Drug and Chemical Toxicology最新文献

{"title":"Correction.","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/01480545.2025.2473759","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01480545.2025.2473759","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11333,"journal":{"name":"Drug and Chemical Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143540549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxicity optimization of green zinc oxide quantum dots in zebrafish using Box-Behnken design: a novel approach for safer nanoparticle synthesis.","authors":"Mary Nancy Flora R, Chamundeeswari M, Selvaraj R, Palani S","doi":"10.1080/01480545.2024.2417960","DOIUrl":"10.1080/01480545.2024.2417960","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Zinc oxide quantum dots, also known as ZnO QDs, are highly desirable due to their numerous favorable characteristics, such as their beneficial photoluminescence, solubility in water, along with sunlight absorption. They are well-suited for use in biomedical applications, drugs, and bioimaging. However, study on the <i>in-vivo</i> toxicology of these QDs is needed before they can be used in humans. Zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) are cheap, fast-growing, and similar to humans, which makes them ideal as in vivo model for studying the toxicity of nanomaterials. The toxicity investigations involving zinc oxide QDs (ZnO QDs) and zinc oxide bionanocomposite (ZnO BC) in zebrafish that were concentration-dependent are evaluated, and the Box-Behnken design (BBD) was utilized to optimize the results. To determine the proper dosage, a study on cell line as well as hemocompatibility was carried out prior to testing the toxic effects of ZnO QDs along with ZnO BC upon zebrafish. When administered at 2.5 μg/l of ZnO BC and 2 μg/l of ZnO QDs, neither ZnO BC nor ZnO QDs appeared to be toxic to embryos during hatching and development. The testing of larval behavior in visible light revealed a dose-dependent decrease in both the total diving distance as well as speed. Nevertheless, at ZnO BC and ZnO QDs levels >250 μg/l and >200 μg/l, respectively, notable effects were seen in zebrafish embryos. Hence, ZnO QDs and BC at low concentrations were notably nontoxic. In order to guarantee the safety of nanomaterials in bio applications, this research supports upcoming <i>in-vivo</i> imaging investigations on their harmful effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":11333,"journal":{"name":"Drug and Chemical Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"367-380"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142460508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Untargeted metabolic profiling of high-dose methotrexate toxicity shows alteration in betaine metabolism.","authors":"Shahid Karim, Huda Alkreathy, Mohammad Imran Khan","doi":"10.1080/01480545.2024.2369587","DOIUrl":"10.1080/01480545.2024.2369587","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cardiotoxicity is a well-established adverse effect of several drugs across multiple therapeutic indications. It is particularly prevalent following anticancer therapy. In order to evaluate the changes in cellular metabolism associated with methotrexate cardiotoxicity, we treated Wistar rats with a single high dose of methotrexate (HDMTX), and after five days, the animals were sacrificed. We then analyzed the cardiotoxicity parameters in serum like Cardiac enzymes(CK-MB, Troponin T, ALP), Inflammatory markers (TNF-<i>α</i> and IL-6), oxidative stress markers (NO, NOX-2), histopathology and cardiac tissue with the goal of identifying a metabolic signature of cardiotoxicity using discovery-based metabolomics. The biochemical parameters for cardiac enzymes, oxidative stress and inflammatory markers showed a significant increase in all three categories in rats treated with HDMTX. These findings were mirrored in the histopathological analysis confirming cardiotoxicity due to HDMTX. The results showed a total of 95 metabolites that were found to be significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.05) modulated: either up- or downregulated in the HDMTX-treated group when compared with the control group. Using integrated pathway analysis we found these metabolites were associated with many important cardiac tissue metabolic pathways, such as the malate aspartate shuttle, taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, betaine metabolism, spermidine biosynthesis, and homocysteine degradation. Among them, L-arginine, homocysteine, and betaine were significantly upregulated, suggesting their possible association with cardiac tissue injury. Overall, we provided evidence for using untargeted metabolomics to identify novel metabolites associated with HDMTX cardiac toxicity.</p>","PeriodicalId":11333,"journal":{"name":"Drug and Chemical Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"294-302"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141466898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Liquid mosquito repellent induces toxic effects in zebrafish.","authors":"Gokul Sudhakaran, Karthikeyan Ramamurthy, V N Dhaareshwar, R Rajakrishnan, Ahmed Alfarhan, Jesu Arockiaraj","doi":"10.1080/01480545.2024.2436511","DOIUrl":"10.1080/01480545.2024.2436511","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mosquitoes serve as vectors for life-threatening parasitic diseases, presenting a continuous threat throughout human history. This has resulted in the extensive utilization of various mosquito repellents, including liquid mosquito repellents (LMRs), roll-ons, and topical creams. While these products demonstrate significant efficacy, the