Drug and alcohol dependence最新文献

{"title":"Trends in injectable buprenorphine prescribing in Canada: A descriptive analysis in five Canadian Provinces","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.112451","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.112451","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Injectable extended-release buprenorphine (BUP-ER) (Sublocade®) is a newer form of opioid agonist therapy (OAT) administered monthly. It was listed on formularies across Canada in February 2020, expanding the options for OAT across the country. This study describes rates of injectable BUP-ER uptake in five provinces to compare access to this novel medication across Canada.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We conducted a retrospective time-series analysis among individuals who received injectable BUP-ER in British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and Ontario from February 1, 2020, to March 31, 2022. The primary outcome was the population-adjusted rate of injectable BUP-ER in each province, with secondary analyses exploring rates by urban/rural location, and the number of prescribers of injectable BUP-ER per 100,000 population.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In total, 6528 individuals were treated with injectable BUP-ER, with the majority in British Columbia (29.0 %) and Ontario (47.0 %). By March 2022, the rate of BUP-ER use was highest in British Columbia (16.6 per 100,000), and lowest in Ontario (9.1 per 100,000). The rate of BUP-ER use was higher in rural areas (15.5 per 100,000) compared to urban centres (10.6 per 100,000), and British Columbia had the highest rate of prescribers per 100,000 population (5.9) compared to Ontario (2.2), Alberta (2.3), Saskatchewan (3.4) and Manitoba (3.5) by the end of Q1–2022.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Uptake of BUP-ER varied geographically since being approved by Health Canada. More rapid uptake in rural areas is reassuring and suggests that this form of OAT may be supporting treatment access to those with barriers to more traditional treatment formulations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11322,"journal":{"name":"Drug and alcohol dependence","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142328116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Criminal legal system engagement among people who use drugs in Oregon following decriminalization of drug possession","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.112449","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.112449","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>In February 2021, Measure 110 (M110) in Oregon decriminalized noncommercial possession of drugs. We examined criminal legal system (CLS) involvement of people who use drugs (PWUD) 2 years after decriminalization.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We conducted a quantitative survey of PWUD (N=468) in eight Oregon counties between March and November 2023. We ran multivariable models to examine predictors of CLS involvement and law enforcement stops.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The majority of PWUD (74 %) reported any past year CLS involvement; 67 % had at least one law enforcement stop (mean of 11.4 and median of 3 law enforcement stops) and 33 % had at least one jail incarceration. Among PWUD whom law enforcement had found to possess drugs (n=101), 77 % had their drugs seized at least once, and 63 % (n=56) were taken into custody for charges that did not include drug use or possession at least once. Younger age, cisgender male identity, unstable housing, and nonurban county location were associated with a higher prevalence of any CLS involvement. PWUD who were unstably housed had 6.80 more law enforcement stops than housed PWUD (95 % CI: 4.03–9.57). PWUD in nonurban counties experienced 9.73 more law enforcement stops than those in urban areas (95 % CI: 4.90–14.56). No significant differences were found by race or ethnicity and CLS involvement. Only 13 % of PWUD were aware that all drugs had been decriminalized.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Despite drug decriminalization, the majority of PWUD in our study reported significant CLS engagement and limited M110 knowledge.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11322,"journal":{"name":"Drug and alcohol dependence","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142319529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding the motivational mechanisms for smoking and vaping among dual users and exclusive smokers","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.112436","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.112436","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Understanding the motivational processes that influence e-cigarette use in a laboratory setting may help elucidate mechanisms that support long-term ecigarette use, which could have significant clinical and public health consequences.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Secondary analyses were conducted on data from exclusive smokers (<em>N</em>=47) and dual users (<em>N</em>=88) who underwent a laboratory <em>ad lib</em> use session. Participants were given 10<!--> <!-->minutes to smoke (exclusive smokers) or vape (dual users) as much as they wanted. Withdrawal was assessed pre- and post-use. Smoking and vaping behavior was coded from session videos. Person-level predictors included cigarette/ecigarette craving-relief expectancies, demographics, and cigarette/e-cigarette use and dependence. Smoking and vaping status was assessed at Year 1 using self-reported 30-day point prevalence. Data were analyzed using general linear models and logistic regressions.