{"title":"Body, Self, and Time: Bud Craig's Global Emotional Moments Theory.","authors":"Julian Kiverstein","doi":"10.1007/7854_2024_575","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2024_575","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The topic of my chapter will be Bud Craig's theory of \"global emotional moments\" (henceforth the GEMs theory) and the relationship of GEMs to the experience of time. I connect three ideas prominent in Craig's writings: interoception, emotion, and time. Craig held that each GEM has as its neural substrate a large-scale network with the anterior insula cortex (AIC) serving as its central processing hub. This network integrates interoceptive signals that keep track of changes arising in the autonomic nervous system with hedonic and motivational signals based on the organism's sensory perception of its environment. Craig argued that GEMs function as moving windows of time within which \"a phenomenal self\" is experienced. By the \"phenomenal self,\" I mean a material, embodied self that forms an organism's subjective point of view on the world. Craig proposed what he called a \"cinemascopic\" theory of GEMs. GEMs are combined over time to form a stream of consciousness, which Craig compared to a movie, with each GEM corresponding to a single snapshot of this movie. I will argue that Craig's cinemascopic theory has implications for our understanding of what I will call the \"phenomenal now.\" There are three main theories of the phenomenal now in the philosophical literature. One point of contention between these theories is whether the phenomenal now has duration or temporal depth. I will argue that GEMs have duration and therefore count against so-called \"cinematic\" theories of the phenomenal now that take the contents of experience to be of discrete points or instances in time. However, there are different views within philosophy of how the phenomenal now can have duration. I end my chapter by considering how Craig's GEMs theory might bear on this debate.</p>","PeriodicalId":11257,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in behavioral neurosciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143604286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Touched Body and the Experience of Self.","authors":"Rebecca Böhme","doi":"10.1007/7854_2025_577","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2025_577","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Slow caressing of the skin activates C-tactile fibers in the periphery and the posterior insula cortex. Because of this, Bud Craig considered affective touch to be an interoceptive modality. Through the tactile sense, we perceive the border of our own body and the largest of our organs, the skin. Whether or not C-targeted touch is considered interoceptive, it contributes fundamentally to the development and maintenance of the bodily self. This is supported by experimental data from cases, where somatosensory processing is altered, and the other way around, i.e., when the bodily sense of self is changed either pharmacologically or in psychiatric conditions. Self-touch can be seen as a special case contributing to the bodily self-model by providing high fidelity signals within a closed feedback loop. Social touch, especially between parents and children and between romantic partners, plays a crucial role in social allostasis and the co-regulation of physiology and emotions. Touch, both self-touch and social touch, should therefore be considered foundational for the bodily self and essential for mental and physiological well-being. Through touch, we perceive the self in its most basic form, as a social body.</p>","PeriodicalId":11257,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in behavioral neurosciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143604304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jecenia Duran, Sonia Khalid, Lauren Richardson, Kelly Bosse, Susanne Brummelte
{"title":"Gestational Opioid Exposure: From Morphine to MOUD - How Opioids Impact Offspring Development and Maternal Care.","authors":"Jecenia Duran, Sonia Khalid, Lauren Richardson, Kelly Bosse, Susanne Brummelte","doi":"10.1007/7854_2024_570","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2024_570","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Opioid use disorder (OUD) continues to be a global problem, with particularly high opioid usage rates in the United States. One major contributor to this crisis has been the high rate of opioid prescriptions, which has increased access to opioids and contributed to many vulnerable individuals becoming dependent or addicted. Many of these affected people are women of reproductive age, which in turn results in many women using or abusing opioids during pregnancy and thus many infants being exposed to illicit opioids. OUD is typically treated with either methadone or buprenorphine (BUP), two effective opioid-based medications for OUD (MOUD). BUP has recently gained more attention and replaced methadone as the \"gold standard\" of treatment since its unique pharmacodynamic properties seem to result in better compliance, less withdrawal symptoms, and improved infant outcomes compared to methadone. However, the effects of BUP exposure on the long-term outcome of the offspring and mother-infant dyad are not fully understood. This chapter will review the current state of the literature regarding effects of gestational opioid exposure on offspring outcomes, focusing on morphine as a commonly used illicit substance and BUP as a widely used MOUD. Collectively, the literature reviewed here highlights the need for future research into the impact of gestational opioid use on mothers, their care behavior, and their subsequent mother-infant bonds.