Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews最新文献

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Nuclear receptors in pulmonary hypertension: From pathophysiological mechanisms to clinical implications. 肺动脉高压中的核受体:从病理生理机制到临床意义。
IF 11.8 2区 医学
Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2025-05-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2025.05.008
Tianxin Xiong, Yi Li, Hong Chen, Ding-Sheng Jiang, Xin Yi
{"title":"Nuclear receptors in pulmonary hypertension: From pathophysiological mechanisms to clinical implications.","authors":"Tianxin Xiong, Yi Li, Hong Chen, Ding-Sheng Jiang, Xin Yi","doi":"10.1016/j.cytogfr.2025.05.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cytogfr.2025.05.008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pulmonary hypertension is one of the most intractable cardiovascular diseases in the world today. The current pharmacological treatments can temporarily relieve symptoms, but the therapeutic effect is unsatisfactory in advanced pulmonary hypertension with severe pulmonary vascular remodeling and right ventricular hypertrophy. The nuclear receptor superfamily is a vital class of transcriptional regulators in the human body. Extensive research has demonstrated that these regulators play pivotal roles in a multitude of physiological processes and are involved in the regulation of the pathogenesis of a variety of pathological diseases, providing potential therapeutic targets for pulmonary hypertension. The targeting of nuclear receptors, such as MR, PPARγ, and NUR77, has demonstrated potential in improving pulmonary vascular remodeling and preventing the progression of experimental pulmonary hypertension. However, further in-depth mechanistic exploration and large-scale preclinical studies are necessary to facilitate eventual clinical application. In this review, we describe in detail the various types of nuclear receptors that affect the function of pulmonary vascular endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells by regulating inflammation, oxidative stress, metabolism, and other processes, thereby affecting the prognosis of pulmonary hypertension, and highlight the clinical therapeutic potential of nuclear receptors. Intensive research on the regulatory role of nuclear receptors in pulmonary hypertension has yielded new avenues for targeted therapy of pulmonary hypertension and has prompted the exploration of new therapeutic strategies to combat this life-threatening disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":11132,"journal":{"name":"Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"158-171"},"PeriodicalIF":11.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144224680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The secretion of interleukin-1β. 白细胞介素-1β的分泌。
IF 11.8 2区 医学
Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2025-05-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2025.05.005
Susanna G Ford, Patrick Caswell, David Brough, Paula I Seoane
{"title":"The secretion of interleukin-1β.","authors":"Susanna G Ford, Patrick Caswell, David Brough, Paula I Seoane","doi":"10.1016/j.cytogfr.2025.05.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cytogfr.2025.05.005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Interleukin (IL)-1β is a pro-inflammatory cytokine largely produced by cells of the innate immune system in response to tissue damage or to the presence of pathogens. IL-1β-driven inflammation is an established contributor to many disease processes and thus there is great interest in understanding its regulation. This review focusses on the mechanisms involved in the secretion of IL-1β by macrophages. As IL-1β secretion does not follow the conventional ER-Golgi secretory pathway, various mechanisms for IL-1β secretion are proposed, with evidence suggesting that multiple pathways may exist. This review considers the proposed mechanisms determining the secretory pathway of IL-1β.</p>","PeriodicalId":11132,"journal":{"name":"Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"101-113"},"PeriodicalIF":11.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144224681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Role of growth factors and their interplay during oligodendroglial differentiation and maturation. 生长因子在少突胶质细胞分化和成熟过程中的作用及其相互作用。
IF 11.8 2区 医学
Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2025.07.002
Shrey Dwivedi, Sneha Ranjan, Shuvajit Das, Jyoti Kumari, Sangeeta Singh
{"title":"Role of growth factors and their interplay during oligodendroglial differentiation and maturation.","authors":"Shrey Dwivedi, Sneha Ranjan, Shuvajit Das, Jyoti Kumari, Sangeeta Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.cytogfr.2025.07.