Dental and Medical Problems最新文献

{"title":"Comparative efficacy of a local drug delivery system using Blue®M gel and Gengigel® as an adjunct to scaling and root planing in chronic periodontitis patients.","authors":"Aiysha Nudrath, Rupa Rani Bodduru, Ramanarayana Boyapati, Shahbaz Hassan, Sushmita Hari, Archita Vadla","doi":"10.17219/dmp/187885","DOIUrl":"10.17219/dmp/187885","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Periodontal disease is a condition that impacts the tissues surrounding the teeth, sparked by the build-up of bacteria leading to inflammation. These bacteria form biofilms, shielding themselves from antimicrobial treatment. Typically, mechanical cleaning disrupts these biofilms and lowers bacterial levels. However, in some cases, it might not fully address the disease due to intricate root structures and irregular lesion shapes. Local drug delivery directly to the affected area serves as a reservoir for drugs, potentially altering harmful bacteria and aiding in the healing process.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of various local drug delivery systems, specifically Blue®M gel along with scaling and root planing (SRP), Gengigel® with SRP, and SRP alone, in managing patients with chronic periodontitis.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>The study population comprised 36 patients of both sexes in the age group of 35-60 years, with supra-bony pockets of 4-6 mm in any quadrant. The participants were randomly divided into 3 groups according to the treatment provided: group A - SRP alone; group B - SRP with BlueM gel; and group C - SRP with Gengigel. The gels were applied into the pockets. The follow-up period was 6 months.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In a study involving 36 patients, predominantly males, with an average age of 42.03 years, Gengigel demonstrated a slightly greater reduction in the probing pocket depth (PPD) (-0.16 ±0.04 mm), the oral hygiene index (OHI) (-0.45 ±0.81) and the plaque index (PI) (-0.51 ±0.33) as compared to the other 2 groups. BlueM gel exhibited a superior reduction in the clinical attachment level (CAL) when compared to the control and Gengigel groups (-0.35 ±0.31 mm).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Both BlueM Gel and Gengigel have proven to be dependable choices or adjuncts to SRP. However, additional studies are needed to further explore their effectiveness.</p>","PeriodicalId":11191,"journal":{"name":"Dental and Medical Problems","volume":"63 1","pages":"43-49"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147303192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Treatment of maxillary edentulism with weldable wing spindles and allogenic bone for sinus lift: A retrospective study.","authors":"Sergio Dovigo, Filippo Michelon, Nicolò Zuffellato, Giulia Montagner, Diletta Trojan","doi":"10.17219/dmp/191059","DOIUrl":"10.17219/dmp/191059","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The technique described in this study has been used by our group for approx. 20 years. It involves fabricating a provisional or definitive prosthesis over a metal structure made of several wing abutments that can be intraorally welded to connect the adjacent implants.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The aim of this retrospective observational study was to evaluate the effectiveness of and the complications associated with the use of intraorally welded wing abutments in patients with edentulous maxilla undergoing sinus floor augmentation with frozen homologous bone.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>Data from adult patients diagnosed with edentulism in the posterior maxilla were retrospectively analyzed. All patients underwent sinus augmentation with homologous bone and were rehabilitated for 5-6 months after surgery, using wing spindles. The primary outcome of the study was to evaluate the prosthetic success, while the secondary outcomes included the assessment of the implant success and the incidence of complications.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Data analysis included 35 patients, corresponding to 220 implants. At the last follow-up, a 100% prosthetic success and a 96.36% implant survival rate were obtained. A total of 8 patients (22.86%, corresponding to 8.64% of total implants) experienced complications, such as radiographic radiolucency, peri-implantitis and implant mobility.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The results of this retrospective study suggest that patients with edentulous maxilla undergoing sinus floor augmentation with frozen homologous bone might benefit from the use of intraorally welded wing abutments.</p>","PeriodicalId":11191,"journal":{"name":"Dental and Medical Problems","volume":" ","pages":"65-71"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146084881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biocompatibility of NeoPUTTY™ versus TheraCal PT® and TheraCal LC® pulp-capping materials, and tissue reaction following subcutaneous implantation in rats: Histological and molecular investigation.","authors":"Dina Rady, Sara El Moshy, Yasmin Mohamed Yousry, Mohamed Ramadan, Israa Ahmed Radwan","doi":"10.17219/dmp/168627","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17219/dmp/168627","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Materials used for vital pulp therapy should support the natural healing and regeneration of the dental pulp. Ideally, these materials should be biocompatible, bioactive, non-toxic, and noncarcinogenic. Although numerous medicaments are currently available on the market, none fully meet all the criteria required for an ideal material. In recent years, calcium silicate-based materials, known for their bioactivity and biocompatibility, have gained widespread use in dental practice.