</p>","PeriodicalId":11257,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in behavioral neurosciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143604288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Neurodevelopmental Pathways from Temperamental Fear to Anxiety.","authors":"Eunkyung Shin, Koraly Pérez-Edgar","doi":"10.1007/7854_2024_571","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2024_571","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Early indicators of anxiety risk can appear as early as infancy, informing developmental pathways in which individual differences in temperament elevate the likelihood of future anxiety disorders. Clarifying the mechanisms that connect these early biological predispositions to later anxiety offers a foundation for designing targeted early intervention and prevention efforts. In this chapter, we aim to describe the association between fearful temperament and the development of anxiety disorders, highlighting how the interplay between biological and environmental factors shape vulnerability to anxiety from early in life. We describe (a) fearful temperament as a potential marker for vulnerability to anxiety, (b) neural mechanisms underlying fearful temperament and anxiety through detection and regulation processes, (c) internal and external factors that moderate the association between fearful temperament and anxiety, focusing on attentional bias and parental factors to understand distinct etiological process.</p>","PeriodicalId":11257,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in behavioral neurosciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143604290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Neuromodulation of Fear and Anxiety Circuits.","authors":"Joshua A Brown, Kevin J Clancy, Wen Li","doi":"10.1007/7854_2024_573","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2024_573","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Anxiety is a complex and heterogeneous condition consisting of multiple component processes and neural underpinnings. Recent neural accounts for anxiety have expanded beyond the canonical anxiety and fear circuitry centered on the amygdala to a distributed network. A burgeoning form of clinical intervention with remarkable potential to directly engage the neural substrates of anxiety is non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS), which is especially notable for the ability to modulate macro- and meso-scopic circuits and networks. NIBS is poised as a powerful research tool with the ability to extend basic research in animal models to humans, as well as develop novel mechanistic insights and therapeutic targets for underexplored elements of anxiety. This chapter provides an updated review of the neural anatomy of fear and anxiety and discusses the application of NIBS methodologies (primarily, transcranial magnetic, direct-current, and alternating-current stimulation/transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation, and transcranial alternating current stimulation) in testing, targeting, and normalizing the pathophysiology of fear and anxiety circuits. We conclude with a proposal of a unified approach for neuromodulation, promoting the synthesis of multiple neural circuits and systems involved in fear and anxiety.</p>","PeriodicalId":11257,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in behavioral neurosciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143604292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Canonical Cannabinoid Receptors.","authors":"Beth Ehrlich, Monica Patel, Xiaoxi Zheng, Michelle Glass","doi":"10.1007/7854_2024_556","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2024_556","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This chapter will review the basic pharmacology of the canonical cannabinoid receptors. The endocannabinoid system is a complex signalling network involved in a wide range of physiological processes, including pain modulation, appetite regulation, and synaptic plasticity. The canonical cannabinoid receptors, CB<sub>1</sub> and CB<sub>2</sub>, are central in orchestrating this system. CB<sub>1</sub> is highly enriched in the central nervous system (CNS), where it plays a crucial role in modulating neurotransmitter release and synaptic plasticity. In contrast, CB<sub>2</sub> is predominantly expressed in peripheral tissues and immune cells, participating in anti-inflammatory processes. Here, we focus on cannabinoid receptor distribution, intracellular signalling, and receptor regulation. We describe the intracellular signalling pathways activated by CB<sub>1</sub>, including the modulation of ion channels, second messengers, and protein kinases. Overall, this chapter provides an overview of the canonical cannabinoid receptors and their role in the regulation of neuronal signalling and plasticity, highlighting the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying their effects in the CNS.</p>","PeriodicalId":11257,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in behavioral neurosciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143572454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"How Early-Life Antipsychotic Drug Administration Modifies Behavioral and Brain Function in Adulthood.","authors":"Mark E Bardgett","doi":"10.1007/7854_2024_567","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2024_567","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The use of antipsychotic drugs in children has greatly expanded over the past 30 years. This increase occurred despite a lack of research addressing how these drugs affect brain development. This review summarizes and synthesizes preclinical studies that have ascertained the short- and long-term consequences of prenatal and early postnatal antipsychotic drug administration. Antipsychotic drugs are well-known for their ability to block D<sub>2</sub>-type dopamine receptors and this action features in two main themes that emerge from the literature. First, prenatal antipsychotic drug exposure generally leads to a long-term hypodopaminergic state while early postnatal antipsychotic drug exposure produces a hyperdopaminergic one. Second, the effects of postnatal antipsychotic drug exposure appear roughly similar regardless of age, but drug administration any time prior to puberty (pre or early postnatal) leaves a lasting imprint on neural and behavioral function that persists long after treatment cessation. The enduring brain and behavioral changes seen after early-life antipsychotic administration in animal models provide support for initiatives aimed at reducing the number of children treated with antipsychotics and limiting the dose and length of treatment for those that need them.</p>","PeriodicalId":11257,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in behavioral neurosciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143572470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Riley J Felicicchia, Christina R Veziris, Sarah N Mattson
