Drug Metabolism ReviewsPub Date : 2025-11-01Epub Date: 2025-08-13DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2025.2538676
Lionel Cheruzel, Upendra A Argikar, Pietro Brunetti, Maria Chatzopoulou, Sungjoon Cho, Rachel D Crouch, Deepika Dhaware, Kevin M Johnson, Valerie Kramlinger, Joyce Liu, Bin Ma, Hlaing Maw, Karoline Rehm, Herana Kamal Seneviratne, Lloyd Wei Tat Tang, Guo Zhong, S Cyrus Khojasteh
{"title":"Biotransformation research advances - 2024 year in review.","authors":"Lionel Cheruzel, Upendra A Argikar, Pietro Brunetti, Maria Chatzopoulou, Sungjoon Cho, Rachel D Crouch, Deepika Dhaware, Kevin M Johnson, Valerie Kramlinger, Joyce Liu, Bin Ma, Hlaing Maw, Karoline Rehm, Herana Kamal Seneviratne, Lloyd Wei Tat Tang, Guo Zhong, S Cyrus Khojasteh","doi":"10.1080/03602532.2025.2538676","DOIUrl":"10.1080/03602532.2025.2538676","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This is the ninth installment of this annual review. In line with previous years, the primary objective is to highlight articles deemed by us of significant interest in the broad field of biotransformation. Sixteen manuscripts have been collated and presented herein accompanied by a synopsis, commentary and relevant figures. This year's collection delves into five main areas: (1) the metabolism and disposition of various investigative and approved drugs, (2) non-CYP enzymatic biotransformation, (3) novel models and approaches, (4) the role of gut microbiota, and (5) modulating drug-metabolizing enzyme activities.</p>","PeriodicalId":11307,"journal":{"name":"Drug Metabolism Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"432-466"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144706788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Drug Metabolism ReviewsPub Date : 2025-11-01Epub Date: 2025-09-03DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2025.2552786
Jingjing Zheng, Guoqing Liu, Qi Wang, Yong Liang
{"title":"Insights into CYP450 polymorphisms and their impact on drug metabolism in Alzheimer's disease therapy.","authors":"Jingjing Zheng, Guoqing Liu, Qi Wang, Yong Liang","doi":"10.1080/03602532.2025.2552786","DOIUrl":"10.1080/03602532.2025.2552786","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder that poses significant therapeutic challenges. Currently available treatments offer symptomatic relief but often yield suboptimal outcomes due to inter-individual variability in drug metabolism. Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes, particularly those exhibiting genetic polymorphisms, play a central role in the hepatic metabolism of many AD medications. This review focuses on the influence of CYP450 polymorphisms-specifically in CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4-on the pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of approved anti-AD drugs. We discuss how variability in CYP450 expression and activity affects drug response, and examine the implications for adverse drug reactions, therapeutic failure, and dosage optimization. In addition, we evaluate current evidence for CYP450-mediated interactions with traditional Chinese medicines, which are increasingly used in complementary AD therapy. The potential for CYP450 genotyping and phenotyping to guide personalized treatment strategies is critically assessed. We argue that integrating pharmacogenomics into clinical practice may enhance therapeutic precision, reduce adverse outcomes, and improve quality of life in patients with AD. This review provides updated insight into the clinical significance of CYP450 polymorphisms in AD therapy and outlines future directions for personalized medicine approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":11307,"journal":{"name":"Drug Metabolism Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"523-534"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144946873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Drug Metabolism ReviewsPub Date : 2025-11-01Epub Date: 2025-10-11DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2025.2568231
Cunzhen Zhang, Yan Fang, Lin Jia, Hailing Qiao
{"title":"Research on the content and activity of CYP450 enzymes in human liver.","authors":"Cunzhen Zhang, Yan Fang, Lin Jia, Hailing Qiao","doi":"10.1080/03602532.2025.2568231","DOIUrl":"10.1080/03602532.2025.2568231","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes play a crucial role in drug metabolism, and their content and activity are important parameters in pharmacokinetic studies. However, due to variations in sample size, background information, and detection methods across different studies, the reported results have shown considerable discrepancies. Therefore, comparative analyses of different studies are essential to obtain more objective and accurate data for pharmacokinetic research. Recent advancements in mass spectrometry techniques have facilitated the measurement of CYP450 protein content, leading to a surge of new studies and enabling more comprehensive comparisons. This review integrates our group's recent findings with relevant literature to summarize the inter-individual variability in human liver CYP450 enzyme content and activity, the changes across molecular, microsomal, hepatic tissue, whole liver, and whole-body levels, and the impact of factors, such as content, genetic polymorphisms, and POR on enzyme activity. Our aim is to provide a more comprehensive comparison and reference for related research.</p>","PeriodicalId":11307,"journal":{"name":"Drug Metabolism Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"595-613"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145191424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Drug Metabolism ReviewsPub Date : 2025-11-01Epub Date: 2025-08-01DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2025.2537399