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This in vivo study investigated the tissue response and biological characteristics of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) - NeoPUTTY™, as well as TheraCal PT® and TheraCal LC®, following subcutaneous implantation in rats.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>Twenty adult male albino rats were randomly assigned according to the sacrifice time (2 or 4 weeks) into 2 equal groups, which were further subdivided into 4 subgroups based on the material used. Four incisions were made on the back of each rat to create 4 pockets, into which polyethylene tubes were implanted. Three tubes were filled with biomaterials, while the 4th was left empty as a control. After sacrifice, the samples were analyzed histopathologically, histomorphometrically, and for gene expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Moderate inflammation was the predominant tissue response to NeoPUTTY. TheraCal LC demonstrated the formation of a thick connective tissue capsule with moderate chronic inflammatory cell infiltration. In contrast, TheraCal PT showed a mild inflammatory response and a lower area percentage of collagen fibers in the capsule as compared to NeoPUTTY and TheraCal LC. NeoPUTTY and TheraCal LC were associated with higher VEGF and IL-6 expression levels than those observed in the TheraCal PT and control groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>TheraCal PT appears to be a promising material for direct pulp capping, owing to its favorable biocompatibility when tested in vivo in comparison with NeoPUTTY and TheraCal LC. These findings may assist clinicians in selecting appropriate materials for direct pulp capping, as TheraCal PT demonstrated greater biocompatibility with respect to its effects on the surrounding tissues.</p>","PeriodicalId":11191,"journal":{"name":"Dental and Medical Problems","volume":"63 1","pages":"131-143"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147431367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of the antibacterial activity of glass ionomer cements modified by polyamidoamine and bioactive glass: An in vitro study.","authors":"Dalia Mohamed Elbahi, Rania El-Saady Badawy, Saber Ahmed Mohamed Ibrahim, Mariam Hassan, Nour Ahmed Habib","doi":"10.17219/dmp/166140","DOIUrl":"10.17219/dmp/166140","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Secondary caries is one of the main reasons for the clinical failure in dental restorations. Therefore, it is preferable for restorative materials to possess antibacterial properties, which support a longlasting restoration.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The present in vitro study aimed to evaluate the effect of both the polyamidoamine (PAMAM) liquid and bioactive glass (BAG) powder added to glass ionomer cements (GICs) on their antibacterial properties.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>Polyamidoamine was prepared and characterized. Four groups were distinguished, as follows: GI - samples of commercially available GIC (control); GII - samples of GIC mixed with PAMAM; GIII - samples of GIC mixed with BAG; and GIV - samples of GIC mixed with PAMAM and BAG.The biofilm assessment test was conducted using a colony forming unit (CFU) count, and the ion release test was used to quantify the amount of released silica (Si), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (Ph), and sodium (Na) ions in mg/L. Thirty-six samples were prepared for each test. Furthermore, the pH of the soaking solution was measured for each sample in the ion release test. The parametric data was examined using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's post-hoc test.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The biofilm assessment test revealed a significant reduction in the recovered Streptococcus mutans counts in all modified groups compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Also, the ion release test demonstrated a significant increase in the release of Si and Na ions for all modified groups compared to the control group (p < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The modification of GICs with PAMAM and BAG enhances their antibacterial properties.</p>","PeriodicalId":11191,"journal":{"name":"Dental and Medical Problems","volume":" ","pages":"199-207"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144658671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Yawning as a clinical clue? Revisiting COMISA phenotypes in sleep-disordered breathing.","authors":"Miguel Meira E Cruz","doi":"10.17219/dmp/209575","DOIUrl":"10.17219/dmp/209575","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nocturnal yawning may represent a subtle clinical marker of arousal instability in patients with sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), potentially unveiling latent comorbid insomnia and sleep apnea (COMISA) phenotypes, and expanding the interpretative scope of sleep-related behaviors.</p>","PeriodicalId":11191,"journal":{"name":"Dental and Medical Problems","volume":"63 1","pages":"5-7"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145959008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implications of orthodontic treatment on esthetics, oral health and quality of life in adult patients.","authors":"Ana Petra Lazar, Eugen-Silviu Bud, Anamaria Bud, Ali Merdji, Andreea Angela Stetiu, Sandipan Roy, Mircea Stetiu, Mariana Păcurar, Luminița Lazăr","doi":"10.17219/dmp/147756","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17219/dmp/147756","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a profound impact on people's daily lives, resulting in lifestyle changes, social distancing, isolation, as well as economic consequences. An evaluation of the effects of COVID-19 on oral health is necessary.