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cytogfr.2025.07.002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Oligodendrocytes (OLs) facilitate the myelination within the central nervous system (CNS). Neuronal axons are originally devoid of myelin and acquire myelination during development. OLs are derived from oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) during development, and this ability to differentiate persists throughout maturity. The abnormal differentiation of oligodendrocytes leads to various neurological disorders and neurodegenerative diseases characterized by disruptions in myelin formation, which is crucial for proper nerve function. In order to develop suitable strategies for their treatments an intimate knowledge of oligodendrocytes differentiation and maturation processes is a pre-requisite. Numerous unique growth factors like PDGF, IGF-1, FGF, etc. function at different phases of lineage specification. The activity of these factors, in turn, is influenced by synergy with other molecules, such as chemokines to control the proliferation of OL precursor cells. The role of growth factors in oligodendrogenesis needs to be revisited constantly with the regular inflow of studies on OL development. An understanding of how different growth factors influence oligodendrogenesis will facilitate their recruitment in stem cell therapy protocols, in vivo studies on OPC and OL development. The end goal of such studies is to enhance neuroregeneration in various demyelinating pathological illnesses. We provide an overview of the research carried out on the role of growth factors on differentiation and maturation of oligodendrocytes. Besides, efforts have been made to identify areas requiring further investigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":11132,"journal":{"name":"Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"47-58"},"PeriodicalIF":11.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144706687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Ferroptosis in immune cells: Implications for tumor immunity and cancer therapy. 免疫细胞中的铁下垂:肿瘤免疫和癌症治疗的意义。
IF 11.8 2区 医学
Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2025.06.007
Jianbo Gao, Xiaoling Zhang, Yu'e Liu, Xu Gu
{"title":"Ferroptosis in immune cells: Implications for tumor immunity and cancer therapy.","authors":"Jianbo Gao, Xiaoling Zhang, Yu'e Liu, Xu Gu","doi":"10.1016/j.cytogfr.2025.06.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cytogfr.2025.06.007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent cell death driven by lipid peroxidation, has emerged as a pivotal mechanism in cancer biology with significant therapeutic potential. Immune cells, both innate and adaptive, are integral in detecting and eliminating tumor cells, yet their response is intricately modulated by ferroptosis. While cancer cell ferroptosis stimulates anti-tumor immunity, ferroptosis in immune cells undermines their effectiveness, compromising overall immune surveillance. The intricate crosstalk between ferroptosis and immune responses is pivotal in tumor progression and therapeutic outcomes, shaping both cancer resistance and treatment effectiveness. This review explores the multifaceted relationship between ferroptosis and immune function in cancer, offering insights into how these processes intersect to shape tumor immunity and guide immunotherapy strategies. We highlight cutting-edge research, uncover key molecular mechanisms, and outline promising avenues for future studies and therapeutic interventions in this evolving field.</p>","PeriodicalId":11132,"journal":{"name":"Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"59-73"},"PeriodicalIF":11.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144511677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Leptin as a mechanistic link between obesity and systemic lupus erythematous. 瘦素在肥胖和系统性红斑狼疮之间的机制联系。
IF 11.8 2区 医学
Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2025.06.006
Daniel J García-Domínguez, Lourdes Hontecillas-Prieto, Laura Lucenilla-Barrenechea, Rocío Flores-Campos, Raquel Muñoz-Pacheco, Francisco J Toyos, Blanca Hernández-Cruz, Juan A Flores-Cordero, Antonio Pérez-Pérez, Teresa Vilariño-García, Víctor Sánchez-Margalet
{"title":"Leptin as a mechanistic link between obesity and systemic lupus erythematous.","authors":"Daniel J García-Domínguez, Lourdes Hontecillas-Prieto, Laura Lucenilla-Barrenechea, Rocío Flores-Campos, Raquel Muñoz-Pacheco, Francisco J Toyos, Blanca Hernández-Cruz, Juan A Flores-Cordero, Antonio Pérez-Pérez, Teresa Vilariño-García, Víctor Sánchez-Margalet","doi":"10.1016/j.cytogfr.2025.06.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cytogfr.2025.06.006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic, multisystemic, heterogenic and complex autoimmune disease. Similarly, obesity is a chronic condition characterized by excessive adipose tissue and a sustained state of inflammation. Both conditions have shown increasing incidence in recent years, with evidence of closely intertwined pathogenesis. Leptin, a peptide hormone derived from adipokines and produced in white adipose tissue, exhibits functions like those of pro-inflammatory cytokines and plays a key role in regulating the immune system. There is a clear connection linking obesity and SLE. Extensive studies indicate that obese patients have a higher susceptibility to developing immunological diseases, such as SLE, often at younger ages and with an elevated risk of complications. Leptin appears to play a significant role in immune responses and has been implicated as a mediator in the pathogenesis of SLE and obesity. This hormone contributes to chronic inflammation and immune dysfunction. Elevated leptin levels have been identified in patients with SLE and have been associated with increased disease risk, higher disease activity, and a greater likelihood of complications. Similarly, increased leptin levels have been observed in individuals with obesity and metabolic syndrome. This evidence suggests that leptin may serve as a biomarker and a potential therapeutic target for managing SLE, particularly in obese patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":11132,"journal":{"name":"Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"114-119"},"PeriodicalIF":11.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144511678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