{"title":"Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders.","authors":"Riley J Felicicchia, Christina R Veziris, Sarah N Mattson","doi":"10.1007/7854_2024_569","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2024_569","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) can cause a wide range of physical, neurobehavioral, and neurocognitive impairments that impact developmental trajectories throughout the lifespan. Clinically, individuals who have been exposed to alcohol prenatally and who show physical or neurobehavioral difficulties may be classified as having a condition included in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs). The aim of this chapter is to summarize the current knowledge of FASD including diagnostic criteria, neurobehavioral outcomes, lifespan considerations, and interventions. Individuals with PAE exhibit challenges in the cognitive domains of executive functioning, general intelligence, motor function, learning, and memory. Aggression, trouble with the law, and oppositional behavior are also commonly associated with individuals with FASD. The effects of PAE can be attributed to altered neural development such as smaller total brain volume and structural abnormalities. Prenatal exposure to alcohol increases risk for co-occurring neurodevelopmental conditions and psychiatric disorders. This chapter will also review the current literature on pre- and postnatal interventions to target the effects of PAE.</p>","PeriodicalId":11257,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in behavioral neurosciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143572456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kennedy Oleszak, Lily Freeman Striegel, Nicole Roeder, Patrick Mohr, Samantha Penman, Lorraine Collins, Danielle M Smith, Panayotis K Thanos
{"title":"The Effects of THC and Nicotine on Attention: A Narrative Review.","authors":"Kennedy Oleszak, Lily Freeman Striegel, Nicole Roeder, Patrick Mohr, Samantha Penman, Lorraine Collins, Danielle M Smith, Panayotis K Thanos","doi":"10.1007/7854_2024_568","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2024_568","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since cannabis and nicotine are two of most commonly used substances and are often used together, this paper will review the effects of cannabis (specifically THC, or tetrahydrocannabinol) and nicotine on selective attention, sustained attention, visuospatial attention, attentional bias, and attentional disorders. This review includes preclinical and clinical findings throughout all periods of development and adulthood. Selective attention is directly impacted by cannabis use, while reaction time is dependent on the timing of the last cannabis exposure. Among individuals who use cannabis, there is an attentional bias that reduces anxiety and increases focus on cannabis-related cues. Preclinical studies show that cannabis induces attention deficits that persist even after an abstinence period. Preclinical and clinical studies of prenatal cannabis exposure (PCE) provide evidence that offspring will have an increased risk for drug-seeking behavior, attention deficits, and impulsivity, which may lead to attentional disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and schizophrenia. Nicotine has a dose-dependent effect on attention in adults, though preclinical studies have shown mixed results, possibly due to differences in experimental design. Prenatal nicotine exposure (PNE) impairs attentional networks by increasing one's risk for ADHD, oppositional defiant disorder, and conduct disorder. Additionally, maternal secondhand smoke exposure is linked to ADHD/conduct disorder risk in offspring. Preclinical studies on prenatal nicotine exposure suggest that there may be sex differences in which males are affected more so than females with PNE. Summary: Overall, cannabis/THC impairs attention, and nicotine enhances attention; however, both substances impair attention when individuals are exposed prenatally.</p>","PeriodicalId":11257,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in behavioral neurosciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143572473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Computational Approaches for Uncovering Interoceptive Mechanisms in Psychiatric Disorders and Their Biological Basis.","authors":"Marishka Mehta, Martin P Paulus, Ryan Smith","doi":"10.1007/7854_2024_572","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2024_572","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Interoception, the process of detecting, perceiving, and interpreting signals from within the body, is essential for physiological regulation and adaptive behavior. A growing body of research underscores important potential links between interoceptive dysfunction and psychiatric disorders. Parallel advancements in the field of computational psychiatry have led to the development of biologically plausible models of information processing in the brain. This review surveys the current state of traditional and computational research approaches to study interoceptive processes in psychiatry. We also provide a foundational description of predominant computational approaches and theoretical models of interoception. Finally, we discuss the potential molecular foundations of interoceptive computation and consider future directions for incorporating computational models to enhance clinical insights and inform personalized treatments. We conclude that combining interoception and computational modeling approaches holds considerable promise in moving the field forward, both in addressing unresolved mechanistic questions and identifying novel potential therapeutic targets.</p>","PeriodicalId":11257,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in behavioral neurosciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143491261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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