Drug and alcohol review最新文献

{"title":"Understanding Drug and Alcohol Staff Perspectives on the Barriers and Facilitators to Drug Checking: A Qualitative Study","authors":"Nina Pocuca,&nbsp;Brodie C. Dakin,&nbsp;Cheneal Puljević,&nbsp;Cameron Francis,&nbsp;Daniel Stjepanović,&nbsp;Anthony Barnett,&nbsp;Leanne Hides","doi":"10.1111/dar.14073","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dar.14073","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Drug checking (i.e., whereby members of the public submit a drug sample for pharmacological analysis of the drug content) is an evidence-based harm reduction tool. Despite this, the uptake of drug checking services by people who use drugs (PWUD) is often limited across different jurisdictions and types of services, highlighting the need for research examining barriers to drug checking uptake from the perspective of key stakeholders. This qualitative pre-implementation study explored the perspectives of staff employed by alcohol and other drug (AOD) organisations on drug checking, including barriers and facilitators to uptake.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Interviews were conducted with 23 AOD harm reduction and AOD treatment staff (14 female; mean age = 38.8 years, SD = 8.2). Qualitative data were analysed using iterative categorisation.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Five themes were extracted from the data: (i) PWUD infrequently are most likely to access drug checking; (ii) Confidentiality and anonymity concerns are barriers to drug checking; (iii) Ease of use is integral to drug checking uptake; (iv) Safe, non-judgemental environments that include peer workers are critical; and (v) People who sell drugs will likely use drug checking.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion and Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The following factors were identified as paramount to the uptake of drug checking services among PWUD: (i) confidentiality; (ii) agreements or memoranda of understanding that protect service clients from over-policing and criminalisation; (iii) mobile and fixed-site services that are accessible to PWUD; and (iv) a non-judgemental and safe environment that includes both health professionals and peer workers with lived experience.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11318,"journal":{"name":"Drug and alcohol review","volume":"44 5","pages":"1330-1338"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/dar.14073","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143978490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in the Sex/Gender Gap in Cannabis Use in Ontario, Canada From 2001 to 2019","authors":"Justin Matheson,&nbsp;Yeshambel Nigatu,&nbsp;Tara Elton-Marshall,&nbsp;Sergio Rueda,&nbsp;Farihah Ali,&nbsp;Hayley A. Hamilton,&nbsp;Jurgen Rehm,&nbsp;Bernard Le Foll,&nbsp;Sameer Imtiaz","doi":"10.1111/dar.14072","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dar.14072","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Although cannabis use has been historically higher in men than women, some research suggests a narrowing of the sex/gender gap in recent decades. We characterised trends in cannabis use patterns by sex/gender and examined trends in the sex/gender ratios of cannabis use patterns in Ontario, Canada.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Data were drawn from the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Monitor Survey, a repeated, population-based, cross-sectional telephone survey of adults in Ontario, Canada (2001–2019). Participants provided self-reports of cannabis use during lifetime and cannabis use during the past 12 months. Male-to-female ratios of both outcomes in each year were calculated. Trends in these outcomes were analysed using join point regression.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>All outcomes increased among males and females between 2001 and 2019: cannabis use in lifetime (average annual percentage change [AAPC; 95% confidence interval]: 2.0 [0.6–3.3] and 2.9 [1.8–4.0], respectively) and cannabis use during past 12 months (3.5 [2.2–4.9] and 4.7 [2.8–6.6], respectively). The male-to-female ratio of cannabis use during lifetime decreased between 2001 and 2019 (AAPC [95% confidence interval]: −0.7, [−1.0 to −0.4]), unlike cannabis use during past 12 months (−0.5 [−1.8–0.7]).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion and Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our findings suggest a narrowing of the sex/gender gap in cannabis use. Continued monitoring of the sex/gender gap is important to inform health promotion efforts and guide cannabis policy.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11318,"journal":{"name":"Drug and alcohol review","volume":"44 5","pages":"1508-1512"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143973605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The prevalence and correlates of self-reported cannabis use for medicinal, dual and recreational motives in Australia: Findings from the National Drug Strategy Household Survey 2022/2023","authors":"Danielle Dawson,&nbsp;Gary Chan,&nbsp;Daniel Stjepanović,&nbsp;Valentina Lorenzetti,&nbsp;Wayne D. Hall,&nbsp;Janni Leung","doi":"10.1111/dar.14062","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dar.14062","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Cannabis has been prescribed as a medicine in Australia since 2016. The current study aimed to conduct a descriptive, epidemiological investigation on the prevalence and correlates of cannabis use for different motives (recreational-only, medical-only or dual-use) in Australia. It also aimed to examine the correlates of different cannabis use motives.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The National Drug Strategy Household Survey 2022/2023 was used to estimate the prevalence and correlates of cannabis use motives among Australians. Prevalence estimates were weighted to the population and multinomial logistic regressions were used to examine the impact of age, gender, frequency of use and some of the most common conditions for which cannabis is prescribed in Australia (i.e., chronic pain, cancer and anxiety) on cannabis use motives.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The prevalence of medical-only cannabis use was 1.0% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.6, 1.4%), recreational-only use was 8.6% (CI 7.5, 9.7%) and dual-use was 1.9% (CI 1.3, 2.5%). Respondents who reported chronic pain had a stronger association with medical-only (relative risk ratio [RRR] = 8.10, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001) or dual-use motives (RRR = 5.17, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001) compared to recreational-only. Respondents who usually obtained cannabis via prescription had a stronger association with medical-only motives compared to dual-use (RRR = 10.55, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). Greater frequency of use was more strongly associated with dual-use motives compared to recreational-only.