Current topics in behavioral neurosciences最新文献

{"title":"Neuromodulation of Fear and Anxiety Circuits.","authors":"Joshua A Brown, Kevin J Clancy, Wen Li","doi":"10.1007/7854_2024_573","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2024_573","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Anxiety is a complex and heterogeneous condition consisting of multiple component processes and neural underpinnings. Recent neural accounts for anxiety have expanded beyond the canonical anxiety and fear circuitry centered on the amygdala to a distributed network. A burgeoning form of clinical intervention with remarkable potential to directly engage the neural substrates of anxiety is non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS), which is especially notable for the ability to modulate macro- and meso-scopic circuits and networks. NIBS is poised as a powerful research tool with the ability to extend basic research in animal models to humans, as well as develop novel mechanistic insights and therapeutic targets for underexplored elements of anxiety. This chapter provides an updated review of the neural anatomy of fear and anxiety and discusses the application of NIBS methodologies (primarily, transcranial magnetic, direct-current, and alternating-current stimulation/transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation, and transcranial alternating current stimulation) in testing, targeting, and normalizing the pathophysiology of fear and anxiety circuits. We conclude with a proposal of a unified approach for neuromodulation, promoting the synthesis of multiple neural circuits and systems involved in fear and anxiety.</p>","PeriodicalId":11257,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in behavioral neurosciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143604292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How Early-Life Antipsychotic Drug Administration Modifies Behavioral and Brain Function in Adulthood.","authors":"Mark E Bardgett","doi":"10.1007/7854_2024_567","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2024_567","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The use of antipsychotic drugs in children has greatly expanded over the past 30 years. This increase occurred despite a lack of research addressing how these drugs affect brain development. This review summarizes and synthesizes preclinical studies that have ascertained the short- and long-term consequences of prenatal and early postnatal antipsychotic drug administration. Antipsychotic drugs are well-known for their ability to block D₂-type dopamine receptors and this action features in two main themes that emerge from the literature. First, prenatal antipsychotic drug exposure generally leads to a long-term hypodopaminergic state while early postnatal antipsychotic drug exposure produces a hyperdopaminergic one. Second, the effects of postnatal antipsychotic drug exposure appear roughly similar regardless of age, but drug administration any time prior to puberty (pre or early postnatal) leaves a lasting imprint on neural and behavioral function that persists long after treatment cessation. The enduring brain and behavioral changes seen after early-life antipsychotic administration in animal models provide support for initiatives aimed at reducing the number of children treated with antipsychotics and limiting the dose and length of treatment for those that need them.</p>","PeriodicalId":11257,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in behavioral neurosciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143572470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Canonical Cannabinoid Receptors.","authors":"Beth Ehrlich, Monica Patel, Xiaoxi Zheng, Michelle Glass","doi":"10.1007/7854_2024_556","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2024_556","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This chapter will review the basic pharmacology of the canonical cannabinoid receptors. The endocannabinoid system is a complex signalling network involved in a wide range of physiological processes, including pain modulation, appetite regulation, and synaptic plasticity. The canonical cannabinoid receptors, CB₁ and CB₂, are central in orchestrating this system. CB₁ is highly enriched in the central nervous system (CNS), where it plays a crucial role in modulating neurotransmitter release and synaptic plasticity. In contrast, CB₂ is predominantly expressed in peripheral tissues and immune cells, participating in anti-inflammatory processes. Here, we focus on cannabinoid receptor distribution, intracellular signalling, and receptor regulation. We describe the intracellular signalling pathways activated by CB₁, including the modulation of ion channels, second messengers, and protein kinases. Overall, this chapter provides an overview of the canonical cannabinoid receptors and their role in the regulation of neuronal signalling and plasticity, highlighting the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying their effects in the CNS.</p>","PeriodicalId":11257,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in behavioral neurosciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143572454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders.","authors":"Riley J Felicicchia, Christina R Veziris, Sarah N Mattson","doi":"10.1007/7854_2024_569","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2024_569","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) can cause a wide range of physical, neurobehavioral, and neurocognitive impairments that impact developmental trajectories throughout the lifespan. Clinically, individuals who have been exposed to alcohol prenatally and who show physical or neurobehavioral difficulties may be classified as having a condition included in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs). The aim of this chapter is to summarize the current knowledge of FASD including diagnostic criteria, neurobehavioral outcomes, lifespan considerations, and interventions. Individuals with PAE exhibit challenges in the cognitive domains of executive functioning, general intelligence, motor function, learning, and memory. Aggression, trouble with the law, and oppositional behavior are also commonly associated with individuals with FASD. The effects of PAE can be attributed to altered neural development such as smaller total brain volume and structural abnormalities. Prenatal exposure to alcohol increases risk for co-occurring neurodevelopmental conditions and psychiatric disorders. This chapter will also review the current literature on pre- and postnatal interventions to target the effects of PAE.