention due to their diverse applications in various fields. However, concerns about their potential toxic effects on the environment and living organisms have also emerged. In this study, we synthesized and characterized Fe₃O₄ NPs and assessed their immunotoxicity on the coelomocytes of <i>Eisenia fetida</i>. The Fe₃O₄ NPs were synthesized using a co-precipitation method, and their physicochemical properties were determined using techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The synthesized Fe₃O₄ NPs exhibited a uniform size distribution with spherical morphology and the phase purity was confirmed from XRD analysis. To evaluate the immunotoxicity of Fe₃O₄ NPs, <i>Eisenia fetida</i> coelomocytes were exposed to various concentrations of Fe₃O₄ NPs for 14 days. Furthermore, we analyzed the impact of Fe₃O₄ NPs on the biochemical parameters, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), acid phosphatase (APs), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and total protein content (TPC), as well as conducted a histological examination. Biochemical analysis revealed significant alterations in the activity levels of SOD, CAT, APs, ALP, and TPC in the coelomocytes, indicating immune system dysregulation upon exposure to Fe₃O₄ NPs. Moreover, histological examination demonstrated structural changes, suggesting cellular damage caused by Fe₃O₄ NPs. These findings provide valuable insights into the immunotoxic effects of Fe₃O₄ NPs on <i>Eisenia fetida</i> and underscore the need for further investigation into the potential environmental impact of nanoparticles.</p>","PeriodicalId":11333,"journal":{"name":"Drug and Chemical Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"440-450"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141747658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antibiotic sorption onto MPs in terrestrial environment: a critical review of the transport, bioaccumulation, ecotoxicological effects and prospects.","authors":"Jia Du, Lichuan Zhan, Gengmiao Zhang, Qingwei Zhou, Weihong Wu","doi":"10.1080/01480545.2024.2433075","DOIUrl":"10.1080/01480545.2024.2433075","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microplastics (MPs) and antibiotics are prevalent contaminants in terrestrial environment. MPs possess the ability to absorb antibiotics, resulting in the formation of complex pollutants. While the accumulation and fate of MPs and antibiotics in marine ecosystems have been extensively studied, their combined pollution behavior in terrestrial environments remains relatively underexplored. This paper describes the sources, migration, and compound pollution of MPs and antibiotics in soil. It reviews the mechanisms of compound toxicity associated with antibiotics and MPs, combining different biological classifications. Moreover, we highlight the factors that influence the effects of MPs as vectors and the critical elements driving the spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). These information suggests the potential mitigation measures for MPs contamination from different perspectives to reduce the impact of ARGs-carrying MPs on human health, specifically through transmission via plants, microbes, or terrestrial vertebrates. Finally, we identify gaps in scientific knowledge regarding the interaction between MPs and antibiotics in soil environments, including the need for standardized research methods, multi-dimensional studies on complex ecological effects, and more comprehensive risk assessments of other pollutants on human health. In summary, this paper provides foundational information for assessing their combined toxicity, offers insights into the distribution of these emerging pollutants in soil, and contributes to a better understanding of the environmental impact of these contaminants.</p>","PeriodicalId":11333,"journal":{"name":"Drug and Chemical Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"266-280"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142834584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mutagenic and genotoxic <i>in silico</i> QSAR prediction of dimer impurity of gliflozins; canagliflozin, dapaglifozin, and emphagliflozin and <i>in vitro</i> evaluation by Ames and micronucleus test.","authors":"Rajesh Rane, Bharat Satpute, Dileep Kumar, Mugdha Suryawanshi, Akshay Ganesh Prabhune, Bapu Gawade, Anand Mahajan, Atmaram Pawar, Sachin Sakat","doi":"10.1080/01480545.2024.2378768","DOIUrl":"10.1080/01480545.2024.2378768","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Canagliflozin, Dapagliflozin, and Empagliflozin, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, are indicated for managing type II diabetes. Although the genotoxicity profiles of these drugs are well-explored, limited information exists regarding the genotoxic potential of their impurities. In this investigation, the dimer impurities of Canagliflozin, Dapagliflozin, and Empagliflozin underwent both <i>in silico</i> and <i>in vitro</i> assessments for mutagenic potential. Tester strains of <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> and <i>Escherichia coli</i> were subjected to the Ames test, utilizing concentrations of up to 1 µg per plate, with and without the presence of metabolic activation. Evaluation of micronucleus induction in TK6 cells was conducted through a micronucleus test, exploring concentrations up to 500 µg/mL, with or without the presence of exogenous metabolic activation. Under the specific test conditions, the dimer impurities of Canagliflozin, Dapagliflozin, and Empagliflozin showed no evidence of mutagenicity or clastrogenicity, establishing their <i>in vitro</i> classification as nonmutagenic. These findings align with negative <i>in silico</i> predictions from quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analyses for mutagenicity and genotoxicity of the dimer impurities. Collectively, these studies contribute clinically relevant safety information by confirming that the dimer impurities of Canagliflozin, Dapagliflozin, and Empagliflozin are nonmutagenic and nongenotoxic, emphasizing the consistency between <i>in silico</i> and <i>in vitro</i> data.