Drug and alcohol review最新文献

{"title":"Hydromorphone Hopes: A Qualitative Study of People Initiating Supervised Short-Acting Injectable Opioid Treatment in Australia","authors":"Jake Rance,&nbsp;Vendula Belackova,&nbsp;James Bell,&nbsp;Adrian J. Dunlop,&nbsp;Nadine Ezard,&nbsp;Marianne Jauncey,&nbsp;Nicholas Lintzeris,&nbsp;Eugenia Oviedo-Joekes,&nbsp;Alison Ritter,&nbsp;Darren M. Roberts,&nbsp;Craig Rodgers,&nbsp;Krista J. Siefried,&nbsp;John Strang,&nbsp;Willem van den Brink,&nbsp;Carla Treloar","doi":"10.1111/dar.14092","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dar.14092","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A growing body of qualitative scholarship has drawn attention to aspects of supervised injectable opioid treatment (SIOT) not captured in earlier clinical trial data, identifying treatment initiation as one such area. Crucial questions surrounding people's motivations, expectations and initial experiences of SIOT remain under-explored. This paper examines the first tranche of qualitative findings from participants of Australia's first-ever SIOT trial, the ‘Feasibility of Opioid Injectable Treatment’ (FOpIT) study. Noting the novelty of both SIOT and hydromorphone within the Australian context, we ask: what motivated people to participate in the trial and what were their early experiences of this new treatment and medication?</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Fifteen semi-structured, in-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with participants commencing hydromorphone.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Almost universally, participants expressed a strong desire for change in their lives, foregrounding their intention to cease or reduce their use of street heroin. For many, the appeal of SIOT was driven by prior, unsatisfactory experiences with standard opioid agonist treatment (methadone, buprenorphine). Early accounts of hydromorphone ranged from favourable comparisons to street heroin to noting its relative shortcomings. Nonetheless, a dominant narrative emerged of reduced or ceased use of street heroin within days of beginning the trial.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion and Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Understanding the complexities surrounding SIOT initiation has clear implications for clinical practice, including the potential for improved treatment engagement, retention and outcomes. Accounts from FOpIT participants commencing SIOT revealed a diversity of motivations, hopes, goals and medication effects. The extent to which these are carried through to treatment outcomes is an area of ongoing research.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11318,"journal":{"name":"Drug and alcohol review","volume":"44 5","pages":"1533-1542"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/dar.14092","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144207921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Susceptibility to Hepatitis B Virus Infection Among People Who Inject Drugs in Montreal, Canada","authors":"Olivia Price,&nbsp;Sarah Larney,&nbsp;Valerie Martel-Laferrière,&nbsp;Julie Bruneau,&nbsp;Brendan Harney","doi":"10.1111/dar.14091","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dar.14091","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>People who inject drugs are at elevated risk of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, which is preventable by vaccination. We examined susceptibility to HBV infection among a sample of people who inject drugs and live in Montreal, Canada.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Data were obtained from HEPCO, a prospective cohort study of people who had recently (within the past six months) injected drugs, between November 2022 and March 2024. The absence of hepatitis B surface antibody indicated susceptibility to HBV infection. These results were compared to self-report immune status. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with HBV susceptibility.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Overall, 28.1% (108/384) of participants were susceptible to HBV infection. Over half (60.2%, 231/384) of participants correctly reported their immune status. Individuals born in Canada prior to the introduction of universal childhood vaccination programs had higher odds of susceptibility to HBV infection (adjusted odds ratio: 2.63, 95% confidence interval: 1.34–5.61), while those in opioid agonist treatment (0.60, 0.37–0.98) and with a history of hepatitis C infection (0.51, 0.32–0.83) had lower odds of HBV susceptibility.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion and Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>An important minority of people who inject drugs in Montreal remain susceptible to HBV infection. Moderate concordance between self-report and serological results indicates that serology or vaccine registry information should continue to be used to inform immunisation provision. People who inject drugs who were born prior to childhood vaccination programs and/or are not in opioid agonist treatment are subpopulations who require targeted interventions to increase vaccination coverage.