An emerging paradigm of CXCL16 involvement in cancer progression. CXCL16参与癌症进展的新范式。
IF 11.8 2区 医学
Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2025-05-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2025.05.006
Dimitrios G Argyris, Dimitra P Anastasiadou, Panagiota S Filippou, George S Karagiannis
{"title":"An emerging paradigm of CXCL16 involvement in cancer progression.","authors":"Dimitrios G Argyris, Dimitra P Anastasiadou, Panagiota S Filippou, George S Karagiannis","doi":"10.1016/j.cytogfr.2025.05.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cytogfr.2025.05.006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The chemokine CXCL16, often termed \"Swiss army knife chemokine,\" plays diverse roles in tumor biology through its dual existence as a transmembrane (mCXCL16) and a soluble (sCXCL16) form. Signaling exclusively through its receptor CXCR6, this axis orchestrates context-specific functions in immune cell trafficking, tumor invasion, and vascular remodeling. Here, we present a comprehensive review of the CXCL16-CXCR6 signaling pathway, with emphasis on structural organization, the relay of canonical and non-canonical signaling cascades, and its emerging contributions to cancer progression. We detail how mCXCL16 functions as an adhesion molecule facilitating immune cell retention, while its proteolytic cleavage by ADAM10/17 generates sCXCL16, which enhances tumor cell migration, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and metastasis. In parallel, the CXCL16/CXCR6 axis regulates immune responses by promoting tissue-resident memory T cell recruitment, though sustained activation may paradoxically support immune evasion. Finally, we describe the proangiogenic effects of CXCL16 on endothelial and stromal compartments, notably during inflammation-driven tumors. The CXCL16-CXCR6 axis exemplifies a pleiotropic chemokine system at the intersection of immunity and malignancy. Understanding its context-dependent functions offers new opportunities for therapeutic intervention, including immune modulation, blockade of metastatic dissemination, and tumor vascular targeting.</p>","PeriodicalId":11132,"journal":{"name":"Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"87-100"},"PeriodicalIF":11.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144181405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Necroptosis in sepsis: Mechanisms and therapeutic potential. 脓毒症中的坏死性上睑下垂:机制和治疗潜力。
IF 11.8 2区 医学
Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2025.06.008
Lu Wang, Yuan Cao, Yiqi Wu, Yun Li, Yang Bai, Qiyuan Zhou, Min Wang, Chengjin Wang, Zhen Gao, Zhirong Qian, Xiangmei Chen, Hongjun Kang
{"title":"Necroptosis in sepsis: Mechanisms and therapeutic potential.","authors":"Lu Wang, Yuan Cao, Yiqi Wu, Yun Li, Yang Bai, Qiyuan Zhou, Min Wang, Chengjin Wang, Zhen Gao, Zhirong Qian, Xiangmei Chen, Hongjun Kang","doi":"10.1016/j.cytogfr.2025.06.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cytogfr.2025.06.008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sepsis, a life-threatening condition characterized by systemic inflammatory responses, remains a significant challenge in clinical settings due to its complex pathogenesis and limited therapeutic strategies. Central to this conundrum is the role of cell death mechanisms, particularly necroptosis, in the progression and resolution of sepsis. Necroptosis, a regulated form of necrotic cell death, not only exacerbates inflammation through the release of intracellular contents but also compromises barrier functions, facilitating microbial translocation and systemic spread. While current therapeutic approaches predominantly focus on broad-spectrum antibiotics and supportive care, they often overlook the intricate interplay of cell death pathways and the host immune response. This review aims to shed light on the mechanistic intricacies of necroptosis in sepsis and its potential as a promising therapeutic target. By understanding and modulating necroptosis, we may unlock innovative strategies that address the current shortcomings in sepsis treatment and pave the way for a new era of targeted therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":11132,"journal":{"name":"Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"74-86"},"PeriodicalIF":11.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144552568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The central role of CXCL10-CXCR3 signaling in neuroinflammation and neuropathology. CXCL10-CXCR3信号在神经炎症和神经病理中的核心作用。
IF 11.8 2区 医学
Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2025-05-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2025.05.003
Alexandro A Bufi, Julia Di Stefano, Andrea Papait, Antonietta R Silini, Ornella Parolini, Peter Ponsaerts