</p>","PeriodicalId":11333,"journal":{"name":"Drug and Chemical Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"416-425"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141787556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gastroprotective mechanism of <i>Talinum triangulare</i> on ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in Wistar rats <i>via</i> inflammatory, antioxidant, and H⁺/K⁺-ATPase inhibition-mediated pathways.","authors":"Johnson O Oladele, Omena B Ojuederie, Oluwaseun T Oladele, Ebenezer I O Ajayi, Monisola D Olaniyan, Oluwafemi S Atolagbe, Oluwaseyi E Okoro, Omowumi O Adewale, Oyedotun M Oyeleke","doi":"10.1080/01480545.2024.2365435","DOIUrl":"10.1080/01480545.2024.2365435","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The increase in the incidence of gastric ulcer (GU) has posed major threat on public health. This research aimed to evaluate gastroprotective properties of the aqueous leaf extract of <i>Talium triangulare</i> (AETT) in ethanol-induced gastric ulceration. GU was induced <i>via</i> oral administration of single dose of 5 mLkg^-1 of 90% ethanol in rats and protection of 200 mgkg^-1 bw of AETT and 20 mgkg^-1 bw of omeprazole was investigated for 14 d <i>via</i> oral treatment. Influence of AETT on anti-inflammatory, redox assays, ulcer index (UI), and gastric mucosa histological alterations were evaluated. Significant increase in myeloperoxidase (MPO) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels compared to untreated group established gastric inflammation in rats induced by ethanol. Gastric ulcerated group exhibited heightened oxidative stress with concurrent decline in activities of antioxidant enzymes. Ethanol exposure to rats resulted in induction of lipid peroxidation, prominently elevating gastric malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration. Nevertheless, treatment with AETT or omeprazole exhibited substantial anti-inflammatory effects within gastric mucosa by attenuating expression of markers associated with inflammation. AETT demonstrated reduction in concentrations of MDA and H₂O₂, thereby alleviating progression of lipid peroxidation cascades. Also, AETT exhibited mitigating effect on ethanol-induced oxidative harm by enhancing the functionality of protective enzymes and elevating glutathione (GSH) concentration. Overall, AETT exhibited enhancements in activities of cytoprotective antioxidant enzymes, mitigated impact of oxidative stress and inflammation, inhibited lipid peroxidation, and decreased UI score. These beneficial effects could be attributed to phytochemicals present in AETT including 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone and Phytol. Outcome of this study established the traditional herbal claims of AETT.</p>","PeriodicalId":11333,"journal":{"name":"Drug and Chemical Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"281-293"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141476182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-term exposure to bisphenol-A causes oxidative stress-related alterations at the genetic and cellular levels in the mature ovary of adult zebrafish.","authors":"Mihir R Tank, Harshad B Patel, Harsh R Patel, Rajkumar S Delvadiya, Urvesh D Patel, Dhaval T Fefar, Juhi M Chauhan","doi":"10.1080/01480545.2024.2434902","DOIUrl":"10.1080/01480545.2024.2434902","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bisphenol-A (BPA) is categorized as a major endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) used to manufacture many plastic products. BPA affects reproductive performance and promotes infertility by causing hormonal imbalance, mitochondrial dysfunction, and altered gene expression. The present investigation aimed to evaluate the effects of BPA exposure for 28 days on the activity or level of antioxidant response elements (AREs), mRNA expressions of antioxidant genes, and histomorphological changes in the ovary of adult zebrafish. The adult female zebrafish were randomly divided into four experimental groups, viz. control, vehicle (0.01% ethanol), low dose (BPA: 350 µg/L), and high dose (BPA: 700 µg/L) exposure groups. After BPA exposure in both groups, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) level were significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.05) decreased in the zebrafish ovary. Whereas, catalase (CAT) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) level were significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.05) increased in both treatment groups. The <i>sod</i> mRNA expression was significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.05) down-regulated in the high-dose BPA-exposed group. Whereas, <i>cat</i> and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (<i>nrf₂</i>) mRNA expressions were significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.05) up-regulated in both BPA-treated groups. Noticeable histomorphological alterations were recorded in the ovary of zebrafish exposed to low and high doses of BPA. The alterations in the activity of ARE, mRNA expressions of antioxidant genes, and histopathological changes suggest that exposure to BPA can cause endocrine disruption and damage to the ovary of adult zebrafish caused by oxidative stress.