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11318,"journal":{"name":"Drug and alcohol review","volume":"44 5","pages":"1526-1532"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/dar.14091","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144207922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimating the Prevalence of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder in Australia","authors":"Tracey W. Tsang,&nbsp;Daniel H. Rosenblatt,&nbsp;Indra Parta,&nbsp;Elizabeth J. Elliott","doi":"10.1111/dar.14082","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dar.14082","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is caused by prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) and characterised by severe neurodevelopmental impairment. Australian studies have reported PAE prevalence of between 14% and 78% of births. Estimating national FASD prevalence in the general population using gold-standard active case ascertainment is costly and time-consuming, and alternative approaches are required.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Using a published equation for the risk of FASD following PAE (estimated from an international meta-analysis) and a pooled estimate of PAE prevalence in Australia (from a meta-analysis of 78 studies reporting 16 large general population-based birth cohorts between 1975 and 2018), we estimated the population prevalence of FASD. Monte Carlo simulations were used to determine confidence intervals.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Estimated FASD prevalence in the general population was 3.64% (95% confidence interval 2.91%, 4.41%).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion and Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The estimated FASD prevalence in the general population of Australia was comparable to that in other high-income countries (e.g., USA, Canada). Although it is likely that certain vulnerable populations have significantly higher FASD prevalence, this estimate provides a baseline estimate for the general population to inform service development and strategies for prevention of FASD and guide future research.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11318,"journal":{"name":"Drug and alcohol review","volume":"44 5","pages":"1522-1525"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/dar.14082","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144207919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"‘Moderation Is the Holy Grail’: The Acceptability of ‘Sober Curious’ Tools for Alcohol Reduction Among Midlife Women","authors":"Belinda Lunnay,&nbsp;Sarah MacLean,&nbsp;Tonda Hughes,&nbsp;Amy Pennay,&nbsp;Paul R. Ward","doi":"10.1111/dar.14085","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dar.14085","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Midlife Australian women are a population group in which alcohol consumption is not decreasing across generations, as in other groups. We explored midlife women's perceptions and experiences of engaging with sober curious tools (self-guided programs, apps, literature, podcasts, online forums) to determine the acceptability of such tools among those seeking to reduce drinking.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Qualitative interviews with 26 Australian women (aged 45–64) of varying social classes, work and relationship statuses living in Adelaide/Melbourne/Sydney who self-reported heavy/medium drinking during 2021. We applied Sekhon et al.'s ‘acceptability of healthcare interventions’ framework to understand components that increase the acceptability of sober curious tools and an abductive logic to explain the mechanisms that impact acceptability.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Acceptability was stronger among women who felt a sense of security and belonging when tools cohered with their preparedness to reduce drinking and accounted for their perceptions about feasible reductions. Importantly, sober curious tools increased the acceptability of reducing alcohol by increasing women's agency to ‘question’ heavy-drinking norms, especially when combined with social supports. It is important to women that they envisage themselves as the intended ‘user’ of sober curious tools. Acceptability differed for women based on social class inequities that result in marginalisation and that intersect with stigma because of ageism.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion and Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Sober curious tools are most acceptable to middle class and affluent women and represent capacities to reduce alcohol consumption. Understanding the experiences of diverse groups of women and their agency to engage with sober curiosity is important to inform future interventions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11318,"journal":{"name":"Drug and alcohol review","volume":"44 5","pages":"1496-1507"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144186784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Scoping Review of the Emergence of Novel Synthetic Opioids in Australian Drug Markets: What Does This Mean for Harm Reduction Responses?","authors":"Emmanuel Mammoliti, Suzanne Nielsen, Amanda Roxburgh","doi":"10.1111/dar.14079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.14079","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Issues: </strong>Rising synthetic opioid deaths in North America, and the emergence of nitazene harms has driven concern about novel synthetic opioids (NSO) in Australia. This scoping review aimed to map what is known about NSOs in Australia.</p><p><strong>Approach: </strong>Scoping review of peer-reviewed and grey literature on NSO detections and harms.