{"title":"The central role of CXCL10-CXCR3 signaling in neuroinflammation and neuropathology.","authors":"Alexandro A Bufi, Julia Di Stefano, Andrea Papait, Antonietta R Silini, Ornella Parolini, Peter Ponsaerts","doi":"10.1016/j.cytogfr.2025.05.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cytogfr.2025.05.003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The role of neuroinflammation is becoming increasingly prominent as our understanding of the mechanisms underlying central nervous system disorders advances. What makes this phenomenon particularly intriguing from a clinical perspective is that neuroinflammation is consistently present, regardless of the specific neuropathology. One of its major consequences is the recruitment of immune cells from the circulation into the brain parenchyma, leading to chronic damage. Therefore, uncovering the molecular mechanisms driving this process may provide valuable therapeutic insights. Among the numerous molecules involved in chemotaxis, growing evidence highlights the key role of CXCL10 and its receptor, CXCR3. CXCL10 is a ubiquitous and well-characterized chemoattractant secreted by all brain-resident cell types, while CXCR3 is strongly expressed by immune and pro-inflammatory cells, such as Th1 lymphocytes and NK cells. This review aims to compile experimental evidence from various pathological contexts to demonstrate that the CXCL10-CXCR3 axis may serve as a therapeutic target for mitigating detrimental events in nervous tissue, potentially improving clinical outcomes in neurodegenerative diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":11132,"journal":{"name":"Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"20-34"},"PeriodicalIF":11.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144233499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Exploring AI tools and multi-omics for precision medicine in lung cancer therapy. 探索AI工具和多组学在肺癌治疗中的精准医学。
IF 11.8 2区 医学
Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2025.06.001
Arvindra Sahu, Priyanshu Nema, Devraj Rajak, Arpana Purohit, Rashmi Rawal, Vandana Soni, Sushil K Kashaw
{"title":"Exploring AI tools and multi-omics for precision medicine in lung cancer therapy.","authors":"Arvindra Sahu, Priyanshu Nema, Devraj Rajak, Arpana Purohit, Rashmi Rawal, Vandana Soni, Sushil K Kashaw","doi":"10.1016/j.cytogfr.2025.06.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cytogfr.2025.06.001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. Despite constant progress in diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer remains highly challenging. Present review explores the molecular underpinnings of lung cancer, emphasizing genetic mutations, altered metabolism, and the role of biomarkers in diagnosis and treatment. Advances in diagnostic methods, particularly liquid biopsies, have enabled non-invasive detection and monitoring of lung cancer. Therapeutic approaches have evolved significantly, with molecular-targeted therapies focusing on pathways like EGFR, ALK, KRAS, and MET. Caner Immunotherapy, including immune checkpoint inhibitors, artificial intelligence, and multi-omics analysis, including genomics and image data to predict treatment response, has further enhanced precision medicine by enabling earlier detection, better prognostic models, and efficient drug discovery. AI has a significant impact on various aspects of oncology, including improving the earlier diagnosis of lung cancer. Despite these advancements, challenges such as drug resistance, tumor heterogeneity, and limited efficacy of certain therapies persist, necessitating continued research and innovation.</p>","PeriodicalId":11132,"journal":{"name":"Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"135-157"},"PeriodicalIF":11.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144339930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Innate immune activation and neuroinflammatory pathways in Epilepsy. 癫痫的先天免疫激活和神经炎症通路。
IF 11.8 2区 医学
Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2025.06.009
Priya Solanki, Sushmita Jha
{"title":"Innate immune activation and neuroinflammatory pathways in Epilepsy.","authors":"Priya Solanki, Sushmita Jha","doi":"10.1016/j.cytogfr.2025.06.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cytogfr.2025.06.009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Epilepsy is a chronic, non-communicable neurological disease that affects more than 50 million people worldwide, making it one of the most common neurological diseases globally. Epilepsy is characterized by recurrent and unprovoked interruptions in regular brain activity, called epileptic seizures. Even though the number of Anti-Epileptic Drugs (AEDs) has expanded remarkably over the past 20 years, around 30 % of patients with epilepsy remain refractory to treatment with AEDs, have progressive cognitive impairment, and may require surgical resection of the epileptic focus to ameliorate seizure recurrence. While dysregulation of inflammatory cells and molecules within neuronal tissue is accepted as a critical factor in the development of epilepsy, it remains unclear as to how dysregulated inflammation contributes to epilepsy. It is therefore imperative to identify and elucidate the neuroinflammatory pathways that may lead to the development of epilepsy and/or its progression. In this paper, the cells and molecules that contribute to neuroinflammation and epilepsy are reviewed. The role of glia (astrocytes and microglia), their sensing and initiation of neuroinflammation via pattern recognition receptors (such as TLRs and NLRs), and their downstream signaling pathways leading to cytokines and chemokines that may be regulated as therapeutic interventions are discussed. With a third of epileptic patients exhibiting drug-refractory epilepsy, we conclude with an analysis of existing anti-epileptic drugs and their effects on neuroinflammation.</p>","PeriodicalId":11132,"journal":{"name":"Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"35-46"},"PeriodicalIF":11.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144559457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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