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion and Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The emergence of dual-use cannabis consumers is a conundrum for the current medicinal cannabis policy framework in Australia. Research on the potential harms associated with the dual-use and medical-only use of cannabis should be prioritised as prescriptions for medicinal cannabis increase and barriers to access are lessened.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11318,"journal":{"name":"Drug and alcohol review","volume":"44 5","pages":"1351-1364"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/dar.14062","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143969626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Do We Need On-Site Drug Analysis Within Supervised Injecting Facilities?","authors":"Paul Calle","doi":"10.1111/dar.14066","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dar.14066","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11318,"journal":{"name":"Drug and alcohol review","volume":"44 4","pages":"1294-1295"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143985798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Before a diagnosis of secondary catatonia due to chronic nitrous oxide use is made, all alternative causes must be ruled out","authors":"João Gama Marques,&nbsp;Josef Finsterer","doi":"10.1111/dar.14064","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dar.14064","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11318,"journal":{"name":"Drug and alcohol review","volume":"44 4","pages":"1290-1291"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143957969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response to “Before a diagnosis of secondary catatonia due to chronic nitrous oxide use is made, all alternative causes must be ruled out”","authors":"Tanguy Taillefer de Laportalière,&nbsp;Maximilien Redon,&nbsp;Anne Roussin,&nbsp;Estelle Willemet,&nbsp;Etienne Very,&nbsp;Jean Olivier,&nbsp;Maryse Lapeyre-Mestre","doi":"10.1111/dar.14065","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dar.14065","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11318,"journal":{"name":"Drug and alcohol review","volume":"44 4","pages":"1292-1293"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143984418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parental Alcohol Problems and Lack of Adult Support During Childhood—Consequences for Subjective and Objective Social Connection in Adulthood","authors":"Siri Håvås Haugland,&nbsp;Lisbeth Gallefoss,&nbsp;Aleksander Hals-Lydersen,&nbsp;John-Kåre Vederhus","doi":"10.1111/dar.14070","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dar.14070","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Parental alcohol problems may cause immediate and long-term harm in children. This study investigated the relationship between parental alcohol problems and adult social connection, and whether the absence of adult support during childhood compounded these relationships.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We used cross-sectional data from 23,714 adults (&gt; 18 years) who participated in the 2019 Norwegian Counties Public Health Survey. Parental alcohol problems were assessed using CAST-6. Social connection was measured using objective (participation in social activities) and subjective indicators (missing someone to be with, feeling excluded, isolated or lack of support). Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to analyse associations between parental alcohol problems (with or without adult support) and adult social connection, adjusted for sex, age and socioeconomic status.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Individuals reporting parental alcohol problems had higher odds of poor social connection across all indicators compared to those without these experiences (odds ratios [OR] and 95% confidence intervals [CI] ranged from OR 1.14; CI 1.01–1.29 to OR 1.49; CI 1.26–1.76). These associations were notably stronger for those who also lacked adult support during childhood, particularly in subjective indicators of social connection, with OR ranging from 1.50; CI 1.36–1.67 to OR 4.02; CI 3.49–4.64.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion and Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Findings revealed associations between parental alcohol problems and lack of social connection in adulthood. The negative impact was amplified when adult support during childhood was lacking, particularly affecting the subjective measures of social connection. These findings highlight the long-term consequences of parental alcohol problems and underscore the potential protective role of adult support.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11318,"journal":{"name":"Drug and alcohol review","volume":"44 5","pages":"1459-1467"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143986593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Age, period and cohort trends in hospital admissions for alcohol-related liver disease in Australia, 1993–2020","authors":"Michael Livingston,&nbsp;Will Gilmore,&nbsp;Nic Taylor,&nbsp;Tanya Chikritzhs,&nbsp;Wing See Yuen,&nbsp;Jessica Howell,&nbsp;Ericka Flores,&nbsp;Michael Curtis,&nbsp;Paul Dietze","doi":"10.1111/dar.14063","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dar.14063","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study examines trends in admissions for alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) for Australian men and women between 1993 and 2020 and disaggregates these trends into age, period and cohort components.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Retrospective age-period-cohort analysis of hospital admissions with a primary diagnosis of ALD. Setting: Australia. Cases: 133,705 hospital admissions – 97,755 men (73%); 35,950 women (27%). Measurements: Hospital admissions for ALD were grouped into five-year age groups (15–19, 20–24 up to 85 and over) for each financial year between 1992/93 and 2020/21.