</p><p><strong>Criteria: </strong>studies describing NSO market indicators and harms in Australia.</p><p><strong>Key findings: </strong>Overall, 912 peer-reviewed studies were identified; 40 met criteria. Monitoring systems identified NSOs (e.g., β-U10, nitazenes) for the first time in Australia. Nitazene toxicity appeared in emergency departments (N = 11, 2021-onwards), two involved intentional consumption. NSOs for sale to Australia on cryptomarkets comprised < 1% of drug listings. Mortality studies identified fentanyl analogues (furanylfentanyl, acetylfentanyl) (N = 22, 2013-2021), and other NSO U-47700; (N = 12, 2016-2021) deaths. Thirty-three nitazene deaths were reported; 24 in Victoria (2021-onwards); 7 in SA (2022-onwards); two in NSW (2024). Australian Federal Police reported 47 nitazene seizures since July 2023. Fifty-one drug alerts were identified (2019-2024); 18 (34%) involved NSOs; 12 (24%) for nitazenes. Overall, 12 alerts were for NSO-contaminated stimulants; at least two fatal overdoses were confirmed due to NSO-contaminated stimulants.</p><p><strong>Implications: </strong>Australia has strong monitoring capacity for NSOs post-consumption. Harms occurring among opioid-naïve people unknowingly purchasing NSOs suggest a role for drug checking and cautious use of nitazene testing strips. Expanding take-home naloxone availability in entertainment settings, and to all who use drugs, is warranted.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This review demonstrated the recent and limited emergence of NSOs in Australia. Demand for NSOs is not yet clear; availability and harms are rapidly changing.</p>","PeriodicalId":11318,"journal":{"name":"Drug and alcohol review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144173036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patterns of Acute Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate Harms Requiring Ambulance Attendance: Should Greater Focus Be on Regional Areas?","authors":"Naomi Beard,&nbsp;James Wilson,&nbsp;Bosco C. Rowland,&nbsp;Ziad Nehme,&nbsp;Dan I. Lubman,&nbsp;Rowan P. Ogeil","doi":"10.1111/dar.14086","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dar.14086","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) use and attributable harms have been increasing in Europe and Australia. However, there are limited population surveillance tools available to map and track acute GHB-related harms, particularly outside metropolitan areas. The present study examined GHB-related ambulance attendances from January 2015 to March 2024 across the state of Victoria, and in Greater Geelong, the region associated with the highest number of attendances outside the state capital.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Retrospective analysis of all GHB-related ambulance attendances between 1 January 2015 and 31 March 2024 from the Victorian arm of the National Ambulance Surveillance System. Descriptives and time series analyses were used to present demographic and spatio-temporal patterns.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>There were 16,971 ambulance attendances for GHB during the study period. A sinusoidal trend was apparent in the statewide data, suggesting a seasonal factor to GHB-related attendances, with greater numbers occurring during quarter four of each year. Whilst a seasonal effect was also apparent in Greater Geelong, increases in attendances have been consistent since quarter four of 2021 (between 7% and 34%). The magnitude of these increases was not observed in other regional areas.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion and Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Acute GHB-related harms have increased in Victoria over time, in addition to a seasonal effect being apparent that coincided with summer in the Southern Hemisphere. Our findings support recent media reports from emergency department workers in the region of Greater Geelong that GHB harms have risen. This study demonstrates the value of using ambulance surveillance data to assess pre-hospital harms resulting from GHB use.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11318,"journal":{"name":"Drug and alcohol review","volume":"44 5","pages":"1412-1418"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/dar.14086","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144173040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Portuguese Validated Versions of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test: A Systematic Review of Academic and Grey Literature","authors":"Diogo Phalempin Cardoso,&nbsp;Daniela Oliveira,&nbsp;Beatriz Antunes,&nbsp;Rosa Saraiva,&nbsp;Kathryn Angus,&nbsp;Eugenia Gallardo,&nbsp;Frederico Rosário","doi":"10.1111/dar.14081","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dar.14081","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Issues</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) is one of the best screening instruments for at-risk drinkers. However, a fully validated Portuguese version is lacking. This study aimed to review validated versions of the AUDIT in Portuguese and their characteristics.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Approach</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A systematic search was performed in Ovid MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, ÍndexRMP, LILACS, AJOL and Scielo databases, along with grey literature searches. Two authors independently extracted data and assessed the studies' methodological quality, using the QUADAS-2 checklist.