</p>","PeriodicalId":11257,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in behavioral neurosciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143572456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effects of THC and Nicotine on Attention: A Narrative Review.","authors":"Kennedy Oleszak, Lily Freeman Striegel, Nicole Roeder, Patrick Mohr, Samantha Penman, Lorraine Collins, Danielle M Smith, Panayotis K Thanos","doi":"10.1007/7854_2024_568","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2024_568","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since cannabis and nicotine are two of most commonly used substances and are often used together, this paper will review the effects of cannabis (specifically THC, or tetrahydrocannabinol) and nicotine on selective attention, sustained attention, visuospatial attention, attentional bias, and attentional disorders. This review includes preclinical and clinical findings throughout all periods of development and adulthood. Selective attention is directly impacted by cannabis use, while reaction time is dependent on the timing of the last cannabis exposure. Among individuals who use cannabis, there is an attentional bias that reduces anxiety and increases focus on cannabis-related cues. Preclinical studies show that cannabis induces attention deficits that persist even after an abstinence period. Preclinical and clinical studies of prenatal cannabis exposure (PCE) provide evidence that offspring will have an increased risk for drug-seeking behavior, attention deficits, and impulsivity, which may lead to attentional disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and schizophrenia. Nicotine has a dose-dependent effect on attention in adults, though preclinical studies have shown mixed results, possibly due to differences in experimental design. Prenatal nicotine exposure (PNE) impairs attentional networks by increasing one's risk for ADHD, oppositional defiant disorder, and conduct disorder. Additionally, maternal secondhand smoke exposure is linked to ADHD/conduct disorder risk in offspring. Preclinical studies on prenatal nicotine exposure suggest that there may be sex differences in which males are affected more so than females with PNE. Summary: Overall, cannabis/THC impairs attention, and nicotine enhances attention; however, both substances impair attention when individuals are exposed prenatally.</p>","PeriodicalId":11257,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in behavioral neurosciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143572473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Computational Approaches for Uncovering Interoceptive Mechanisms in Psychiatric Disorders and Their Biological Basis.","authors":"Marishka Mehta, Martin P Paulus, Ryan Smith","doi":"10.1007/7854_2024_572","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2024_572","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Interoception, the process of detecting, perceiving, and interpreting signals from within the body, is essential for physiological regulation and adaptive behavior. A growing body of research underscores important potential links between interoceptive dysfunction and psychiatric disorders. Parallel advancements in the field of computational psychiatry have led to the development of biologically plausible models of information processing in the brain. This review surveys the current state of traditional and computational research approaches to study interoceptive processes in psychiatry. We also provide a foundational description of predominant computational approaches and theoretical models of interoception. Finally, we discuss the potential molecular foundations of interoceptive computation and consider future directions for incorporating computational models to enhance clinical insights and inform personalized treatments. We conclude that combining interoception and computational modeling approaches holds considerable promise in moving the field forward, both in addressing unresolved mechanistic questions and identifying novel potential therapeutic targets.</p>","PeriodicalId":11257,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in behavioral neurosciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143491261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using Inhibitory Learning Theories to Optimise Treatment for Children with Anxiety Disorders.","authors":"Wenting Chen, Melissa Aji, Chloe Y S Lim, Annabel Songco, Jennifer L Hudson","doi":"10.1007/7854_2024_553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2024_553","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Anxiety disorders in children lead to substantial impairment in functioning and development. Even the most effective gold standard treatments for childhood anxiety have 50% remission rates, suggesting a critical need to improve current treatments. Optimising exposure, the key component of anxiety treatments, represents a promising way to do so. This chapter explains how to optimise exposure outcomes for childhood anxiety through inhibitory learning theory. This chapter describes the background of inhibitory learning, including its different components and the empirical evidence supporting it. We then discuss how to improve the formation of inhibitory associations through enhancing expectancy violation, the proposed mechanism underlying inhibitory learning. Strategies to enhance inhibitory learning for child anxiety treatment are provided. These include strategies to enhance the formation of inhibitory associations, such as psychoeducation, eliminating safety signals, deepened extinction, occasional reinforced extinction, and affect-based strategies. Additionally, strategies to enhance retrieval include variability, multiple contexts, and retrieval cues. Suggestions are made on how to adapt these strategies to child populations. Further, a clinical guide for using inhibitory learning strategies in child anxiety treatment is included as an appendix. This details how clinicians can utilise these strategies to enhance current treatments, including examples of case studies and scripts.