toxicological implications associated with their use are not yet fully understood and continue to be a subject of debate. The analysis conducted using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) on LMR revealed the presence of 158 distinct compounds, among which were Piperazine 2,5-dimethyl propyl and a range of hydrocarbons. The analysis of network toxicology indicated that 78 of the examined compounds contravened Lipinski's rule of five and exhibited considerable overlap with target genes associated with lung cancer pathways, thereby highlighting potential concerns regarding their carcinogenic properties. The exposure of zebrafish embryos to LMR concentrations between 0.1 and 14 µg/mL resulted in developmental toxicity assays that demonstrated a dose-dependent escalation in mortality rates and the occurrence of morphological abnormalities, such as pericardial edema and skeletal deformities. Behavioral assays demonstrated a marked decrease in locomotor activity at elevated LMR concentrations, indicating potential neurotoxic effects. Biochemical analyses revealed elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), enhanced lipid peroxidation, and diminished glutathione, which are indicative of oxidative stress. Enzyme activity assays indicated a reduction in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities, alongside an increase in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, which suggests the occurrence of cellular damage. Analysis of gene expression demonstrated significant dysregulation in genes associated with oxidative stress (SOD1, CAT), inflammatory markers (TNF-α, IL-1β), apoptotic regulators (p53, bcl2), and neurobiological genes (brain-derived neurotrophic factor, bdnf). The results highlight the possible health hazards linked to LMR exposure, which manifest as developmental, biochemical, and genetic alterations in zebrafish embryos.</p>","PeriodicalId":11333,"journal":{"name":"Drug and Chemical Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"404-415"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142834588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Di (2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate and its metabolite-induced metabolic syndrome: a review of molecular mechanisms.","authors":"Sorour Ashaari, Tannaz Jamialahmadi, Neal M Davies, Wael Almahmeed, Amirhossein Sahebkar","doi":"10.1080/01480545.2024.2405830","DOIUrl":"10.1080/01480545.2024.2405830","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Metabolic disorders, as multifactorial disorders, are induced by genetic susceptibility and exposure to environmental chemicals. Di (2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate (DEHP), a ubiquitous plasticizer, is well known as an endocrine-disrupting chemical in living organisms. In recent decades, researchers have focused on the potential of DEHP and its main metabolite (Mono (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate) (MEHP) to induce metabolic disorders. In the present review, we aimed to summarize studies regarding DEHP and MEHP-induced Metabolic syndrome (MetS) as well as address the involved mechanisms.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A search has been carried out in Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases using appropriate keywords including 'Metabolic syndrome' or 'Metabolic disorder' or 'Obesity' or 'Hyperglycemia' or 'Hyperlipidemia' or 'Hypertension' or 'Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease' and 'DEHP' or 'Di (2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate' or 'Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate' or 'MEHP' or 'Mono (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate'. Studies were chosen based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Inclusion criteria are in vitro, in vivo, epidemiological studies, and English-written studies. Exclusion criteria are lack of access to the full text of studies, editorial articles, review articles, and conference articles.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Animal studies indicate that DEHP and MEHP disrupt insulin hemostasis, increase glucose content, and induce hyperlipidemia and hypertension as well as obesity, which could lead to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). DEHP and its metabolite induce such effects directly through influence on nuclear receptors such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) or indirectly through reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Both events led to the disruption of several molecular signaling pathways and subsequently metabolic syndrome (MetS). Furthermore, epidemiological studies showed that there was a correlation between DEHP metabolites levels and obesity, hyperglycemia, and hypertension.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>According to studies, DEHP and its main metabolite have the potential to induce MetS by involving various molecular mechanisms. Epidemiological studies concerning the association of DEHP and MetS in humans are not sufficient. Therefore, more studies are needed in this regard.