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Both groups reported reductions in withdrawal after product use, including cigarette craving. Baseline e-cigarette craving-relief expectancies, pre-session ecigarette craving, heaviness of e-cigarette use, and relative e-cigarette dependence were significant univariate predictors of continued vaping in dual users at Year 1 (<em>OR</em>s&gt;1.04, <em>p</em>s&lt;.05). Dual users and exclusive smokers did not differ on use behavior (i.e., average number of puffs, <em>p</em>s&gt;.16).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>E-cigarette use alleviated withdrawal, including cigarette and e-cigarette craving, in dual users. Laboratory use behavior did not differ between dual users using e-cigarettes and exclusive smokers using cigarettes. Greater e-cigarette craving-relief expectancies, e-cigarette craving, heaviness of e-cigarette use, and morning product use pattern (‘relative dependence’) may reflect mechanisms that sustain e-cigarette use.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11322,"journal":{"name":"Drug and alcohol dependence","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142328117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of xylazine on naloxone-precipitated fentanyl withdrawal in male and female rats","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.112450","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.112450","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>The combination of fentanyl and xylazine (i.e., “tranq-dope”) was recently declared an emerging national health threat in the United States. Given the recency of this development, very little is known regarding the behavioral pharmacology of fentanyl-xylazine combinations. The purpose of this study was to characterize the somatic and affective withdrawal symptoms of this drug combination.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Male and female Long Evans rats were given twice daily (08:00 and 20:00) subcutaneous injections of fentanyl, xylazine, or combined fentanyl-xylazine for five days. On the sixth (testing) day, rats were given a final injection at 08:00. Four hours later, rats were injected intraperitoneally with either saline or a naloxone challenge before behavioral observation. Somatic withdrawal was examined using the Gellert-Holtzman scale and anxiety-like behavior was examined using the elevated plus maze.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Naloxone administration did not induce somatic or affective symptoms in rats treated with fentanyl alone, a low dose of xylazine alone, or a high dose of xylazine alone. Naloxone induced somatic but not affective withdrawal symptoms in rats treated with both fentanyl and xylazine.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Chronic co-exposure to fentanyl and xylazine produces an opioid-like somatic withdrawal syndrome at doses that are not apparent with either drug alone<strong>.</strong> These results corroborate clinical reports that xylazine worsens fentanyl withdrawal and suggest that novel interventions may be required to treat withdrawal from fentanyl-xylazine combinations in humans.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11322,"journal":{"name":"Drug and alcohol dependence","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142238902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimating the societal cost of heroin dependence in an Australian population engaged in treatment or harm reduction services","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.112447","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.112447","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Heroin dependence is a public health concern in Australia. High mortality rates, increased risk of physical/mental health comorbidities and increased risk of social issues contribute to a high personal and societal cost. The aim of this paper is to understand the societal cost of heroin dependence in an Australian population.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A longitudinal cohort study of 600 people with heroin dependence were interviewed at five timepoints. Resource use was determined from interviews and was multiplied by unit costs to estimate the annual healthcare, productivity, crime and other costs (homelessness, heroin drug and prison costs). The monetary value of premature mortality was calculated using the value of a statistical life year method.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The annual mean societal cost of heroin dependence in Australia was A$120,599/person. This included healthcare costs (A$10,055), lost productivity costs (A$63,158), crime costs (A$7204) and other costs (A$40,182). Healthcare costs, lost productivity costs, crime costs and other costs trended downwards over the five waves. Lost productivity was the highest cost contributor (52 %), followed by heroin drug (25 %). The estimated number of life years lost due to heroin over the 11-year study period was 2703 years, which approximates to a monetary value of premature death of $213 million.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion and conclusions</h3><div>The significant societal cost emphasises the importance of providing resources to heroin dependence. The cost of lost productivity, crime and heroin contributed to over 80 % of the total costs, which highlights the illicit nature and reduced capacity to work contributes to the high costs to society.