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Key Findings</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Seven studies were included in this review, six from Brazil and the other from Portugal, in a total of three versions of the AUDIT achieved through translation–back translation. Studies reported acceptable to good internal consistency (Cronbach <i>α</i> = 0.72–0.86), moderate to excellent inter-rater reliability (<i>K</i> = 0.75–0.99), and poor to moderate test–retest reliability (<i>K</i> = 0.52–0.75). Sensitivity ranged from 52.2% to 100% and specificity from 64% to 98.9%. Only two studies reported on AUC, with values between 0.805 and 0.858. No study reported on all the performance characteristics and psychometric properties. The Portuguese translations for terms lacking a direct translation from English were heterogeneous.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Implications</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This review could not identify any studies rigorously validating the AUDIT in Portuguese, raising concerns regarding the AUDIT's validity as a screening tool in Portugal and other Portuguese-speaking countries. The significant variation between versions raises questions regarding its efficacy.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The results of this review show the need for a validation study of the AUDIT in Portugal and other Portuguese-speaking countries and the development of a new version for Portugal.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11318,"journal":{"name":"Drug and alcohol review","volume":"44 5","pages":"1581-1593"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144149655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Caregivers Who Indicated a Child Was Substantially Affected by Others' Drinking in Australia","authors":"Cassandra Hopkins,&nbsp;Sandra Kuntsche,&nbsp;Robyn Dwyer,&nbsp;Heng Jiang,&nbsp;Anne-Marie Laslett","doi":"10.1111/dar.14087","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dar.14087","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Children's health and wellbeing is influenced by the social, economic and environmental conditions in which they live, known as the social determinants of health (SDH). This study examines caregivers' socio-demographic characteristics and reports of children substantially affected by others' drinking (i.e., caregivers' interpretations of severity).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A sample of 705 adults living with children under 18 years from the 2021 Australian Alcohol's Harm to Others study indicated how much a child was negatively affected by others' drinking (excluding their own) in the past year. Responses were categorised as ‘substantially affected’ or ‘less substantially affected’. Logistic regressions examined associations of socio-demographic characteristics and reports of substantially affected children.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Amongst caregivers, 5.4% indicated a child was substantially affected by others' drinking in the past year. Identifying as a woman (95% CI 1.17–5.13, <i>p</i> = 0.017), experiencing financial stress (95% CI 2.01–7.70, <i>p</i> = 0.000), being a single caregiver (95% CI 1.35–6.56, <i>p</i> = 0.007) or living in an area with a lower Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas score (95% CI 1.03–3.94, <i>p</i> = 0.039) was associated with an increased likelihood of indicating a child was substantially affected by others' drinking.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion and Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our findings highlight that caregiver social disadvantage is associated with indicating a child was substantially affected by others' drinking. Policies addressing alcohol consumption and social disadvantage affecting children's wellbeing are needed, particularly financial support for families experiencing financial stress and single caregivers. Larger and more targeted studies are needed to further examine SDH and outcomes for children related to others' drinking.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11318,"journal":{"name":"Drug and alcohol review","volume":"44 5","pages":"1488-1495"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/dar.14087","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144149751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contents and Time-Course of Falsified Alprazolam Detections in New South Wales, Australia","authors":"Janette L. Smith,&nbsp;Thanjira Jiranantakan,&nbsp;Una Cullinan,&nbsp;Christopher Ewers,&nbsp;Darren M. Roberts,&nbsp;Jared A. Brown","doi":"10.1111/dar.14068","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dar.14068","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Falsified alprazolam tablets (sometimes called ‘counterfeit alprazolam’) typically do not contain alprazolam and instead contain novel benzodiazepines or other drugs. We describe temporal changes in the number and contents of falsified alprazolam tablets in New South Wales, Australia.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We searched a database of analysed police seizures between January 2012 and March 2024 for falsified alprazolam (tablet presenting as Kalma, Mylan, Xanax, Sandoz or Alprax brands, but not containing alprazolam and/or contained other drugs). Falsified alprazolam tablets taken by patients presenting to NSW Health services for 5 months in 2020 were also tested.