</p>","PeriodicalId":11257,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in behavioral neurosciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142982962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cannabinoid-based Pharmacology for the Management of Substance Use Disorders.","authors":"M Á Luján, Y Kim, L Y Zhang, J F Cheer","doi":"10.1007/7854_2024_551","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2024_551","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the last two decades, the endocannabinoid system has emerged as a crucial modulator of motivation and emotional processing. Due to its widespread neuroanatomical distribution and characteristic retrograde signaling nature, cannabinoid type I receptors and their endogenous ligands finely orchestrate somatic and axon terminal activity of dopamine neurons. Owing to these unique features, this signaling system is a promising pharmacological target to ameliorate dopamine-mediated drug-seeking behaviors while circumventing the adverse side effects of, for instance, dopaminergic antagonists. Despite considerable preclinical efforts, an agreement on the efficacy of endocannabinoid-targeting compounds for treating drug substance use disorders in humans has not been reached. In the following chapter, we will summarize preclinical and clinical evidence addressing the therapeutic potential of cannabinoids and endocannabinoid-targeting compounds in substance use disorders. To bridge the gap between animal and clinical research, we capitalize on studies evaluating the impact of endocannabinoid-targeting compounds in relevant settings, such as the management of drug relapse. Finally, we discuss the therapeutic potential of novel cannabinoid compounds that hold promise for treating substance use disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":11257,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in behavioral neurosciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142982954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Guruism and Cultic Social Dynamics in Psychedelic Practices and Organisations.","authors":"Jules Evans, Joseph Holcomb Adams","doi":"10.1007/7854_2024_535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2024_535","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This chapter explores the risks of guruism and cultic social dynamics in organisations that work with psychedelic drugs, which include therapist offices, clinics, research departments, retreat centres, training programmes, NGOs, underground ceremonies and new religious movements. It has been hypothesised, and argued by experienced practitioners, that psychedelics can increase suggestibility, amplify transference and facilitate an intense form of projective mechanisms in the recipients. They may thereby lead to ego-inflation and feelings of grandiosity and omnipotence in those giving the drugs and intensify cultic social dynamics in psychedelic communities - all of which can create conditions that make cases of harm and misconduct more likely to occur and go unreported. This chapter briefly introduces the terms 'guruism' and 'cultic social dynamics' and how these dynamics can lead to harm and abuse and then discusses how psychedelic drugs might amplify these processes, before outlining possible safeguards.</p>","PeriodicalId":11257,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in behavioral neurosciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142926510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemical Probes for Investigating the Endocannabinoid System.","authors":"Annaleah Hanske, Marc Nazaré, Uwe Grether","doi":"10.1007/7854_2024_563","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2024_563","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cannabis sativa has been used therapeutically since early civilizations, with key cannabinoids Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) 3.1 and cannabidiol characterized in the 1960s, leading to the discovery of cannabinoid receptors type 1 (CB₁R) and type 2 (CB₂R) and the endocannabinoid system (ECS) in the 1990s. The ECS, involving endogenous ligands like 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) 1.1, anandamide (N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA)) 1.2, and various proteins, regulates vital processes such as sleep, appetite, and memory, and holds significant therapeutic potential, especially for neurological disorders. Small molecule-derived pharmacological tools, or chemical probes, target key components of the ECS and are crucial for target validation, mechanistic studies, pathway elucidation, phenotypic screening, and drug discovery. These probes selectively interact with specific proteins or pathways, enabling researchers to modulate target activity and observe biological effects. When they carry an additional reporter group, they are referred to as labeled chemical probes. Developed through medicinal chemistry, structural biology, and high-throughput screening, effective chemical probes must be selective, potent, and depending on their purpose meet additional criteria such as cell permeability and metabolic stability.This chapter describes high-quality labeled and unlabeled chemical probes targeting ECS constituents that have been successfully applied for various research purposes. CB₁R and CB₂R, class A G protein-coupled receptors, are activated by 2-AG 1.1, AEA 1.2, and THC 3.1, with numerous ligands developed for these receptors. Imaging techniques like single-photon emission computed tomography, positron emission tomography, and fluorescently labeled CB₁R and CB₂R probes have enhanced CB receptor studies. CB₂R activation generally results in immunosuppressive effects, limiting tissue injury. AEA 1.2 is mainly degraded by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) or N-acylethanolamine acid amidase (NAAA) into ethanolamine and arachidonic acid (AA) 1.3. FAAH inhibitors increase endogenous fatty acid amides, providing analgesic effects without adverse effects. NAAA inhibitors reduce inflammation and pain in animal models. Diacylglycerol lipase (DAGL) is essential for 2-AG 1.1 biosynthesis, while monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) degrades 2-AG 1.1 into AA 1.3, thus regulating cannabinoid signaling. Multiple inhibitors targeting FAAH and MAGL have been generated, though NAAA and DAGL probe development lags behind. Similarly, advancements in inhibitors targeting endocannabinoid (eCB) cellular uptake or trafficking proteins like fatty acid-binding proteins have been slower. The endocannabinoidome (eCBome) includes the ECS and related molecules and receptors, offering therapeutic opportunities from non-THC cannabinoids and eCBome mediators. Ongoing research aims to refine chemical tools","PeriodicalId":11257,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in behavioral neurosciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142921266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}