</p>","PeriodicalId":11333,"journal":{"name":"Drug and Chemical Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"325-343"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142343598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxicity of pesticide cocktails in amphibian larvae: understanding the impact of agricultural activity on aquatic ecosystems in the Salado River basin, Argentina.","authors":"Ana P Cuzziol Boccioni, Rafael C Lajmanovich, Andrés M Attademo, German Lener, Carlos R Lien-Medrano, María Fernanda Simoniello, Maria Rosa Repetti, Paola M Peltzer","doi":"10.1080/01480545.2024.2412023","DOIUrl":"10.1080/01480545.2024.2412023","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aquatic communities are increasingly exposed to complex mixtures of contaminants, mainly pesticides due to the impact of agricultural activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of an eight-pesticide cocktail on larvae of the South American common toad, <i>Rinella arenarum</i>. The cocktail represents a realistic mixture of insecticides (cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos and lambda-cyhalothrin), herbicides (glyphosate, glufosinate ammonium, prometryn and metolachlor), and a fungicide (pyraclostrobin) previously found in aquatic organisms (<i>Prochilodus lineatus</i>) from the Salado River Basin, an area with strong agricultural pressure. Computational simulations through the Density Functional Tight-Binding method indicated a strong spontaneous trend toward the formation of the cocktail, suggesting that it may act as a novel xenobiotic entity in the environment. The cocktail effects were evaluated in early-developing and premetamorphic larvae, at feasible concentrations found in real scenarios. The mixture led to high mortality and teratogenicity in early-developing larvae. Premetamorphic larvae showed endocrine disruption, oxidative stress, and impairments in detoxification and hepatic functioning. Neurotoxicity, genotoxicity, cardiotoxicity and high mortality under stress conditions were also observed in exposed larvae. This novel evaluation highlights the ecotoxicological risk for aquatic organisms exposed to complex mixtures and underscores the need to consider cocktail effects in studies regarding ecosystems health.</p>","PeriodicalId":11333,"journal":{"name":"Drug and Chemical Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"247-265"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142460507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Use of agrochemicals resulted in anemia and inflammation among farmers in Fako Division, Cameroon.","authors":"Christian Fusi Suh, Faustin Pascal Tsagué Manfo, Edouard Akono Nantia, Ndie Ngalame Dionysius, Jude Nkeng Fombele, Daisy Lum Suh, Etienne Philemon Atabonkeng, Paul Fewou Moundipa, Fidelis Cho-Ngwa","doi":"10.1080/01480545.2024.2429629","DOIUrl":"10.1080/01480545.2024.2429629","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The use of agrochemicals as plant growth regulators, pesticides, and soil fertilizers can result in insults among farmers and other non-targeted organisms. The adverse effects of agrochemicals are of global concern, though limited studies have delineated their toxicity on blood cells and inflammatory parameters in Fako division in Cameroon. This study examined the impact of occupational exposure on haematological and inflammatory parameters among farmers in Fako division. Briefly, 165 farmers who occupationally applied agrochemicals and a reference population of 75 non-farmers were interviewed on types of agrochemicals used, knowledge and safety during use of agrochemicals, as well as related symptoms of exposure. Serum cholinesterase (acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase) activities were measured as biomarkers of exposure to agrochemicals. Complete blood count and serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and nitric oxide (NO) were determined as haematological and inflammatory biomarkers. Results disclosed frequent use of insecticides, fungicides, herbicides and fertilizers with neglect of personal protective equipment. Reported symptoms of exposure to agrochemicals were consistent with decrease in cholinesterase activities. Exposure to agrochemicals decreased erythrocyte count and red cell distribution width, as well as increased mean cell volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, serum levels of NO and IL-6 in farmers; suggesting anemia and increased cellular inflammation. In conclusion, the use of agrochemicals resulted in inhibited cholinesterase activities, induced anemia, and promoted cell inflammation in farmers. These findings call for more sensitization and training of the farmers to minimize agrochemical exposure and related health hazards.</p>","PeriodicalId":11333,"journal":{"name":"Drug and Chemical Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"354-366"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142750338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cadmium and ketoprofen accumulation influences aquatic ecosystem demonstrated using <i>in-vivo</i> zebrafish model.","authors":"S Madesh, Gokul Sudhakaran, Karthikeyan Ramamurthy, M K Kathiravan, Mikhlid H Almutairi, Bader O Almutairi, Selvaraj Arokiyaraj, Ajay Guru, Jesu Arockiaraj","doi":"10.1080/01480545.2024.2364240","DOIUrl":"10.1080/01480545.2024.2364240","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The growing concern about pollution and toxicity in aquatic as well as terrestrial organisms is predominantly caused due to waterborne exposure and poses a risk to environmental systems and human health. This study addresses the co-toxic effects of cadmium (Cd) and ketoprofen (KPF), representing heavy metal and pharmaceutical discharge pollutants, respectively, in aquatic ecosystems. A 96-h acute toxicity assessment was conducted using zebrafish embryos. The results indicated that high dosages of KPF (10, 15, and 100 µg/mL) and Cd (10 and 15 µg/mL) reduced survivability and caused concentration-dependent deformities such as scoliosis and yolk sac edema. These findings highlight the potential defects in development and metabolism, as evidenced by hemolysis tests demonstrating