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>ALD admission rates were substantially higher for men than women. Rates for men increased up to 2005 and subsequently declined before an uptick in 2020. For women, rates increased steadily over the period. In age-period-cohort models, male admission rates were relatively stable over both period and cohort. For women, period effects increased steadily – compared to the period reference year of 2006, the RR for women's admission rates was 0.69 (0.65, 0.74) in 1993, increasing to 1.23 (1.18, 1.29) in 2020. Recent cohorts had significantly higher rates of hospital admission for ALD than those born earlier (e.g., women born in the 1996 cohort had an RR of 2.2 (1.8, 2.7) relative to those born in the reference year 1956).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion and Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Increases in hospital admissions for ALD, especially since the COVID-19 pandemic, point to the need for effective identification and interventions for people with alcohol-use disorders at risk of chronic disease outcomes.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11318,"journal":{"name":"Drug and alcohol review","volume":"44 4","pages":"1254-1263"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/dar.14063","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143997406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elucidating the acute effects of medically prescribed oral and vaporised delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on cognitive functions important for driving","authors":"Kayla B. Stefanidis,&nbsp;Carla Schiemer,&nbsp;Taren Mieran,&nbsp;Andrew Hill,&nbsp;Mark S. Horswill,&nbsp;Mathew J. Summers","doi":"10.1111/dar.14060","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dar.14060","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This program of research investigated the acute effects of orally ingested (Study 1) and vaporised (Study 2) cannabis containing delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on cognitive functions relevant for driving in two samples of medicinal cannabis patients (Study 1 <i>N</i> = 41 oral users; Study 2 <i>N</i> = 37 flower users).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Participants completed counterbalanced baseline (no cannabis) and cannabis consumption (post-cannabis) appointments scheduled approximately 1 week apart. During each session, participants were administered a cognitive battery assessing information processing speed, sustained and divided attention, inhibitory control and mental flexibility. In the post-cannabis condition, the battery was completed 90 min after consuming one dose of cannabis oil (Study 1) or 15 min after vaporising one dose of cannabis flower (Study 2).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In both samples, acute cannabis oil and flower administration did not induce a change in information processing speed, divided and sustained attention, or inhibitory control performance (after excluding participants with a positive drug indication at the start of either session), highlighting the moderating role of tolerance. However, significant reductions in TMT B performance were observed. Further, TMT ratio was significantly reduced post consumption of cannabis oil.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion and Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>TMT B may be sensitive to acute cannabis consumption in medicinal cannabis patients. However, further research is needed to determine the nature and duration of these effects, and whether such effects vary depending on the population studied (e.g., regular vs. new users).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11318,"journal":{"name":"Drug and alcohol review","volume":"44 4","pages":"1010-1023"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/dar.14060","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143971602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Defining terminology and outcome measures for evaluating overdose response technology: An international Delphi study","authors":"William Rioux,&nbsp;Dylan Viste,&nbsp;Navid Sedaghat,&nbsp;Nathan Rider,&nbsp;Joseph Tay Wee Tek,&nbsp;Melissa Perri,&nbsp;David G. Schwartz,&nbsp;Kim Ritchie,&nbsp;Giuseppe Carrà,&nbsp;Stephanie Carreiro,&nbsp;Oona Kreig,&nbsp;Gabriela Marcu,&nbsp;Joseph Arthur,&nbsp;Joanne Cogdell,&nbsp;Mike Brown,&nbsp;Tyler Marshall,&nbsp;S. Monty Ghosh","doi":"10.1111/dar.14055","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dar.14055","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Various novel harm reduction services leverage technology to reduce the rising number of drug poisoning deaths, particularly among those who use drugs alone. There is significant variability in terminology and outcome measures in reporting these interventions, complicating efforts to build a comprehensive knowledge base. Thus, we conducted a Delphi study to establish consensus and heterogeneity in these metrics.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Panellists from three stakeholder groups (people who use drugs, virtual harm reduction service operators and academics) participated in a multi-round Delphi study. The first round included open-ended questions to propose items in three categories: terminology, demographic information and outcomes. Subsequent rounds included options from a previously conducted scoping review for consideration. Likert ratings were used to achieve consensus, with a 70% threshold. Final rounds involved ranking terminology that reached a consensus.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Of 23 initial participants, 14 completed the fourth survey round. “Overdose response technology” was identified as the most appropriate term for these harm reduction technologies. This definition includes drug contamination alerts, overdose response hotlines and applications, wearable overdose detection technology and overdose detection tools. Fourteen demographic outcomes reached a consensus for data collection, including name or handle, neighbourhood, age, gender, past overdose experience, substance used, amount and route of use. Six service use outcomes were recommended: response type, service outcomes, morbidity and mortality, overdose events, responder arrival time and post-rescue care.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion and Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The study results are recommended to standardise terminology and guide future research and knowledge dissemination in the field, ensuring clear communication with a shared language.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11318,"journal":{"name":"Drug and alcohol review","volume":"44 5","pages":"1430-1443"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/dar.14055","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143981987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}