Current Pediatric Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Perinatal Management of Pregnancies with Fetal Congenital Anomalies: A Guide to Obstetricians and Pediatricians.","authors":"Mishu Mangla, Rajendra Prasad Anne","doi":"10.2174/1573396318666221005142001","DOIUrl":"10.2174/1573396318666221005142001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Congenital anomalies are responsible for approximately 20% of all neonatal deaths worldwide. Improvements in antenatal screening and diagnosis have significantly improved the prenatal detection of birth defects; however, these improvements have not translated into the improved neonatal prognosis of babies born with congenital anomalies.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>An attempt has been made to summarise the prenatal interventions, if available, the optimal route, mode and time of delivery and discuss the minimum delivery room preparations that should be made if expecting to deliver a fetus with a congenital anomaly.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The recent literature related to the perinatal management of the fetus with prenatally detected common congenital anomalies was searched in English peer-reviewed journals from the PubMed database to work out an evidence-based approach for their management.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Fetuses with prenatally detected congenital anomalies should be delivered at a tertiary care centre with facilities for neonatal surgery and paediatric intensive care if needed. There is no indication for preterm delivery in the majority of cases. Only a few congenital malformations, like highrisk sacrococcygeal teratoma, congenital lung masses with significant fetal compromise, fetal cerebral lesions or neural tube defects with Head circumference >40 cm or the biparietal diameter is ≥12 cm, gastroschisis with extracorporeal liver, or giant omphaloceles in the fetus warrant caesarean section as the primary mode of delivery.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The prognosis of a fetus with congenital anomalies can be significantly improved if planning for delivery, including the place and time of delivery, is done optimally. A multidisciplinary team should be available for the fetus to optimize conditions right from when it is born.</p>","PeriodicalId":11175,"journal":{"name":"Current Pediatric Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33490148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Brief Survey of Post-COVID-19 Vaccination Mucocutaneous and Dermatological Reactions in Children and Adolescents: Answer to Many Highly Questioned Concerns.","authors":"Yekta Ghane, Sara Sadeghi, Azadeh Goodarzi","doi":"10.2174/1573396319666230228112039","DOIUrl":"10.2174/1573396319666230228112039","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11175,"journal":{"name":"Current Pediatric Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10791260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Respiratory <i>versus</i> Cardiac Algorithm for Pediatric and Neonatal Resuscitation.","authors":"Kam Lun Hon, Yok Weng Tan, Karen Ka Yan Leung, Genevieve P G Fung, Ka Hang Kwok, Alice Yan Ho, Bill H Chan","doi":"10.2174/1573396319666230220130016","DOIUrl":"10.2174/1573396319666230220130016","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11175,"journal":{"name":"Current Pediatric Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10753017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bones and Aches in Children.","authors":"Amir Babiker","doi":"10.2174/157339632004240530131009","DOIUrl":"10.2174/157339632004240530131009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11175,"journal":{"name":"Current Pediatric Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141916356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Limping Child: A Guide for the Trainees.","authors":"Norah AlRohaimi, Hamad Alkhalaf, Jubran Alqanatish","doi":"10.2174/1573396320666230406085533","DOIUrl":"10.2174/1573396320666230406085533","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Limping is a common presenting complaint in children. Despite this, it remains to be a diagnostic challenge for treating physicians due to an expanded list of etiologies. It arises from a spectrum of disorders, ranging from physiological variations of gait at different stages of development to systemic causes, such as inflammatory diseases or musculoskeletal infections. On rare occasions, non-musculoskeletal causes could result in limping. The diagnostic challenge increases in younger age children where a detailed physical examination that helps identify the exact source of pathology may not be possible. In older patients who have a well-developed gait cycle, the physical assessment might be easier. Clinical assessment in a child presenting with a limp includes gait analysis, which is essential to guide the appropriate request of diagnostic laboratory tests and imaging studies. In this paper, we provide a practical guide for a trainee in General Pediatric and Pediatric Rheumatology on an approach to a limping child, aiming to identify the common causes of limping and to describe normal and abnormal gait cycles. We also discuss other diagnostic considerations in the assessment of these children.</p>","PeriodicalId":11175,"journal":{"name":"Current Pediatric Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46461758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Case Series of Appendicitis and Pseudo-appendicitis in a Paediatric Intensive Care Unit.","authors":"Kam L Hon, Alexander K C Leung, Yan T K Lee, Stephanie Tsang, Karen K Y Leung, Wun F A Hui, Wing L Cheung, Wai Y M Leung","doi":"10.2174/1573396320666230811092837","DOIUrl":"10.2174/1573396320666230811092837","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Appendicitis is a common childhood condition that can be diagnostically challenging. Severe cases may necessitate support in the critical or intensive care unit. These \"critical appendicitis diagnoses\" have rarely been described.