</p>","PeriodicalId":11333,"journal":{"name":"Drug and Chemical Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"393-403"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142834590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>In vivo</i> and <i>in silico</i> anti-inflammatory activity of <i>Artemisia vulgaris</i> and β-caryophyllene oxide in carrageenan-induced paw edema in Wistar rats.","authors":"Gandham Sandeep Kumar, Payani Sholapuri, Divyateja K, Monika Shaily Enugonda, Girish B P","doi":"10.1080/01480545.2024.2415349","DOIUrl":"10.1080/01480545.2024.2415349","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study is aimed to evaluate the impact of methanolic extract of <i>Artemisia vulgaris</i> and isolated plant compound, β-Caryophyllene oxide against carrageenan-induced paw edema in rat model and its therapeutic potential compared with reference drug, Indometacin. Methanolic extract of <i>A. vulgaris</i> was characterized using FTIR, LC-MS, NMR spectral studies. Paw edema was induced by sub-plantar injection of 100 µl of 1% carrageenan. Oxidative enzymes, such as super oxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR), lipid peroxidation and C-reactive protein levels were measured in paw tissue. <i>In silico</i> evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of plant compounds was evaluated against the molecular targets of inflammation. C-reactive protein and lipid-peroxidation levels were significantly increased whereas the activity levels of oxidative enzymes were significantly decreased in inflammation-induced rats. The recovery of oxidative enzyme levels was seen in treated groups in a dose dependent manner. C-reactive protein and lipid-peroxidation levels were significantly decreased in treated groups, indicating the anti-inflammatory activity of the plant extract and the plant compound. Computational analysis rationalizes the inhibitory ability of plant derived compound possibly by altering the inflammatory signaling pathway.</p>","PeriodicalId":11333,"journal":{"name":"Drug and Chemical Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"426-439"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142460500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genotoxic, biochemical, cytotoxic and biomolecular alterations in the early-life stage of zebrafish exposed to diphenyl ether.","authors":"Shiv Kumar, Pooja Chadha","doi":"10.1080/01480545.2024.2430367","DOIUrl":"10.1080/01480545.2024.2430367","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diphenyl ether (DE) is a chemical compound being used in a number of industries such as soap, detergents, perfumes, adhesive, dyes, herbicides and as a flame retardant in plastics, rubbers and textiles, etc. DE is the final debromination product of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) under anaerobic conditions. The present investigation evaluated the genotoxic, biochemical, histopathological, ultrastructural (SEM) and biomolecular (ATR-FTIR) changes in the zebrafish larvae after DE exposure. After the determination of 96 h LC₅₀ value zebrafish embryos were exposed to sublethal concentrations (¼ LC₅₀ and ½ LC₅₀) of DE. Significantly increased DNA damage in terms of tail length (TL), tail intensity (TI), olive tail moment (OTM) and tail moment (TM) was observed after the DE exposure to zebrafish larvae. Also, increased lipid peroxidation (MDA) and decreased FRAP activity were reported after DE exposure. The catalase (CAT), Glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity were reported to be significantly increased and a decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was observed in DE-exposed groups. After DE exposure, Decreased cell viability and increased apoptosis were reported in zebrafish larvae. The histological and ultrastructural (SEM) analysis revealed the alterations in the zebrafish larvae exposed to DE. The ATR-FTIR study revealed the changes in the biomolecules such as DNA and protein after the DE exposure. The present study will help to understand the destructive aspects of DE in the early life stages of aquatic organisms and could be utilized to assess environmental risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":11333,"journal":{"name":"Drug and Chemical Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"381-392"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142750333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of cardiotoxicity induced by PFOS exposure and mechanism research via untarget metabolomics.","authors":"Jie Yang, Ming Guo, Jijun Wu, Fuling Li, Shimeng Xu, Jialin Wang, Feifei Wu","doi":"10.1080/01480545.2024.2387807","DOIUrl":"10.1080/01480545.2024.2387807","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), widely used in various industrial and commercial materials, can