Human quad liver-on-chip system as a tool toward bridging the gap between animals and humans regarding toxicology and pharmacology of a cannabidiol-rich cannabis extract.

Cannabidiol (CBD) is a major phytocannabinoid from Cannabis sativa. It is currently widely available and widely used in the USA, but despite its rapid progress to market, the pharmacology and toxicology of both CBD and cannabidiol-rich cannabis extracts (CRCE) remain largely unknown. The goals of this study were to investigate the potential of a novel human microphysiological system to emulate CRCE-induced hepatotoxicity and pharmacological properties demonstrated in animal models. For this purpose, C57BL6/J male mice were subjected to dosing with either 0, 61.5, 184.5, or 615 mg/kg of CRCE for 10 days. The liver-on-chip system, incorporating human primary hepatocytes, sinusoidal endothelial cells, as well as Kupffer and stellate cells was subjected to 0, 300, 1,200, or 4,400 ng/mL of CRCE (8 h exposure followed by 16 h washout) for 5 days. Administration of CRCE in mice resulted in nearly 4-fold elevations of plasma ALT at 615 mg/kg (p < 0.01) and a dose-dependent decrease in intrahepatic miR-122. Elevated levels of ALT, paralleled by decreased intrahepatic and increased effluent levels of miR-122, were also observed in the liver-on-chip, although these results were not statistically significant. Exposure to CRCE resulted in a robust and dose-dependent induction of key cytochrome P450 enzymes, namely Cyp1a2, Cyp2b6 (CYP2B10), Cyp2e1, and Cyp2c9 (CYP2C19) in both mouse livers and liver-on-chip. The results of this study demonstrate the congruence between the responses observed in mouse and human liver-on-chip experimental systems and provide evidence of the potential microphysiological systems hold for translating animal data into clinical practice.