Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews最新文献

Cardiac and pericardial inflammatory changes and post-cardiac surgery atrial fibrillation. 心脏和心包炎症改变和心脏手术后心房颤动。

IF 11.8 2区医学

Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews Pub Date : 2025-07-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2025.07.006

Sophie Spicer, Amin Hasheminia, Sneha Kandi, Yasir Abu-Omar, Ángel Luis Fernández, Mohammad El-Diasty

{"title":"Cardiac and pericardial inflammatory changes and post-cardiac surgery atrial fibrillation.","authors":"Sophie Spicer, Amin Hasheminia, Sneha Kandi, Yasir Abu-Omar, Ángel Luis Fernández, Mohammad El-Diasty","doi":"10.1016/j.cytogfr.2025.07.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cytogfr.2025.07.006","url":null,"abstract":"Postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) is one of the most common complications after cardiac surgery with an estimated incidence of up to 20-55 % of patients. POAF is associated with higher morbidity, prolonged hospital stays, and increased healthcare costs. The underlying mechanism of POAF is multifactorial, with evolving evidence supporting the central role of atrial muscle fibrosis and localized intrapericardial inflammation in the pathogenesis of this condition. In patients with atrial fibrillation, it was found that fibrosis of the atrial muscle can lead to the disruption of the structural and electrical properties, thus promoting the process of arrhythmogenesis. Perioperative stressors, such as tissue trauma and oxidative stress, can further exacerbate the development of inflammation and atrial fibrosis. Key intrapericardial inflammatory markers, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), were found to be significantly elevated in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. These cytokines accumulate in the pericardial space, triggering a localized inflammatory cascade, that can promote adverse atrial remodeling. The interaction between pre-existing fibrotic changes in the atrial muscle and the inflammatory environment induced by perioperative stressors plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of POAF. By targeting these inflammatory pathways within the pericardial cavity, future therapeutic strategies can potentially reduce the incidence of POAF thus improving patient outcomes. The aim of this review is to consolidate the current evidence on the local inflammatory changes that occur at the cardiac and pericardial compartments and their role in the development of POAF.","PeriodicalId":11132,"journal":{"name":"Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144764752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Mechanisms and routes of G-protein coupled receptor-mediated Tau degradation in Alzheimer's disease. 阿尔茨海默病中g蛋白偶联受体介导的Tau降解的机制和途径。

IF 11.8 2区医学

Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews Pub Date : 2025-07-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2025.07.003

Vaishnavi Ananthanarayana, Hariharakrishnan Chidamabram, Periyasamy Govindaraj, K Vijayalakshmi, Subashchandrabose Chinnathambi

{"title":"Mechanisms and routes of G-protein coupled receptor-mediated Tau degradation in Alzheimer's disease.","authors":"Vaishnavi Ananthanarayana, Hariharakrishnan Chidamabram, Periyasamy Govindaraj, K Vijayalakshmi, Subashchandrabose Chinnathambi","doi":"10.1016/j.cytogfr.2025.07.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cytogfr.2025.07.003","url":null,"abstract":"Alzheimer's disease is the most prevalent form of dementia and major Tauopathies characterized by memory loss and cognitive decline. Important pathological features include extracellular build-up of amyloid-β peptides which form senile plaques, and the intracellular accumulation of Tau protein in oligomeric and filamentous forms. This pathological form of Tau spreads via prion-like propagation and leads to protein aggregation. The spread of pathological Tau through extracellular spaces is a serious concern in disease progression. Microglial G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), such as the chemokine receptor CX3CR1 and purinergic receptor P2Y12R, mediate Tau internalization to limit this propagation. Dysregulated GPCR signalling in AD can result in an excessive inflammatory response or inadequate clearance of Tau aggregates, contributing to neurotoxicity and neuroinflammation. This review explores different GPCR-mediated pathways in microglial cells and their regulation in Tau clearance, shedding light on promising mechanistic pathways to reduce Tau-related toxicity and inflammation in Alzheimer's disease.","PeriodicalId":11132,"journal":{"name":"Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144764753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Targeting cGAS-STING signaling and cell death modes in cancer and autoimmune diseases. 靶向癌症和自身免疫性疾病中的cGAS-STING信号和细胞死亡模式。

IF 9.3 2区医学

Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews Pub Date : 2025-07-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2025.07.004