accumulate in the human body due to its high environmental stability, and thus potentially has cardiotoxicity. We assess cardiotoxicity through rat exposure to PFOS by intraperitoneal injection. Untargeted metabolomic analysis was used to explore the potential cardiotoxicity mechanism of PFOS. <i>In vivo</i>, PFOS exposure increases pro-inflammatory factors TNF-α and IL-1β and decreases anti-inflammatory factors IL-10 and TGF-β. PFOS exposure causes pathological changes in cardiac tissue and increases cardiac injury markers brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), C-reactive protein (CRP) in serum and triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and ox-LDL in plasma. Increased expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and CD36 indicates that PFOS exacerbates cardiac fibrosis. Untargeted metabolites analysis revealed 414 small molecule metabolites and 33 metabolites that differed after PFOS exposure, and identified 3 potential metabolic pathways. In conclusion, our study shows the inflammatory reactions involved in PFOS cardiotoxicity, and identifies potential pathways and differential metabolites involved in PFOS toxicity.</p>","PeriodicalId":11333,"journal":{"name":"Drug and Chemical Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"303-313"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141901290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low concentrations of complex mixtures of pesticides and metabolites are toxic to common Carp brain cells (<i>Cyprinus carpio carpio</i>).","authors":"Aliciane de Almeida Roque, Jessica Zablocki da Luz, Francisco Filipak Neto, Iris Barjhoux, Damien Rioult, Ciro Alberto de Oliveira Ribeiro","doi":"10.1080/01480545.2024.2397432","DOIUrl":"10.1080/01480545.2024.2397432","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pesticide use increases annually, and Brazil is the world's largest consumer. However, unlike the European Union (EU), there is no established limit value for pesticide mixtures in drinking water, and therefore the concentration of pesticides can reach 3354 times the EU limit. Thus, determining the risk of exposure to pesticide mixtures and their main metabolites is challenging and requires the use of alternative methods. In the present study, the Common Carp Brain (CCB) cell line was used to evaluate the in vitro toxicity of relevant pesticide mixtures (glyphosate, 2,4-D, atrazine, and mancozeb) and their main metabolites after 72 h of exposure. The tested concentrations were based on the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) defined by Brazilian legislation. The results showed that cells exposed to lower concentrations of the pesticide mixtures and the pesticide + metabolite mixtures were affected by a decrease in cell confluence, resazurin metabolism, and wound healing capacity. The IBR index showed that lower concentrations had more severe effects, suggesting the absence of safe concentrations of these pesticide and metabolite mixtures for the CCB cell line within the tested concentration range. These findings raise concerns about the effects of exposure to these substances on animal and human health.</p>","PeriodicalId":11333,"journal":{"name":"Drug and Chemical Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"314-324"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142105419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metabolic syndrome prevalence in Mexican individuals exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their association with an increased risk of cardiovascular events.","authors":"Iván Nelinho Pérez-Maldonado, Carlos Gabriel De la Trinidad-Chacón, Amairani Lizbeth Pérez-López, Anette Aylin Pérez-López, José Antonio Varela-Silva","doi":"10.1080/01480545.2024.2444367","DOIUrl":"10.1080/01480545.2024.2444367","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are an organic chemical family produced during incomplete combustion of organic materials. Besides, PAHs are associated with different detrimental health effects. Therefore, this research was aimed to assess the association between PAHs exposure, metabolic syndrome (MetS) prevalence, and cardiovascular risk in a Mexican population. Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) was the exposure biomarker quantified. MetS prevalence was defined using the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III) and the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria. Also, we used the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) as a cardiovascular risk biomarker. The mean urinary 1-OHP level quantified was 2.50 ± 1.25 µmol/mol creatinine. The MetS prevalence found was 35% (<i>n</i> = 222) and 31% (<i>n</i> = 197) using NCEP ATP III and IDF criteria, respectively. The mean AIP value was 0.32 ± 0.15. Furthermore, the data analysis showed robust associations between PAH exposure (urinary 1-OHP concentrations), MetS prevalence, and cardiovascular risk (AIP). The real significance of the findings in this study needs to be clarified completely, as MetS and cardiovascular diseases represent a critical challenge in contaminated zones of developing countries such as Mexico.</p>","PeriodicalId":11333,"journal":{"name":"Drug and Chemical Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"344-353"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142902350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}