</p><p><strong>Case description: </strong>We retrospectively reviewed the Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) database of the Hong Kong Children's Hospital and identified cases of suspected and confirmed appendicitis. Clinical features, radiologic findings and final diagnosis of each case were summarized and reported in this case series. We review six anonymized cases of appendicitis managed in a PICU to illustrate the different age spectrum and clinical manifestations of the condition. Rupture of the inflamed appendix, peritonitis and pancreatitis were some of the complications encountered. Crohn's disease was found in one case as an underlying diagnosis. Also, one girl clinically diagnosed with appendicitis was found to be a case of ruptured hepatoblastoma with no appendicitis (i.e., pseudoappendicitis).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Prompt diagnosis, surgical removal of the inflamed appendix, and use of appropriate antimicrobials when indicated are essential in reducing mortality and morbidity associated with severe appendicitis. Significant premorbid conditions such as acute myeloid leukemia, Mitochondrial Encephalopathy Lactic Acidosis Syndrome (MELAS), inflammatory bowel disease and complications may be present in patients needing intensive care as is illustrated in the present cases. Pseudoappendicitis is an important differential diagnosis. Imaging is crucial and useful in establishing and confirming the diagnosis of appendicitis and pseudo-appendicitis in these PICU cases.</p>","PeriodicalId":11175,"journal":{"name":"Current Pediatric Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10078123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Children and Adolescents with Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Treatment and Management.","authors":"Ankita Wal, Pranay Wal, Neha Verma, Shiv Shanker Pandey, Karthickeyan Krishnan, Mithun Bhowmick","doi":"10.2174/1573396319666221128094843","DOIUrl":"10.2174/1573396319666221128094843","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a disorder that causes stomach pain in children and adolescents. It may also impact one's quality of life. IBS is linked to gastrointestinal issues such as diarrhoea and constipation. Despite the identification of several potential pathophysiological pathways, the aetiology of IBS remained unknown.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of this paper is to discuss the diagnosis, pathogenesis, case studies and treatment of Irritable bowel syndrome in children and adolescents.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This systematic review covered relevant papers from the previous ten years that were accessible in Science Direct, Elsevier, NCBI, and Web of Science related to the pathophysiology and function of pharmacological drugs such as antidepressants, antispasmodics, prokinetics, and antibiotics in children with irritable bowel syndrome.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Only a few prospective therapy techniques have been investigated in children, and even fewer of those have been demonstrated to be effective. This article presents case studies including 50-59 children, which demonstrate a favourable acceptable impact that is more effective than a placebo in terms of reducing symptoms and improving the overall quality of life in children who have irritable bowel syndrome. Furthermore, the majority of the pathophysiological explanations and treatment options discussed are based on adult studies. These major issues arose when treating paediatric IBS, and they must be addressed in order to properly treat children with IBS. Trials that focus on many combinations of pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies seem to be more helpful.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>In recent years, a number of systematic reviews have been conducted to evaluate the efficacy of medication treatments in children for IBS; however, the dependability of these systematic reviews needs to be further investigated owing to the various experimental designs and levels of evidence used. This article highlights paediatric therapy options, including pharmaceutical medications such as antidepressants, antispasmodics, prokinetics, and antibiotics. The goal is to alleviate IBS symptoms while also enhancing the quality of life for children with this illness.</p>","PeriodicalId":11175,"journal":{"name":"Current Pediatric Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40709028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Group A β-hemolytic Streptococcal Pharyngitis: An Updated Review.","authors":"Alexander K C Leung, Joseph M Lam, Benjamin Barankin, Kin F Leong, Kam L Hon","doi":"10.2174/1573396320666230726145436","DOIUrl":"10.2174/1573396320666230726145436","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Group A ß-hemolytic <i>Streptococcus</i> (GABHS) is the leading bacterial cause of acute pharyngitis in children and adolescents worldwide.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This article aims to familiarize clinicians with the clinical manifestations, evaluation, diagnosis, and management of GABHS pharyngitis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A search was conducted in December 2022 in PubMed Clinical Queries using the key term \"group A β-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis\". This review covers mainly literature published in the previous ten years.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Children with GABHS pharyngitis typically present with an abrupt onset of fever, intense pain in the throat, pain on swallowing, an inflamed pharynx, enlarged and erythematous tonsils, a red and swollen uvula, enlarged tender anterior cervical lymph nodes. As clinical manifestations may not be specific, even experienced clinicians may have difficulties diagnosing GABHS pharyngitis solely based on epidemiologic or clinical grounds alone. Patients suspected of having GABHS pharyngitis should be confirmed by microbiologic testing (e.g., culture, rapid antigen detection test, molecular point-of-care test) of a throat swab specimen prior to the initiation of antimicrobial therapy. Microbiologic testing is generally unnecessary in patients with pharyngitis whose clinical and epidemiologic findings do not suggest GABHS. Clinical score systems such as the Centor score and McIssac score have been developed to help clinicians decide which patients should undergo diagnostic testing and reduce the unnecessary use of antimicrobials. Antimicrobial therapy should be initiated without delay once the diagnosis is confirmed. Oral penicillin V and amoxicillin remain the drugs of choice. For patients who have a non-anaphylactic allergy to penicillin, oral cephalosporin is an acceptable alternative. For patients with a history of immediate, anaphylactic-type hypersensitivity to penicillin, oral clindamycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin are acceptable alternatives.