无人机系统交通管理:基于u空间的FAA UTM与欧洲CORUS ConOps比较

Joonas Lieb, Andreas Volkert
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引用次数: 13

摘要

无人机系统(UAS)提供了各种新的业务用例和机会,例如检查工业现场,监视敏感区域以及交付包裹和医疗用品。因此,越来越多的行业领导者为他们的业务案例实现了UAS。此外,各种各样的公司提供许多无人驾驶飞行器(UAV)服务,例如作物检查。现在大多数无人机操作是在无人机飞行员的视距(VLOS)内飞行,保持操作非常局部并且使飞行员能够充分监督其操作的空中风险。然而,越来越多的商业用例将需要无人机的超视距操作(BVLOS)。为了解决这一不断发展的问题,美国联邦航空管理局(FAA)下一代办公室最近发布了一份新的无人机交通管理(UTM)操作概念(ConOps),在本文中称为“FAA ConOps”。FAA ConOps一方面反映了UAS的不断成熟。另一方面,它正在解决在受控和非受控空域操作无人机的统一概念的需要。同样,欧盟在SESAR项目CORUS中于2019年9月发布了针对UTM概念(称为U-space)的全欧洲范围的无人机作战概念,本文将其称为“CORUS ConOps”。虽然CORUS的结果是早期阶段的项目发现,但其中相当一部分已经进入了新的欧洲航空安全局意见草案,该草案规范了欧洲范围内的整体航空安全。未来的EASA法规很可能会采用更多CORUS的研究结果,并以本项目所做的工作为基础。对BVLOS操作的需求不断增长,需要新的法规来安全集成现有空域的UAS。这两个ConOps最初都把重点放在了非常低的空域。然而,这个VLL空域的离地高度已经有了不同的定义。此外,这两个概念在无人机操作类的定义上有所不同:它们在CORUS ConOps中明确提到,而FAA ConOps区分了VLOS和BVLOS操作以及载人航空。尽管如此,这两个概念都有一个共同点,即它们严重依赖于一个随时可访问的分布式信息网络来协调无人机的空域使用,以不耗尽ATC的能力。本文对FAA ConOps和CORUS ConOps进行了比较,主要关注空域结构、无人机和操作员的服务、应急和应急程序、空域准入、特定空域和操作的无人机性能要求、参与者和责任、远程ID要求和分离程序。特别解释了这些主要题目之间的差异,并在适用的情况下详细说明了个别条例和程序的优点和缺点。最后,本文通过表达作者对这些概念的某些关键要素的看法来结束,并在此强调主要差异,以说明每个概念中可能被忽视的方面,并强调FAA ConOps和CORUS ConOps之间不同的高级方法。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Unmanned Aircraft Systems Traffic Management: A comparsion on the FAA UTM and the European CORUS ConOps based on U-space
Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) offer a variety of new business use cases and opportunities, such as inspection of industrial sites, surveillance of sensitive areas and delivery of packages and medical supplies. Thus more and more industry leaders implement UAS for their business case. Additionally a variety of companies offer numerous Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) services, e.g. crop inspection. Nowadays most UAV operations are flown in Visual Line of Sight (VLOS) of the UAV pilot keeping the operations very local and enabling pilots to sufficiently oversee the air risk of their operation. However, a growing number of business use cases will require UAV operations Beyond Visual Line of Sight (BVLOS). To address this evolving development the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) NextGen Office has recently published a new Concept of Operations (ConOps) for UAS Traffic Management (UTM), referred to in this paper as “FAA ConOps”. The FAA ConOps is on the one hand reflecting the continued maturation of UAS. On the other hand it is addressing the need of a unified concept for operating UAVs in both controlled and uncontrolled airspace. Similarly, the European Union within the SESAR project CORUS has released in September 2019 the European-wide Concept of Operations for UAS targeting an UTM concept called U-space, referred to in this paper as “CORUS ConOps”. Although the results of CORUS are project findings in an early stage a fair amount of them already found their way into the new EASA draft opinion that regulate the overall aviation safety within Europe. Most likely future EASA regulations will adopt even more CORUS findings and build on the work done in this project. The rising demand for BVLOS operations requires new regulations for the safe integration of UAS in existing airspace. Both ConOps put their focus on the very low level (VLL) airspace initially. Nevertheless, already the height above ground of this VLL airspace is defined differently. In addition, both concepts differ in the definition of drone operation classes: They are explicitly mentioned in the CORUS ConOps, whereas the FAA ConOps distinguishes between VLOS and BVLOS operations as well as manned aviation. Though, both concepts have in common that they rely heavily on an at-all-times accessible distributed information network for the coordination of airspace use by UAVs in order to not deplete ATC capacities. In this paper a comparison of the FAA ConOps and the CORUS ConOps has been conducted with a main focus on airspace structures, services for UAV and operators, contingency and emergency procedures, airspace access, UAS performance requirements for certain airspaces and operations, actors and responsibilities, remote ID requirements and separation procedures. Particularly, the differences of these main topics are explained and, where applicable, the advantages and disadvantages of individual regulations and procedures are elaborated. In conclusion, the paper closes by expressing the authors' opinion on certain key elements of the concepts, hereby highlighting main differences in order to illustrate potentially neglected aspects in each of the concepts and highlighting different high-level approaches between the FAA ConOps and CORUS ConOps.
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