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11322,"journal":{"name":"Drug and alcohol dependence","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0376871624013723/pdfft?md5=b817daea5f3121e835c69936bb1d138d&pid=1-s2.0-S0376871624013723-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142313024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is severe alcohol use disorder really associated with increased utilitarian moral judgment? Exploration using the CNI model","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.112435","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.112435","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><p>The psychology of moral decision-making classically contrasts utilitarianism (based on consequences) and deontology (based on moral norms). Previous studies capitalizing on this dichotomy have suggested the presence of a utilitarian bias among patients with severe alcohol use disorder (SAUD). We aimed to further disentangle the processes involved in such bias through a more validated approach, the CNI model of moral decision-making. This model allows to go further than the classical approach by distinguishing sensitivity to consequences (C), to moral norms (N), and general preference for inaction over action (I) in response to moral dilemmas.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Thirty-four recently detoxified patients with SAUD and 34 matched control participants completed a battery of 48 dilemmas derived from the CNI model, as well as social cognition tasks.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>In contrast with the utilitarian bias suggested in previous studies based on the classical approach, patients with SAUD did not show an increased sensitivity to consequences in comparison with control participants. However, they showed a reduced sensitivity to moral norms, as well as a greater action tendency. These biases were not related to social cognition deficits.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Patients with SAUD are not more utilitarian than healthy controls, this previously reported bias being artificially generated by the methodological limits of the classical approach. Instead, they present a reduced sensitivity to moral norms and an action bias, which might impact their interpersonal relations and contribute to the social isolation frequently reported in this population, thus identifying moral decision-making as a new therapeutic lever in SAUD.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11322,"journal":{"name":"Drug and alcohol dependence","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142238901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and correlates of fentanyl test strip use among people who use drugs in Rhode Island","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.112446","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.112446","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Illicitly manufactured fentanyl accounts for a majority of overdose fatalities in the US. Research has demonstrated that fentanyl test strips (FTS) help people who use drugs (PWUD) avoid unintended exposure to fentanyl and overdose. This study assesses characteristics associated with FTS use among PWUD in Rhode Island. Such findings may shed light on whether there are subgroups of PWUD who are less likely to be using FTS and therefore may benefit from their use.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>From September 2020 - February 2023, participants were recruited to participate in RAPIDS, a clinical trial assessing whether FTS provision can reduce overdose rates. Baseline data were used to assess correlates of lifetime FTS use through bivariable and multivariable analyses. We also examined drug testing patterns relating to FTS use in the past month.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Of 509 people enrolled, 376 (73.9 %) had heard of FTS before enrollment. Among this group, 189 (50.3 %) reported lifetime FTS use and 98 (26.1 %) reported use in the last month. In bivariable analyses, lifetime injection drug use, responding to an overdose, and drug selling were associated with FTS use. Solitary drug use was not associated with FTS uptake. In the multivariable analysis, gender and lifetime naloxone administration were associated with FTS use. Of those who used FTS in the past month, 76.5 % had at least one test that was positive for fentanyl.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>We found high uptake of FTS use among PWUD in Rhode Island. Our results also suggest a need for targeted outreach to increase FTS uptake among sub-groups of PWUD.</p></div><div><h3>Clinical trial registration</h3><p>The Rhode Island Prescription and Illicit Drug Study is a registered clinical trial, NCT043722838</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11322,"journal":{"name":"Drug and alcohol dependence","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142274798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and predictors of HIV among patients presenting to US emergency departments with opioid overdose","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.112423","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.112423","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><p>Opioid overdose deaths in the U.S. have risen dramatically in the past decade, largely due to the surge in illicitly manufactured fentanyl. Injection drug use is a known risk factor for HIV, further complicating the long-term consequences of opioid use. The baseline prevalence of HIV among adults in the US is 0.46 %. The primary purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors of HIV among patients presenting to the emergency departments (ED) with an acute opioid overdose.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>This study is a prospective observational cohort study from the ToxIC Fentalog Study group. Patients age 18 years of age or older are included if they present to one of 10 participating U.S. hospitals in 9 states between September 2020 and May 2023 with a suspected opioid overdose and had waste serum available after routine laboratory testing. Clinical data is collected from the medical record and patient serum is sent for comprehensive toxicologic analysis via liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectroscopy to detect the presence of over 1200 substances including illicit opioids, novel synthetic opioids, medications, and adulterants. Logistic multivariable regression was performed to examine the association between demographic, behavioral, and serum toxicology data with risk factors and HIV status.