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Early diagnosis and antimicrobial treatment are recommended to prevent suppurative complications (e.g., cervical lymphadenitis, peritonsillar abscess) and non-suppurative complications (particularly rheumatic fever) as well as to reduce the severity of symptoms, to shorten the duration of the illness and to reduce disease transmission.</p>","PeriodicalId":11175,"journal":{"name":"Current Pediatric Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9861946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Submaximal Field Walking Tests Applied in the Cardiopulmonary Assessment in Congenital Heart Diseases: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Amanda da Silva, Alexia Nadine Puel, Priscilla Moretto, Ana Inês Gonzáles, Anelise Sonza","doi":"10.2174/0115733963263592231127042702","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115733963263592231127042702","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Submaximal field walking tests are easy to apply and low cost, but it is necessary to standardize their application, especially in the pediatric population. The feasibility and its use in patients with congenital heart disease have been studied. The goal of this study was to verify which are the submaximal field walking tests applied in the cardiopulmonary assessment of children and adolescents with CHD and to verify if they are being performed as recommended by the standardization protocols/guidelines.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Literature review through a search in six electronic databases, structured in PICO format, without date restrictions. Looking for studies that used submaximal field walking tests in children and adolescents with congenital heart disease aged 5 to 18 years. Methodological quality, effectiveness and safety and risk of bias were assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Five studies met the eligibility criteria with a sample of 160 individuals with congenital heart disease, and all used the six-minute walk test. Note that different methodologies and modifications are used. Only the clinical trial showed good methodological quality.Four studies had low risk of bias and one study had moderate risk.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Although the six-minute walk test is the only test used as a field test found in our research, there is no standardization in the application of the test, making it difficult to compare the results. In this sense, reducing the limitations and heterogeneity in the application of the test will enable more concrete outcomes and facilitate their reproduction in clinical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":11175,"journal":{"name":"Current Pediatric Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139511951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Iron Deficiency Anemia: An Updated Review.","authors":"Alexander K C Leung, Joseph M Lam, Alex H C Wong, Kam Lun Hon, Xiuling Li","doi":"10.2174/1573396320666230727102042","DOIUrl":"10.2174/1573396320666230727102042","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Worldwide, iron deficiency anemia is the most prevalent nutritional deficiency disorder and the leading cause of anemia in children, especially in developing countries. When present in early childhood, especially if severe and prolonged, iron deficiency anemia can result in neurodevelopmental and cognitive deficits, which may not always be fully reversible even following the correction of iron deficiency anemia.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This article aimed to familiarize physicians with the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, evaluation, prevention, and management of children with iron deficiency anemia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A PubMed search was conducted in February 2023 in Clinical Queries using the key term \"iron deficiency anemia\". The search strategy included all clinical trials (including open trials, non-randomized controlled trials, and randomized controlled trials), observational studies (including case reports and case series), and reviews (including narrative reviews, clinical guidelines, and meta-analyses) published within the past 10 years. Google, UpToDate, and Wikipedia were also searched to enrich the review. Only papers published in the English literature were included in this review. The information retrieved from the search was used in the compilation of the present article.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Iron deficiency anemia is most common among children aged nine months to three years and during adolescence. Iron deficiency anemia can result from increased demand for iron, inadequate iron intake, decreased iron absorption (malabsorption), increased blood loss, and rarely, defective plasma iron transport. Most children with mild iron deficiency anemia are asymptomatic. Pallor is the most frequent presenting feature. In mild to moderate iron deficiency anemia, poor appetite, fatigability, lassitude, lethargy, exercise intolerance, irritability, and dizziness may be seen. In severe iron deficiency anemia, tachycardia, shortness of breath, diaphoresis, and poor capillary refilling may occur. When present in early childhood, especially if severe and prolonged, iron deficiency anemia can result in neurodevelopmental and cognitive deficits, which may not always be fully reversible even with the correction of iron deficiency anemia. A low hemoglobin and a peripheral blood film showing hypochromia, microcytosis, and marked anisocytosis, should arouse suspicion of iron deficiency anemia. A low serum ferritin level may confirm the diagnosis. Oral iron therapy is the first-line treatment for iron deficiency anemia. This can be achieved by oral administration of one of the ferrous preparations, which is the most cost-effective medication for the treatment of iron deficiency anemia. The optimal response can be achieved with a dosage of 3 to 6 mg/kg of elemental iron per day. Parenteral iron therapy or red blood cell transfusion is usually not necessary.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong","PeriodicalId":11175,"journal":{"name":"Current Pediatric Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9877107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}