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of fixed orthodontic treatment on periodontal health and quality of life in adult patients.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the study methodology was based on a questionnaire consisting of 20 items addressed to patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. The questions concerned the frequency and duration of toothbrushing, brushing techniques as well as the use of auxiliary means of oral hygiene, with the objective of drawing conclusions regarding the oral health of this patient population. Additionally, 5 items adapted from the Oral Health Impact Profile-5 (OHIP-5) were included, asking subjects how frequently they had experienced specific problems during orthodontic treatment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The oral health of adult patients undergoing orthodontic treatment was influenced by the technique, frequency and means of toothbrushing. During fixed orthodontic treatment, pathological changes in periodontal tissues were often observed (23.6-56.4%), along with other conditions influencing patients' quality of life (10.2-81.3%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Early diagnosis of periodontal conditions during orthodontic treatment is essential for treatment success. Orthodontists should instruct patients on appropriate oral hygiene practices and on detecting changes in periodontal status, as well as should recommend periodontal consultation when needed. Orthodontic treatment in adult patients, through esthetic and functional improvement, should lead to an improvement in psychosocial wellbeing and an increase in quality of life.</p>","PeriodicalId":11191,"journal":{"name":"Dental and Medical Problems","volume":"63 1","pages":"105-110"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147282800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of self-adhesive resin cements on shear bond strength to CAD/CAM silicate ceramics.","authors":"Malin Janson, Anja Liebermann, Christoph Schoppmeier","doi":"10.17219/dmp/203144","DOIUrl":"10.17219/dmp/203144","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The bond strength between self-adhesive resin cements (SARCs) and computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) ceramics is crucial for restoration durability, yet data on the aging effects of different SARCs remains limited.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The aim of the study was to evaluate the shear bond strength (SBS) and failure modes of various SARCs on 2 CAD/CAM silicate ceramics after thermal aging.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>A total of 360 samples from 2 ceramics (CEREC Tessera™ HT (CTS group); IPS Empress CAD LT (IEC group)) were treated with hydrofluoric acid (HF) and bonded with 6 SARCs: G-CEM ONE™ (GCO); Maxcem Elite™ (MXC); Nexus™ Universal (NXU); SpeedCEM® Plus (SPC); RelyX™ Universal (RLX); and PANAVIA™ SA Cement Universal (PSA). The samples underwent water storage (24 h, 37°C) or thermal aging (30 days, 20,000 cycles, 5-55°C). The shear bond strength and failure modes were measured, with the bonding interfaces being assessed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A multifactorial analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied for the statistical analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significant differences were identified in aging (F = 117.64, p < 0.001), ceramic types (F = 28.91, p < 0.001) and among SARCs (F = 34.79, p < 0.001). The highest SBS post-aging was found with IEC+GCO (24.92 ±2.90 MPa) and CTS+MXC (21.68 ±3.16 MPa), while the lowest SBS was recorded with CTS+PSA (6.22 ±4.31 MPa). Failure modes shifted from cohesive to mixed after thermocycling.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>All tested SARCs bond effectively to CAD/CAM ceramics, with GCO and PSA being recommended for IEC ceramics, and MXC for CTS ceramics to optimize bond strength.</p>","PeriodicalId":11191,"journal":{"name":"Dental and Medical Problems","volume":" ","pages":"189-198"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146060598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Postgraduate Orofacial Pain and Dysfunction Program at the Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam: Celebrating two decades of graduates.","authors":"Frank Lobbezoo, Peter Wetselaar, Michail Koutris","doi":"10.17219/dmp/215831","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17219/dmp/215831","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper outlines the development of a distinctive, full-time, 3-year postgraduate Master of Science (MSc) program in Orofacial Pain and Dysfunction (OPD), which integrates advanced clinical training, interdisciplinary care and research publication.</p>","PeriodicalId":11191,"journal":{"name":"Dental and Medical Problems","volume":"63 1","pages":"9-13"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145959071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disproportionality analysis of oral adverse events following COVID-19 vaccination: Investigating demographic disparities and notoriety bias using a hybrid frequentist-Bayesian approach.","authors":"Abanoub Riad, Sameh Attia","doi":"10.17219/dmp/210050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17219/dmp/210050","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Ensuring vaccine safety is crucial for maintaining public confidence, particularly in relation to non-life-threatening adverse events (AEs) that may impact quality of life and contribute to vaccine hesitancy. While systemic reactions to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines are well documented, oral AEs remain underexplored, despite emerging reports linking vaccination to taste disturbances and other oral manifestations.