2020 AIAA/IEEE 39th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC)最新文献

{"title":"Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) for Anomaly Detection in Avionics Networks","authors":"Adam Thornton, Brandon Meiners, Donald Poole","doi":"10.1109/DASC50938.2020.9256582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC50938.2020.9256582","url":null,"abstract":"Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) and Variational Inference are applied in near real-time to detect anomalies in ground vehicle network traffic for a ground vehicle network. The technical approach, that utilizes the Natural Language Processing (NLP) technique to detect potential malicious attacks and network configuration issues, is described and the results of a proof of concept implementation are provided. Potential use cases for applying the technique in the aircraft and avionics domain are provided.","PeriodicalId":112045,"journal":{"name":"2020 AIAA/IEEE 39th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC)","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127235209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using a Model Based Systems Engineering Approach for Aerospace System Requirements Management","authors":"Subarna S, Ankita K Jawale, A. Vidap, Subodh D Sadachar, Shana Fliginger, Srimannarayana Myla","doi":"10.1109/DASC50938.2020.9256589","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC50938.2020.9256589","url":null,"abstract":"Since systems engineering encompasses the entire scope of a system, successful systems engineering should embody efficient requirements management through a collaborative and interdisciplinary approach. Model Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) is an emerging field, which applies a model-based framework to the elements of a system comprised of requirements, system functions, analysis results, validation and verification artifacts. The effective comprehension of a complex system is more easily visualized through a model-based approach than a document centric one. The representative models and the inherent traceability which one receives through visual associations provides more effective requirements traceability and analysis; and, thus leading to fewer technical risks, earlier detection and resolution of issues, and helps keep schedules and costs in check. This approach yields better, clearer, and more concise requirements and in turn aids in more effective verification and validation processes as well as more expedient impact analyses of unforeseen changes. This paper describes MBSE through SysML (System Modelling Language) by application on a complex aerospace system. The study qualitatively and quantitatively discusses the value addition of such an implementation using commercially available tools that equip SysML to achieve MBSE in systems. SysML is a domain-specific modeling language developed for systems engineering to specify, analyze, design, optimize, and verify systems. From a practitioner's standpoint, this MBSE approach can be used to engineer any complex system from satellite programs to transport networks.","PeriodicalId":112045,"journal":{"name":"2020 AIAA/IEEE 39th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC)","volume":"2234 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127472872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"White Paper - Next Generation Graphics GPU Shader and Compute Libraries","authors":"Robert Pickles","doi":"10.1109/DASC50938.2020.9256444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC50938.2020.9256444","url":null,"abstract":"This Embedded Graphics libraries have evolved from OpenGL to next gen Vulkan libraries. OpenCL and CUDA have been used for many years for GPU compute on a range of SoC devices with powerful embedded GPU chipsets. OpenCL and CUDA were never able to be certified, due to the contributions from many developers. Next generation autonomous vehicles, unmanned aircraft, transportation and even military vehicles will require both graphics, as well as GPU compute to implement DSP or FPGA logic is software, as well as Deep Machine Learning. Vulkan libraries are available now and are defined by the Kronos Group, as well as this, a next generation of Vulkan safety critical library for safe Shader and GPU Compute is now available. This white paper will look at Vulkan architectures, embedded system use and the implications for using GPU Compute, where certification may be a critical requirement for ISO 26262, EN50182, IEC 61508, DO178C certifiable embedded systems.","PeriodicalId":112045,"journal":{"name":"2020 AIAA/IEEE 39th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130503258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unmanned Aircraft Systems Traffic Management: A comparsion on the FAA UTM and the European CORUS ConOps based on U-space","authors":"Joonas Lieb, Andreas Volkert","doi":"10.1109/DASC50938.2020.9256745","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC50938.2020.9256745","url":null,"abstract":"Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) offer a variety of new business use cases and opportunities, such as inspection of industrial sites, surveillance of sensitive areas and delivery of packages and medical supplies. Thus more and more industry leaders implement UAS for their business case. Additionally a variety of companies offer numerous Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) services, e.g. crop inspection. Nowadays most UAV operations are flown in Visual Line of Sight (VLOS) of the UAV pilot keeping the operations very local and enabling pilots to sufficiently oversee the air risk of their operation. However, a growing number of business use cases will require UAV operations Beyond Visual Line of Sight (BVLOS). To address this evolving development the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) NextGen Office has recently published a new Concept of Operations (ConOps) for UAS Traffic Management (UTM), referred to in this paper as “FAA ConOps”. The FAA ConOps is on the one hand reflecting the continued maturation of UAS. On the other hand it is addressing the need of a unified concept for operating UAVs in both controlled and uncontrolled airspace. Similarly, the European Union within the SESAR project CORUS has released in September 2019 the European-wide Concept of Operations for UAS targeting an UTM concept called U-space, referred to in this paper as “CORUS ConOps”. Although the results of CORUS are project findings in an early stage a fair amount of them