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Among the total cohort (n=1690), 1062 cases had known HIV status (62.8 % of total sample). Among patients with a known HIV status, 60 (5.6 % [95 % CI: 4.2 %, 7.0 %]) were HIV positive. Patients with HIV reported stimulant use more frequently (13.3 %) than those without HIV (6.8 %; p=0.003). After controlling for confounding, bipolar psychiatric history was a significant independent predictor of HIV positivity (aOR: 1.08; 95 % CI: 1.02, 1.13) in this population.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>In this large multicenter cohort, the prevalence of HIV for ED patients with illicit opioid overdose was 9 times higher than that expected by the general population. Bipolar disorder appears to be a novel risk factor for HIV positivity in this patient population.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11322,"journal":{"name":"Drug and alcohol dependence","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142169396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential role of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists in substance use disorder: A systematic review of randomized trials","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.112424","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.112424","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Increasing evidence suggests that GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) have a potential use in addiction treatment. Few studies have assessed the impact of GLP-1RA on substance use disorder (SUD), particularly in humans. The study aimed to do systematic review of clinical trials to assess GLP-1RA's effect on reducing SUD in patients.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>The scientific literature was reviewed using the MEDLINE, Scopus and Cochrane Library databases, following PRISMA guidelines. Studies including patients with a diagnosis of SU who were treated with GLP-1RA were selected. The primary outcome was GLP-1RA's therapeutic effect on SUD, and the secondary outcomes were therapeutic effects of GLP-1RA on weight, BMI and HbA1c.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>1218 studies were retrieved, resulting in 507 papers after title and abstract screening. Following full-text review, only 5 articles met inclusion criteria. We incorporated a total of 630 participants utilizing Exenatide (n=3) and Dulaglutide (n=2) as GLP-1RAs. Therapeutic effect of GLP-1RA on SUD was assessed in 5 studies, with 3 demonstrating a significant decrease in SUD (alcohol and nicotine). GLP-1RA's impact on body weight, BMI, and HbA1c, was reported in 3 studies. These revealed a notable reduction in these parameters among the GLP-1RA treated group.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>This review will give an overview of current new findings in human studies; we suggest that the effects of GLP-1RA in SUD is a possible new option of therapy in addiction medicine.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11322,"journal":{"name":"Drug and alcohol dependence","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0376871624013498/pdfft?md5=dd700358e8821ab7d884c2fdd369f53a&pid=1-s2.0-S0376871624013498-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142238898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Suvorexant enhances oxycodone-induced respiratory depression in male rats","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.112434","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.112434","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Recent studies have proposed the use of dual orexin receptor antagonists, such as suvorexant, for the treatment of opioid use disorder (OUD) and opioid-related sleep disturbances because of orexin’s role in sleep-wake regulation and addiction. Accumulating evidence suggests that orexin is also an important modulator of respiratory function, raising the possibility of adverse respiratory events when combining orexin antagonists and opioids. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of suvorexant, alone or in combination with the opioid oxycodone, on pulmonary ventilation in male rats.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Adult, male Sprague Dawley rats received treatments with vehicle, oxycodone (3 and 10<!--> <!-->mg/kg, i.p.) or suvorexant (10 and 18<!--> <!-->mg/kg, i.p.), and respiratory measures were obtained using whole-body plethysmography. We then tested the effects of a combination of suvorexant (10 and 18<!--> <!-->mg/kg, i.p.) and the highest dose of oxycodone that did not suppress respiration alone (3<!--> <!-->mg/kg, i.p).</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Oxycodone induced respiratory depression at 10<!--> <!-->mg/kg, but not 3.0<!--> <!-->mg/kg; as evident by significant decreases in minute volume (mls/min) and tidal volume (mls). Suvorexant alone did not alter any respiratory measures at the doses tested. When combined, 18<!--> <!-->mg/kg (but not 10<!--> <!-->mg/kg) suvorexant plus an ineffective dose of oxycodone significantly decreased minute and tidal volume compared with vehicle and either drug alone, whereas respiratory frequency was significantly decreased compared with vehicle.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Our findings show that suvorexant, at a dose associated with sleep promotion and blockade of oxycodone self-administration, robustly enhanced oxycodone-induced respiratory depression in male rats.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11322,"journal":{"name":"Drug and alcohol dependence","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142163952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}