Jing Zhou, Yi Yang, Yaning Fang, Xinyu Du, Zheye Ying, Chuangzhou Rao

{"title":"Targeting cGAS-STING signaling and cell death modes in cancer and autoimmune diseases.","authors":"Jing Zhou, Yi Yang, Yaning Fang, Xinyu Du, Zheye Ying, Chuangzhou Rao","doi":"10.1016/j.cytogfr.2025.07.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cytogfr.2025.07.004","url":null,"abstract":"The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling pathway is an important component of innate immunity, involved in regulating various pathological conditions such as cancer, autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, microbial and parasitic infections. It also regulates various cellular physiological processes, including cytokine production, autophagy, protein synthesis, metabolism, aging, and different types of cell death. Cell death is essential for maintaining homeostasis, promoting tissue repair, and regeneration. Emerging evidence underscores the dynamic interplay between cGAS-STING signaling and cell death, highlighting their relevance in disease pathogenesis and progression. Therefore, elucidating the specific role of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway and associated cell death mechanisms in vivo is critical for targeted disease interventions. This review systematically investigates the mechanistic interactions between the cGAS-STING signaling pathway and cell death modalities, such as autophagy, necroptosis, apoptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and cuproptosis. Understanding these interactions may provide new therapeutic strategies. We particularly highlight the pathological relevance of cGAS-STING signaling pathway and cell death in human diseases, with a focus on autoimmune disorders, cancer, inflammation, and the impact of organ damage. By clarifying the molecular mechanisms linking cGAS-STING signaling pathway to various cell death modalities and their contributions to disease, we aim to provide a theoretical framework for the rational design of novel therapies targeting this pathway.","PeriodicalId":11132,"journal":{"name":"Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144706688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Role of growth factors and their interplay during oligodendroglial differentiation and maturation. 生长因子在少突胶质细胞分化和成熟过程中的作用及其相互作用。

IF 9.3 2区医学

Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews Pub Date : 2025-07-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2025.07.002

Shrey Dwivedi, Sneha Ranjan, Shuvajit Das, Jyoti Kumari, Sangeeta Singh

{"title":"Role of growth factors and their interplay during oligodendroglial differentiation and maturation.","authors":"Shrey Dwivedi, Sneha Ranjan, Shuvajit Das, Jyoti Kumari, Sangeeta Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.cytogfr.2025.07.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cytogfr.2025.07.002","url":null,"abstract":"Oligodendrocytes (OLs) facilitate the myelination within the central nervous system (CNS). Neuronal axons are originally devoid of myelin and acquire myelination during development. OLs are derived from oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) during development, and this ability to differentiate persists throughout maturity. The abnormal differentiation of oligodendrocytes leads to various neurological disorders and neurodegenerative diseases characterized by disruptions in myelin formation, which is crucial for proper nerve function. In order to develop suitable strategies for their treatments an intimate knowledge of oligodendrocytes differentiation and maturation processes is a pre-requisite. Numerous unique growth factors like PDGF, IGF-1, FGF, etc. function at different phases of lineage specification. The activity of these factors, in turn, is influenced by synergy with other molecules, such as chemokines to control the proliferation of OL precursor cells. The role of growth factors in oligodendrogenesis needs to be revisited constantly with the regular inflow of studies on OL development. An understanding of how different growth factors influence oligodendrogenesis will facilitate their recruitment in stem cell therapy protocols, in vivo studies on OPC and OL development. The end goal of such studies is to enhance neuroregeneration in various demyelinating pathological illnesses. We provide an overview of the research carried out on the role of growth factors on differentiation and maturation of oligodendrocytes. Besides, efforts have been made to identify areas requiring further investigation.","PeriodicalId":11132,"journal":{"name":"Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144706687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A multidimensional immunological perspective on long COVID. 长期COVID的多维免疫学视角。

IF 9.3 2区医学

Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews Pub Date : 2025-07-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2025.07.001