already found their way into the new EASA draft opinion that regulate the overall aviation safety within Europe. Most likely future EASA regulations will adopt even more CORUS findings and build on the work done in this project. The rising demand for BVLOS operations requires new regulations for the safe integration of UAS in existing airspace. Both ConOps put their focus on the very low level (VLL) airspace initially. Nevertheless, already the height above ground of this VLL airspace is defined differently. In addition, both concepts differ in the definition of drone operation classes: They are explicitly mentioned in the CORUS ConOps, whereas the FAA ConOps distinguishes between VLOS and BVLOS operations as well as manned aviation. Though, both concepts have in common that they rely heavily on an at-all-times accessible distributed information network for the coordination of airspace use by UAVs in order to not deplete ATC capacities. In this paper a comparison of the FAA ConOps and the CORUS ConOps has been conducted with a main focus on airspace structures, services for UAV and operators, contingency and emergency procedures, airspace access, UAS performance requirements for certain airspaces and operations, actors and responsibilities, remote ID requirements and separation procedures. Particularly, the differences of these main topics are explained and, where applicable, the advantages and disadvantages of individual regulations and procedures are elaborated. In conclusion, the paper closes by expressin","PeriodicalId":112045,"journal":{"name":"2020 AIAA/IEEE 39th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC)","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125551100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Where's WALL-E? A Comparison of the Extended Kalman Filter and Hybrid Inference for Pose Estimation in MAVs","authors":"R. Milroy","doi":"10.1109/DASC50938.2020.9256712","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC50938.2020.9256712","url":null,"abstract":"Pose estimation is a core competence for cyber-physical systems and is all the more important where there is any element of autonomy. In the context of Micro Air Vehicles (MAVs) this task is more challenging due to weight and cost restrictions. These restrictions dictate that MAVs usually have noisy sensors and limited computational capacity. There are many different approaches to solving this problem but the standard approach is to use the Kalman Filter (KF) [1], or it's nonlinear variant the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) [2], in order to fuse sensor data and provide optimal estimates of state. While the KF is an optimal estimator of linear systems given some assumptions, most systems are non-linear so the EKF is used. In either case the estimates rely on assumptions that may not always hold. This allows room for improvement. This paper implements the newly proposed technique of Hybrid Inference (HI) [3] on a model of an MAV simulated in Gazebo [4] and explores its performance as compared to the EKF which is used as the standard. HI is a framework for combining graphical models, like the KF, with inverse models which are learned with a Recurrent Message Passing Neural Network (MPNN) [5] [6]. This paper evaluates the technique in a more challenging domain than has previously been implemented. It explores the challenges of implementing the technique, analyses its computational performance and discusses its suitability for use at this time with a strong practical focus. The main findings are that it is too challenging to implement correctly to take full advantage of its proposed benefits. And that it is too computationally inefficient in its current form for it to be suitable for use in real time systems with current technology.","PeriodicalId":112045,"journal":{"name":"2020 AIAA/IEEE 39th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC)","volume":"2011 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121582808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human-Automation Teaming: Unintended Consequences of Automation on User Performance","authors":"Philip J. Smith, Emily Baumann","doi":"10.1109/DASC50938.2020.9256418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC50938.2020.9256418","url":null,"abstract":"The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) is implementing new capabilities that rely on the support of automation to improve air traffic eficiency and predictability while maintaining safety. One issue that needs to be addressed regarding such new forms of automation - primarily as decision support tools - support is the possible impact on human performance such as knowledge and skill degradation. In particular, the question is whether after long-term use air traffic controllers will be able to effectively revert back to previously used manual operations if the automation becomes unavailable due to some degradation or failure. Based on this concern, this paper focuses on lessons learned from past experiences with the long term use of automation. To explore this issue, 21 experts were interviewed from four different domains: naval operations, medicine, nuclear power plant operation, and aviation. Three distinct job positions were interviewed within the domain of aviation: Airline dispatchers, pilots, and air traffic controllers. Two fundamental questions were addressed: 1.Can the introduction of automation have unintended negative impacts on human performance? 2.What mitigation strategies can be used to avoid or reduce these potential negative impacts on human performance and on system performance? Based on these data, five potential negative impacts of automation that were identified: •Degradation of Knowledge and Skill; •Reliance on Automation as the Primary “Agent” to Detect Problems; •Reduced Attentiveness and Preparation to Deal with Automation Degradations or Failures; •Alarm Fatigue, False Alarms, and Ignoring Alarms; •Automation-Induced Effects on Team Situational Awareness and Teamwork. In addition, six strategies to mitigate these potential negative impacts were documented: •Providing Effective Training and Experience; •Supporting Effective Teamwork; •Learning from Past Performance with Data Analytics; •Developing and Using Contingency Procedures and Checklists; •Designing Technology to Support Effective Human-Automation Teaming.","PeriodicalId":112045,"journal":{"name":"2020 AIAA/IEEE 39th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC)","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122578911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hazard