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We identified 809 falsified alprazolam tablet seizures, mostly Xanax (<i>n</i> = 406, 50%) or Mylan (<i>n</i> = 322, 40%) brands. The three most common drugs detected in falsified alprazolam tablets were the novel benzodiazepines etizolam (present in <i>n</i> = 228 samples, 28%), clonazolam (<i>n</i> = 224, 28%) and bromazolam (<i>n</i> = 178, 22%). Of all falsified alprazolam tablets, only 70 (8.7%) contained alprazolam. There were rare detections of non-benzodiazepine drugs including the opioids etodesnitazene and ortho-desmethyltramadol.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion and Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our analysis highlights the variability in contents of falsified alprazolam tablets over time. This report highlights the potential value of surveillance systems involving analysis of police seizure data as part of a drug early warning system. Our results are of interest to the community who take falsified alprazolam tablets, and to health care workers managing cases of poisoning or dependence. This study highlights the need to continue developing the ability to detect, assess and respond to emerging falsified products, to facilitate clinical and public health responses.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11318,"journal":{"name":"Drug and alcohol review","volume":"44 5","pages":"1449-1458"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/dar.14068","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144132188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gender Differences in Alcohol Research: A Focus on How Men and Women Are Studied in Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand","authors":"Megan Cook,&nbsp;Amy Pennay,&nbsp;Sarah MacLean,&nbsp;Gabriel Caluzzi,&nbsp;Benjamin Riordan,&nbsp;Amanda Cooklin,&nbsp;Alexandra Torney,&nbsp;Sarah Callinan","doi":"10.1111/dar.14083","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dar.14083","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Gender is a social and cultural construct that shapes human experience, and is one of the most significant social determinants of health [<span>1</span>]. Gendered drinking practices are an example of this. Research across different historical periods and cultural contexts has consistently shown that women are more likely to abstain from alcohol consumption [<span>2, 3</span>], while men generally consume more alcohol [<span>3</span>] and are more likely to engage in heavy episodic drinking than women [<span>4</span>]. Given these differences in consumption, men tend to experience more alcohol-related harms—for example, alcohol-attributable injuries, drink driving and developing alcohol use disorders [<span>3</span>]. In 2016, global disability-adjusted life years (DALY) attributable to alcohol use were far higher for men (6.0%; 95% uncertainty interval 5.4–6.7), compared with women (1.6%; 1.4–2.0), with DALYs lost attributable to alcohol experienced at higher rates in middle age [<span>5, 6</span>]. However, despite drinking less, women's alcohol consumption is subject to greater social sanctions, and is problematised more so than men's [<span>7-10</span>].</p><p>While research shows men consume more alcohol and experience more alcohol-related harms, our recent systematic review of over 1200 single-gender studies on alcohol published between 2014 and 2023 showed that researchers have focused their efforts largely on understanding women's drinking [<span>6</span>]. In our review we accepted the definition and terminology related to sex or gender as expressed in the individual study, and identified 44% of single-gender studies in the last decade focused on men, whereas 56% of studies focused on women. Stark disparities were also found in the populations studied. For example, studies on parents were more likely to be on mothers than on fathers, and studies on college students were more likely to be on women than men [<span>6</span>]. There were also glaring methodological differences (i.e., qualitative, quantitative or mixed methods approach), with significantly more qualitative studies on women (12%) than on men (5%).</p><p>We also examined the disciplinary focus (by considering authors affiliation, journal, paper's aim and framing), across the following groupings: (i) medicine, focussing on clinical conditions and biological processes; (ii) psychology, including all types of psychology (e.g., clinical, social, cultural etc.) neuroscience and neuroeconomics; (iii) sociology, including anthropology; and (iv) public health, including epidemiology, nutrition, population health and social work [<span>6</span>]. Of the included studies, one in three studies on men were from medical disciplines (nearly 1 in 10 studies on women were from medical disciplines; <i>n</i> = 69), whereas studies on women were more likely to come from social disciplines, such as psychology, public health or sociology.</p><p>Not only has alcohol research over the past decade ","PeriodicalId":11318,"journal":{"name":"Drug and alcohol review","volume":"44 5","pages":"1304-1307"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/dar.14083","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144101668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}