Sergio Giunta, Angelica Giuliani, Jacopo Sabbatinelli, Fabiola Olivieri

{"title":"A multidimensional immunological perspective on long COVID.","authors":"Sergio Giunta, Angelica Giuliani, Jacopo Sabbatinelli, Fabiola Olivieri","doi":"10.1016/j.cytogfr.2025.07.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cytogfr.2025.07.001","url":null,"abstract":"Long COVID is a chronic condition that arises after SARS-CoV-2 infection and is characterized by persistent and often debilitating symptoms, such as fatigue, cognitive dysfunction (\"brain fog\"), dyspnea, and autonomic disturbances. Increasing evidence suggests that Long COVID shares key immunopathological mechanisms with autoimmune diseases, primarily sustained immune dysregulation. In individuals with genetic or immunological susceptibility, SARS-CoV-2 infection can trigger the production of autoantibodies targeting cytokines, membrane receptors, and components of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), thereby disrupting neuroimmune homeostasis. This immune imbalance may impair anti-inflammatory regulatory pathways, such as the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP), and may contribute to a chronic state of inflammation and autoimmunity. One proposed contributor to this process is inflammaging - a chronic, low-grade inflammation associated with aging - which may not only predispose individuals to Long COVID but may also be amplified by the persistent immune activation seen in this condition. In this perspective, we propose a conceptual framework in which inflammaging, immune-tolerance breakdown, and autonomic dysfunctions interact to sustain the pathophysiology of Long COVID. We discuss emerging biomarkers across these axes, including inflammatory cytokines, circulating autoantibodies, immune cell phenotypes, epigenetic modifications, and heart rate variability. Advances in inflammaging-related biomarkers and biological clocks may support early identification of individuals at higher risk for persistent immune and autonomic dysregulation, ultimately informing more precise diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for Long COVID.","PeriodicalId":11132,"journal":{"name":"Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144607725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Innate immune activation and neuroinflammatory pathways in Epilepsy. 癫痫的先天免疫激活和神经炎症通路。

IF 9.3 2区医学

Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews Pub Date : 2025-06-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2025.06.009

Priya Solanki, Sushmita Jha

{"title":"Innate immune activation and neuroinflammatory pathways in Epilepsy.","authors":"Priya Solanki, Sushmita Jha","doi":"10.1016/j.cytogfr.2025.06.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cytogfr.2025.06.009","url":null,"abstract":"Epilepsy is a chronic, non-communicable neurological disease that affects more than 50 million people worldwide, making it one of the most common neurological diseases globally. Epilepsy is characterized by recurrent and unprovoked interruptions in regular brain activity, called epileptic seizures. Even though the number of Anti-Epileptic Drugs (AEDs) has expanded remarkably over the past 20 years, around 30 % of patients with epilepsy remain refractory to treatment with AEDs, have progressive cognitive impairment, and may require surgical resection of the epileptic focus to ameliorate seizure recurrence. While dysregulation of inflammatory cells and molecules within neuronal tissue is accepted as a critical factor in the development of epilepsy, it remains unclear as to how dysregulated inflammation contributes to epilepsy. It is therefore imperative to identify and elucidate the neuroinflammatory pathways that may lead to the development of epilepsy and/or its progression. In this paper, the cells and molecules that contribute to neuroinflammation and epilepsy are reviewed. The role of glia (astrocytes and microglia), their sensing and initiation of neuroinflammation via pattern recognition receptors (such as TLRs and NLRs), and their downstream signaling pathways leading to cytokines and chemokines that may be regulated as therapeutic interventions are discussed. With a third of epileptic patients exhibiting drug-refractory epilepsy, we conclude with an analysis of existing anti-epileptic drugs and their effects on neuroinflammation.","PeriodicalId":11132,"journal":{"name":"Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144559457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Ferroptosis in immune cells: Implications for tumor immunity and cancer therapy. 免疫细胞中的铁下垂：肿瘤免疫和癌症治疗的意义。

IF 9.3 2区医学

Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews Pub Date : 2025-06-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2025.06.007

Jianbo Gao, Xiaoling Zhang, Yu'e Liu, Xu Gu

引用次数: 0

Leptin as a mechanistic link between obesity and systemic lupus erythematous. 瘦素在肥胖和系统性红斑狼疮之间的机制联系。

IF 9.3 2区医学

Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews Pub Date : 2025-06-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2025.06.006

Daniel J García-Domínguez, Lourdes Hontecillas-Prieto, Laura Lucenilla-Barrenechea, Rocío Flores-Campos, Raquel Muñoz-Pacheco, Francisco J Toyos, Blanca Hernández-Cruz, Juan A Flores-Cordero, Antonio Pérez-Pérez, Teresa Vilariño-García, Víctor Sánchez-Margalet