dose-dependent effects on blood cell integrity. Furthermore, this study employs adult zebrafish for a 42-day chronic exposure to Cd and KPF (10 and 100 µg/L) alone or combined (10 + 10 and 100 + 100 µg/L) to assess organ-specific Cd and KPF accumulation in tissue samples. Organ-specific accumulation patterns underscore complex interactions impacting respiratory, metabolic, and detoxification functions. Prolonged exposure induces reactive oxygen species formation, compromising antioxidant defense systems. Histological examinations reveal structural changes in gills, gastrointestinal, kidney, and liver tissues, suggesting impairments in respiratory, osmoregulatory, nutritional, and immune functions. This study emphasizes the importance of conducting extensive research on co-toxic effects to assist with environmental risk assessments and safeguard human health and aquatic ecosystems.</p>","PeriodicalId":11333,"journal":{"name":"Drug and Chemical Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"231-246"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141442316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of immunotoxicity of iron oxide nanoparticles on coelomocytes of <i>Eisenia fetida</i>.","authors":"Briska Jifrina Premnath, Saravanan Alamelu, Gokul Raj Rajendran, Pratima Bichandarkoil Jayaram, Harish Krishnan, Sathish Kumar Kamaraj, Arun Thirumurugan, Mohammed Ali Alshehri, Samy Sayed, Manoj Kumar Srinivasan, Chellasamy Panneerselvam","doi":"10.1080/01480545.2024.2373794","DOIUrl":"10.1080/01480545.2024.2373794","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄ NPs) have gained considerable attention due to their diverse applications in various fields. However, concerns about their potential toxic effects on the environment and living organisms have also emerged. In this study, we synthesized and characterized Fe₃O₄ NPs and assessed their immunotoxicity on the coelomocytes of <i>Eisenia fetida</i>. The Fe₃O₄ NPs were synthesized using a co-precipitation method, and their physicochemical properties were determined using techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The synthesized Fe₃O₄ NPs exhibited a uniform size distribution with spherical morphology and the phase purity was confirmed from XRD analysis. To evaluate the immunotoxicity of Fe₃O₄ NPs, <i>Eisenia fetida</i> coelomocytes were exposed to various concentrations of Fe₃O₄ NPs for 14 days. Furthermore, we analyzed the impact of Fe₃O₄ NPs on the biochemical parameters, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), acid phosphatase (APs), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and total protein content (TPC), as well as conducted a histological examination. Biochemical analysis revealed significant alterations in the activity levels of SOD, CAT, APs, ALP, and TPC in the coelomocytes, indicating immune system dysregulation upon exposure to Fe₃O₄ NPs. Moreover, histological examination demonstrated structural changes, suggesting cellular damage caused by Fe₃O₄ NPs. These findings provide valuable insights into the immunotoxic effects of Fe₃O₄ NPs on <i>Eisenia fetida</i> and underscore the need for further investigation into the potential environmental impact of nanoparticles.</p>","PeriodicalId":11333,"journal":{"name":"Drug and Chemical Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"440-450"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141747658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antibiotic sorption onto MPs in terrestrial environment: a critical review of the transport, bioaccumulation, ecotoxicological effects and prospects.","authors":"Jia Du, Lichuan Zhan, Gengmiao Zhang, Qingwei Zhou, Weihong Wu","doi":"10.1080/01480545.2024.2433075","DOIUrl":"10.1080/01480545.2024.2433075","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microplastics (MPs) and antibiotics are prevalent contaminants in terrestrial environment. MPs possess the ability to absorb antibiotics, resulting in the formation of complex pollutants. While the accumulation and fate of MPs and antibiotics in marine ecosystems have been extensively studied, their combined pollution behavior in terrestrial environments remains relatively underexplored. This paper describes the sources, migration, and compound pollution of MPs and antibiotics in soil. It reviews the mechanisms of compound toxicity associated with antibiotics and MPs, combining different biological classifications. Moreover, we highlight the factors that influence the effects of MPs as vectors and the critical elements driving the spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). These information suggests the potential mitigation measures for MPs contamination from different perspectives to reduce the impact of ARGs-carrying MPs on human health, specifically through transmission via plants, microbes, or terrestrial vertebrates. Finally, we identify gaps in scientific knowledge regarding the interaction between MPs and antibiotics in soil environments, including the need for standardized research methods, multi-dimensional studies on complex ecological effects, and more comprehensive risk assessments of other pollutants on human health. In summary, this paper provides foundational information for assessing their combined toxicity, offers insights into the distribution of these emerging pollutants in soil, and contributes to a better understanding of the environmental impact of these contaminants.</p>","PeriodicalId":11333,"journal":{"name":"Drug and Chemical Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"266-280"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142834584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}