Philip Sandoval, Pallabi Mitra, Upendra A Argikar, Masanori Nakakariya, Diane Ramsden, Charles J Rotter, Kimio Tohyama, Paresh P Chothe
{"title":"Drug transporters in drug disposition - highlights from the year 2024.","authors":"Philip Sandoval, Pallabi Mitra, Upendra A Argikar, Masanori Nakakariya, Diane Ramsden, Charles J Rotter, Kimio Tohyama, Paresh P Chothe","doi":"10.1080/03602532.2025.2537399","DOIUrl":"10.1080/03602532.2025.2537399","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>On behalf of my coauthors, I am pleased to present our fifth annual review highlighting articles in the field of drug transporters that have been deemed as influential. The field of drug-transporters is rapidly evolving with new transporter structure data, <i>in vitro</i>/<i>in vivo</i> models in addition to clinical tools being applied to better understand their role in drug disposition. Each coauthor has selected peer-reviewed articles from the year 2024 and provided a brief summary with a commentary, as done in our previous reviews. (Chothe et al. 2021, 2022,2023, 2024). The review is divided into the following sections based on the selected articles: 1) transporter structure and <i>in vitro</i> evaluation, 2) novel <i>in vitro</i>/<i>in vivo</i> models, 3) endogenous biomarkers and 4) drug transporters and toxicity. As these commentaries are meant to provide brief highlights of the articles, readers are encouraged to consult the original articles for further details. I would also like to thank my coauthors for their work and dedication to this review over the years.</p>","PeriodicalId":11307,"journal":{"name":"Drug Metabolism Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"400-431"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144706789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An in-depth review of PPARγ modulators as anti-diabetes therapeutics.","authors":"Aryan Jangra, Basuvan Babu, Selvaraj Divakar, Byran Gowramma, Saveri Rajan, Sonam Jangra, Vishnu Malakar","doi":"10.1080/03602532.2025.2508152","DOIUrl":"10.1080/03602532.2025.2508152","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics (DMPK) plays a crucial role in optimizing peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) modulators by influencing metabolism, therapeutic efficacy, and safety. Rosiglitazone is primarily metabolized by cytochrome 2C8 (CYP2C8) and CYP2C9, with the CYP2C83 polymorphism increasing clearance, reducing efficacy, and altering fluid retention. Troglitazone metabolism via CYP3A4 and CYP2C8 generates a reactive quinone metabolite, depleting glutathione (GSH), elevating mitochondrial oxidative stress, and inducing hepatotoxicity. Glitazones also undergo GSH conjugation through open-ring formation, influencing detoxification and toxicity. Inflammation downregulates CYP enzymes and transporters, altering drug clearance and increasing drug-drug interaction (DDI) risks. Ketoconazole and troleandomycin inhibit rosiglitazone metabolism by 52% and 40%, respectively, while pioglitazone inhibits CYP2C8-mediated arachidonic acid metabolism, impairing renal function. Gemfibrozil further increases pioglitazone's area under the curve (AUC) threefold by inhibiting CYP2C8. Additionally, rosiglitazone modulates OATP1B1, enhancing pravastatin uptake at low concentrations but inhibiting it at higher levels, affecting plasma levels. Troglitazone inhibits organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1B1 (OATP1B1) mediated rosuvastatin uptake, reducing hepatic delivery and efficacy, necessitating strategic drug combinations. Furthermore, new PPARγ modulators are being developed via selective and partial activation to mitigate toxicity, incorporating non-thiazolidinedione scaffolds and optimizing DMPK properties through nanocarriers such as lipid-based nanoparticles. A deeper understanding of these factors is essential for designing next-generation PPARγ-targeted therapeutics, ensuring improved efficacy, reduced toxicity, and enhanced suitability for personalized medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":11307,"journal":{"name":"Drug Metabolism Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"311-337"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144126880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Drug Metabolism ReviewsPub Date : 2025-11-01Epub Date: 2025-07-28DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2025.2530407
Joyce Liu, Upendra A Argikar, Pietro Brunetti, Maria Chatzopoulou, Luying Chen, Sungjoon Cho, Simon Hauri, Valerie Kramlinger, Jakob Lang, Bin Ma, Karoline Rehm, Herana Kamal Seneviratne, Lloyd Wei Tat Tang, John C Tran, Guo Zhong, S Cyrus Khojasteh