{"title":"Leptin as a mechanistic link between obesity and systemic lupus erythematous.","authors":"Daniel J García-Domínguez, Lourdes Hontecillas-Prieto, Laura Lucenilla-Barrenechea, Rocío Flores-Campos, Raquel Muñoz-Pacheco, Francisco J Toyos, Blanca Hernández-Cruz, Juan A Flores-Cordero, Antonio Pérez-Pérez, Teresa Vilariño-García, Víctor Sánchez-Margalet","doi":"10.1016/j.cytogfr.2025.06.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cytogfr.2025.06.006","url":null,"abstract":"Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic, multisystemic, heterogenic and complex autoimmune disease. Similarly, obesity is a chronic condition characterized by excessive adipose tissue and a sustained state of inflammation. Both conditions have shown increasing incidence in recent years, with evidence of closely intertwined pathogenesis. Leptin, a peptide hormone derived from adipokines and produced in white adipose tissue, exhibits functions like those of pro-inflammatory cytokines and plays a key role in regulating the immune system. There is a clear connection linking obesity and SLE. Extensive studies indicate that obese patients have a higher susceptibility to developing immunological diseases, such as SLE, often at younger ages and with an elevated risk of complications. Leptin appears to play a significant role in immune responses and has been implicated as a mediator in the pathogenesis of SLE and obesity. This hormone contributes to chronic inflammation and immune dysfunction. Elevated leptin levels have been identified in patients with SLE and have been associated with increased disease risk, higher disease activity, and a greater likelihood of complications. Similarly, increased leptin levels have been observed in individuals with obesity and metabolic syndrome. This evidence suggests that leptin may serve as a biomarker and a potential therapeutic target for managing SLE, particularly in obese patients.","PeriodicalId":11132,"journal":{"name":"Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144511678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Necroptosis in sepsis: Mechanisms and therapeutic potential. 脓毒症中的坏死性上睑下垂：机制和治疗潜力。

IF 9.3 2区医学

Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews Pub Date : 2025-06-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2025.06.008

Lu Wang, Yuan Cao, Yiqi Wu, Yun Li, Yang Bai, Qiyuan Zhou, Min Wang, Chengjin Wang, Zhen Gao, Zhirong Qian, Xiangmei Chen, Hongjun Kang

{"title":"Necroptosis in sepsis: Mechanisms and therapeutic potential.","authors":"Lu Wang, Yuan Cao, Yiqi Wu, Yun Li, Yang Bai, Qiyuan Zhou, Min Wang, Chengjin Wang, Zhen Gao, Zhirong Qian, Xiangmei Chen, Hongjun Kang","doi":"10.1016/j.cytogfr.2025.06.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cytogfr.2025.06.008","url":null,"abstract":"Sepsis, a life-threatening condition characterized by systemic inflammatory responses, remains a significant challenge in clinical settings due to its complex pathogenesis and limited therapeutic strategies. Central to this conundrum is the role of cell death mechanisms, particularly necroptosis, in the progression and resolution of sepsis. Necroptosis, a regulated form of necrotic cell death, not only exacerbates inflammation through the release of intracellular contents but also compromises barrier functions, facilitating microbial translocation and systemic spread. While current therapeutic approaches predominantly focus on broad-spectrum antibiotics and supportive care, they often overlook the intricate interplay of cell death pathways and the host immune response. This review aims to shed light on the mechanistic intricacies of necroptosis in sepsis and its potential as a promising therapeutic target. By understanding and modulating necroptosis, we may unlock innovative strategies that address the current shortcomings in sepsis treatment and pave the way for a new era of targeted therapies.","PeriodicalId":11132,"journal":{"name":"Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144552568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Neuroprotective properties of ciliary neurotrophic factor in the retina for the treatment of macular telangiectasia type 2. 视网膜睫状体神经营养因子治疗2型黄斑毛细血管扩张的神经保护作用。

IF 9.3 2区医学

Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews Pub Date : 2025-06-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2025.06.005

Arne Nystuen, Eugene Gonzalez-Lopez, Konrad A Kauper, Kevin Eade, Thomas M Aaberg

{"title":"Neuroprotective properties of ciliary neurotrophic factor in the retina for the treatment of macular telangiectasia type 2.","authors":"Arne Nystuen, Eugene Gonzalez-Lopez, Konrad A Kauper, Kevin Eade, Thomas M Aaberg","doi":"10.1016/j.cytogfr.2025.06.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cytogfr.2025.06.005","url":null,"abstract":"Neurotrophic factors are a family of proteins that promote the growth and survival of both developing and mature neurons. Extensive preclinical studies have demonstrated neuroprotective properties conferred by ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) in a variety of neuron types across several species. Neuroprotection that CNTF confers slows or prevents neuron loss and appears to be agnostic to the nature of the neurodegenerative mutation or injury. However, translation of these studies to the clinic remains a challenge due in part to delivery barriers inherent to the central nervous system and the short half-life of CNTF. The molecular effect of CNTF delivered by a variety of strategies in model systems has been extensively studied in the neural retina. Long-term retinal neuroprotection has been documented using encapsulated cells that have been genetically modified to produce a stable source of CNTF. Clinical trials have shown that CNTF is well tolerated for use in the human retina. This review focuses on the mechanism of action of CNTF and its potential as a therapeutic agent in retinal disease, with a focus on macular telangiectasia type 2 where CNTF has shown efficacy in slowing the rate of ellipsoid zone loss.","PeriodicalId":11132,"journal":{"name":"Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144494999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0