Analysis of Verification Supporting Arguments for Assured Autonomy","authors":"K. Wasson, A. Hocking, Jonathan C. Rowanhill","doi":"10.1109/DASC50938.2020.9256762","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC50938.2020.9256762","url":null,"abstract":"The kinds of systems we are building, and the ways we are building them, are evolving. This evolution is invalidating analyses and assumptions upon which we have relied as bases for design assurance, imposing a need for new criteria and means of compliance for many autonomy-enabling technologies. While significant investigation activity into assurance bases for these technologies is underway across research, development, and standards bodies, the community will need to make sense of results coming out. We require evaluation frameworks and decision support to establish trust in, and guide selection of, new verification concepts and methods. In this work, we propose a lens for the evaluation of verification methods in development to ground new criteria, standards, and means of compliance for assuring and approving adaptive and intelligent systems. We root the evaluation framework in examining verification as a system in its own right, with a job to do and ways it can fail to do it. We then outline a structured argument in which it can be concluded a verification method is fit for purpose if it meets its requirements and the hazards of its use are adequately mitigated. To identify these hazards, we illustrate how industry-standard hazard analysis can be performed on verification itself, and how the results of such an analysis can be integrated into structured arguments supporting stakeholder communication and decision making. Finally, we note environments where we are beginning to use this approach, including to provide feedback within standards development activity.","PeriodicalId":112045,"journal":{"name":"2020 AIAA/IEEE 39th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC)","volume":"117 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116205404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards Robust Certification of Computer-Vision-Based Detect and Avoid in UAS","authors":"Rahul Sridhar, Michael Murphy, A. Lamprecht","doi":"10.1109/DASC50938.2020.9256697","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC50938.2020.9256697","url":null,"abstract":"Computer-vision-based Detect and Avoid (DAA) promises to enable large-scale unmanned BVLoS drone flights in the near future, which would have enormous economic benefits. However, quite a bit of work remains to be done before it can be certified. We describe AirMap's ongoing research into computer-vision-based DAA.","PeriodicalId":112045,"journal":{"name":"2020 AIAA/IEEE 39th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC)","volume":"17 1-2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121013848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scheduling for Offloading Safety-Critical Applications Within Networked Groups of Vehicles","authors":"John B. Mains, Thanakorn Khamvilai, E. Feron","doi":"10.1109/DASC50938.2020.9256820","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC50938.2020.9256820","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a combined scheduling and path planning scheme for offloading of safety-critical applications in a group of networked vehicles. Due to the dynamic nature of such systems, a scheduler for applications to be offloaded needs to account for the changes of the network parameters. Such a scheduling scheme based on a mixed-integer program (MIP) is detailed with attention to the time-varying duration of message passing operations. Given knowledge of the scheduling requirements of applications to be offloaded, a path planner for a group of networked vehicles can ensure the resulting path will yield a feasible schedule for offloading. An method for generating such a path is described, utilizing the scheduling scheme and a mixed-integer program for path planning with integral communication capacity constraints. The combined scheme is demonstrated in a case study consisting of a pair of UAS equipped with a line-of-sight inter-vehicle a communication link and onboard processors. We show how the scheme can be used to make individual vehicles of the group fault-tolerant to processor failures.","PeriodicalId":112045,"journal":{"name":"2020 AIAA/IEEE 39th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC)","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116583591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rule-Based Path Planning for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Non-Segregated Air Space over Congested Areas","authors":"M. Ortlieb, Florian-Michael Adolf","doi":"10.1109/DASC50938.2020.9256624","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC50938.2020.9256624","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we present an approach for simplified path planning for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in obstacle-dense high-risk areas. We reduce the complexity of the 3D planning problem to that of a 2D planning problem by leveraging regulatory restrictions and guidelines as well as mission-specific boundary conditions to simplify the configuration space. This is achieved through strict limitations and a projection of the search space into a quasi-2D plane. We further suggest a modular motion planning architecture of multiple planners, each of which is taylored to a specific flight phase and displays deterministic behaviour in memory and runtime complexity. Through the integration of regulatory considerations, we seek to provide a planning result that complies with future regulations for flights over congested areas beyond the visual line of sight (BVLOS) and allows feasible solutions for dense multi-vehicle operation of urban routes. In addition to the methodological approach, we introduce the application of image processing techniques to the generation of roadmaps from available maps. We apply the method to a mission scenario of realistic extend and show how it scales to obstacle-dense environments. The results indicate that efficient pre-processing of environment data can enable regulation-compliant path-planning for UAVs in urban environments on consumer hardware.","PeriodicalId":112045,"journal":{"name":"2020 AIAA/IEEE 39th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC)","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121278513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}