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The aim of the study was to explore oral AEs following COVID-19 vaccination and to assess their potential to constitute signals of disproportionate reporting (SDRs) that warrant further investigation and validation.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>A hybrid frequentist-Bayesian signal detection approach was applied to analyze oral AEs following COVID-19 vaccination using data from the US Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS). A two-stage analysis was conducted. The primary analysis identified SDRs, and the secondary analysis assessed reporting biases, including selective reporting bias and notoriety bias.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Oral AEs were reported 2.4 times more frequently following COVID-19 vaccination compared with other vaccines, with taste-related SDRs showing the highest disproportionality. The most prominent SDRs included taste disorder (proportional reporting ratio (PRR) = 23.96), ageusia (PRR = 17.79), hypogeusia (PRR = 6.25), dysgeusia (PRR = 3.22), and oral lichen planus (PRR = 3.12). Females and middleaged adults exhibited the highest reporting rates, whereas severe, hospitalized and fatal cases were less frequent. Co-occurrence analysis of gustatory and olfactory AEs suggests notoriety bias, likely influenced by increased public awareness. Regression analyses indicated that female sex and older age were associated with increased odds of oral SDRs, while state-level political inclination had no significant effect.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings highlight demographic disparities in the reporting of oral AEs. However, they should not be interpreted as undermining vaccine safety. Future research should focus on clinically significant oral SDRs, such as oral lichen planus, to distinguish true safety signals from potential reporting biases. Improved awareness and communication are essential for contextualizing these findings within dental practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":11191,"journal":{"name":"Dental and Medical Problems","volume":"63 1","pages":"87-104"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147282758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Increased inflammation, disturbed extracellular matrix remodeling and reduced parotid and submandibular salivary gland function in male Wistar rats with type 2 diabetes.","authors":"Anna Kotowska-Rodziewicz, Anna Zalewska, Małgorzata Żendzian-Piotrowska, Piotr Zukowski, Roberto Lo Giudice, Giuseppe Lo Giudice, Mateusz Maciejczyk","doi":"10.17219/dmp/188207","DOIUrl":"10.17219/dmp/188207","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Insulin-independent type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) causes numerous organ complications, some of which involve the oral cavity. However, to date, the causes of reduced salivary secretion in patients with DM2 remain unclear.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The present study is the first to evaluate the salivary inflammatory and anti-inflammatory profiles in the salivary glands of rats with DM2.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>Twenty male Wistar Cmdb:WI rats were randomly divided into 2 groups: a control group and a DM2 group. Type 2 diabetes mellitus was induced by feeding the rats a high-fat diet and administering a single intraperitoneal injection of low-dose streptozotocin (35 mg/kg bw). Salivary gland function was evaluated using pilocarpine-stimulated salivary flow rate and α-amylase activity. The salivary inflammatory profile was assessed using a multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Type 2 diabetes mellitus caused dysfunction of the parotid glands (PGs) and submandibular glands (SMGs), manifested by a reduction in the salivary flow rate and a decrease in salivary α-amylase activity. In DM2 rats, significantly higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1α, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IL-6, IL-7, IL18), anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10), Th1 (IL-12) and Th17 (IL-17) cytokines, chemokines (monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1α/chemokine ligand 3 (CCL3), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α/CCL3, regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted chemokine (RANTES)/CCL5, MIP-3α/CCL20, growth-regulated oncogene (GRO)-1α/CCL1), and growth factors (macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)) were observed, as well as increased activity of salivary pro-inflammatory enzymes (myeloperoxidase (MPO), β-D-glucuronidase (GLU)). Evaluation of the inflammatory profile did not indicate the dominance of any branch of the immune system, with the PG being the main source of salivary cytokines, chemokines and growth factors. The activity of lysosomal exoglycosidases and extracellular matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) involved in salivary gland remodeling was significantly higher in the PGs and SBGs of DM2 rats compared with controls.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Increased levels of salivary inflammatory biomarkers accompanied by decreased salivary secretory function may indicate the contribution of inflammation to salivary gland dysfunction. During the course of DM2, impairment predominantly affects PGs.</p>","PeriodicalId":11191,"journal":{"name":"Dental and Medical Problems","volume":"63 1","pages":"145-158"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147354274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}