{"title":"Bioactivation and reactivity research advances-2024 year in review.","authors":"Joyce Liu, Upendra A Argikar, Pietro Brunetti, Maria Chatzopoulou, Luying Chen, Sungjoon Cho, Simon Hauri, Valerie Kramlinger, Jakob Lang, Bin Ma, Karoline Rehm, Herana Kamal Seneviratne, Lloyd Wei Tat Tang, John C Tran, Guo Zhong, S Cyrus Khojasteh","doi":"10.1080/03602532.2025.2530407","DOIUrl":"10.1080/03602532.2025.2530407","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bioactivation continues to be an important aspect of compound evaluation during drug discovery and development, as understanding the metabolic pathways that can lead to the formation of reactive metabolites can facilitate the design of safer drugs. This year's review on bioactivation and reactivity features 17 articles that reflect the latest advances and findings in this research area. This collection of articles is organized into three general themes: (1) mechanisms of bioactivation and the impact of bioactivation on safety, (2) new assays for assessing reactive metabolite formation, and (3) computational approaches for predicting reactive metabolite formation.</p>","PeriodicalId":11307,"journal":{"name":"Drug Metabolism Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"362-399"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144607825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Drug Metabolism ReviewsPub Date : 2025-08-01Epub Date: 2025-09-08DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2024.2351756
Robert S Foti
{"title":"Preface to DMR drug-drug interactions special issue.","authors":"Robert S Foti","doi":"10.1080/03602532.2024.2351756","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03602532.2024.2351756","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11307,"journal":{"name":"Drug Metabolism Reviews","volume":"57 3","pages":"208-210"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145014170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Drug Metabolism ReviewsPub Date : 2025-08-01Epub Date: 2024-07-26DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2024.2381021
Jaydeep Yadav, Benjamin J Maldonato, Joseph M Roesner, Ana G Vergara, Erickson M Paragas, Theresa Aliwarga, Sara Humphreys
{"title":"Enzyme-mediated drug-drug interactions: a review of <i>in vivo</i> and <i>in vitro</i> methodologies, regulatory guidance, and translation to the clinic.","authors":"Jaydeep Yadav, Benjamin J Maldonato, Joseph M Roesner, Ana G Vergara, Erickson M Paragas, Theresa Aliwarga, Sara Humphreys","doi":"10.1080/03602532.2024.2381021","DOIUrl":"10.1080/03602532.2024.2381021","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Enzyme-mediated pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions can be caused by altered activity of drug metabolizing enzymes in the presence of a perpetrator drug, mostly <i>via</i> inhibition or induction. We identified a gap in the literature for a state-of-the art detailed overview assessing this type of DDI risk in the context of drug development. This manuscript discusses <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> methodologies employed during the drug discovery and development process to predict clinical enzyme-mediated DDIs, including the determination of clearance pathways, metabolic enzyme contribution, and the mechanisms and kinetics of enzyme inhibition and induction. We discuss regulatory guidance and highlight the utility of <i>in silico</i> physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling, an approach that continues to gain application and traction in support of regulatory filings. Looking to the future, we consider DDI risk assessment for targeted protein degraders, an emerging small molecule modality, which does not have recommended guidelines for DDI evaluation. Our goal in writing this report was to provide early-career researchers with a comprehensive view of the enzyme-mediated pharmacokinetic DDI landscape to aid their drug development efforts.</p>","PeriodicalId":11307,"journal":{"name":"Drug Metabolism Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"211-243"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141757724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Drug Metabolism ReviewsPub Date : 2025-08-01Epub Date: 2024-05-03DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2024.2345632
Di Wu, Jiaying Liu, Erickson M Paragas, Jaydeep Yadav, Theresa Aliwarga, Tycho Heimbach, M Sebastian Escotet-Espinoza
{"title":"Assessing and mitigating pH-mediated DDI risks in drug development - formulation approaches and clinical considerations.","authors":"Di Wu, Jiaying Liu, Erickson M Paragas, Jaydeep Yadav, Theresa Aliwarga, Tycho Heimbach, M Sebastian Escotet-Espinoza","doi":"10.1080/03602532.2024.2345632","DOIUrl":"10.1080/03602532.2024.2345632","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>pH-mediated drug-drug interactions (DDI) is a prevalent DDI in drug development, especially for weak base compounds with highly pH-dependent solubility. FDA has released a guidance on the evaluation of pH-mediated DDI assessments using <i>in vitro</i> testing and clinical studies. Currently, there is no common practice of ways of testing across the academia and industry. The development of biopredictive method and physiologically-based biopharmaceutics modeling (PBBM) approaches to assess acid-reducing agent (ARA)-DDI have been proven with accurate prediction and could decrease drug development burden, inform clinical design and potentially waive clinical studies. Formulation strategies and careful clinical design could help mitigate the pH-mediated DDI to avoid more clinical studies and label restrictions, ultimately benefiting the patient. In this review paper, a detailed introduction on biorelevant dissolution testing, preclinical and clinical study requirement and PBPK modeling approaches to assess ARA-DDI are described. An improved decision tree for pH-mediated DDI is proposed. Potential mitigations including clinical or formulation strategies are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":11307,"journal":{"name":"Drug Metabolism Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"291-310"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140848144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}