Fernando G Noriega , Guy Bloch , Martin Moos , Petr Simek , Marek Jindra
{"title":"Approaches to quantify and manipulate insect hormone signals","authors":"Fernando G Noriega , Guy Bloch , Martin Moos , Petr Simek , Marek Jindra","doi":"10.1016/j.cois.2025.101425","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cois.2025.101425","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hormones play a decisive role in many aspects of insect biology. To study processes controlled by hormones, one needs methods to identify and quantify hormone titers and tools to enhance or suppress hormonal signaling experimentally. In this review, we focus on the key lipidic insect hormones, the juvenile hormones (JHs), and the ecdysteroids. The lipophilic nature of JH and ecdysteroids in combination with their low endogenous titers makes handling and quantification challenging but feasible owing to the improvement of analytical detection methods. Chemical and genetic approaches to modulate hormonal homeostasis have been developed based on knowledge of hormone biosynthetic and biodegrading enzymes, transporters, and receptors and enabled by advances in reverse genetics techniques. Here, we overview contemporary methods available to detect and quantify JHs and ecdysteroids from insect samples and to manipulate endocrine homeostasis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11038,"journal":{"name":"Current opinion in insect science","volume":"72 ","pages":"Article 101425"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144803854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wei-Jiun Lin , Po-Wei Hsu , Edward L Vargo , Chin-Cheng Scotty Yang
{"title":"Microbial, genetic, and urban drivers of ant invasions","authors":"Wei-Jiun Lin , Po-Wei Hsu , Edward L Vargo , Chin-Cheng Scotty Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.cois.2025.101417","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cois.2025.101417","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Invasive ants are among the most destructive invaders worldwide, causing ecological disruption, economic losses, and public health risks. While classic traits such as polygyny, colony budding, and supercoloniality are well-known contributors to their success, emerging research reveals a broader suite of mechanisms driving their invasiveness. This review synthesizes recent findings on the microbial, genetic, and behavioral factors that facilitate ant invasions. Microbial interactions play a crucial role; invasive ants often exhibit a loss of natural enemies, including microbial pathogens such as <em>Wolbachia</em>. However, <em>Wolbachia</em> has received growing attention for its potential mutualistic role in enhancing colony productivity and nutrient provisioning. The bridgehead effect, wherein invasive populations establish strategic hubs that facilitate secondary invasions, has been increasingly recognized as a key driver of global ant spread and may promote genetic intermixing among invasive lineages. Genetic mechanisms such as double clonality, sexually antagonistic selection, and tolerance to inbreeding help invasive ants maintain genetic diversity despite founding populations often consisting of relatively few individuals. Additionally, urban environments impose unique selective pressures that may lead to adaptations favoring success across all stages of the invasion process. This framework aligns with the Anthropogenically Induced Adaptation to Invade (AIAI) hypothesis and helps explain why many urban-adapted ants become globally invasive. As urbanization continues to expand, human-modified landscapes may inadvertently serve as breeding grounds for future invasive species. Understanding these multifaceted invasion dynamics provides critical insights for managing invasive ant populations and mitigating their widespread impacts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11038,"journal":{"name":"Current opinion in insect science","volume":"72 ","pages":"Article 101417"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144774821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lucio Navarro-Escalante , A H M Zuberi Ashraf , Sean P Leonard , Jeffrey E Barrick
{"title":"Protecting honey bees through microbiome engineering","authors":"Lucio Navarro-Escalante , A H M Zuberi Ashraf , Sean P Leonard , Jeffrey E Barrick","doi":"10.1016/j.cois.2025.101416","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cois.2025.101416","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Honey bees are indispensable insects. Their pollination services support modern agriculture and natural ecosystems. Managed honey bee colonies face increasing threats to their survival, ranging from environmental stressors that include agrochemicals to infestations of arthropod pests and infections with microbial pathogens. Like humans, honey bees have a native gut microbiome that supports their health. However, the bee gut microbiome has a simpler composition than the gut microbiome of mammals, and its main constituent bacterial species can be easily cultured outside of the host. This experimental tractability and the need for new methods for protecting hive health have made honey bees a testbed for synthetic microbiomes augmented with probiotic bacteria and engineered DNA. Here, we discuss the natural benefits of bee gut bacteria, recent progress in genetically modifying these bacteria, and how symbiont-mediated RNA interference and other microbiome engineering approaches can boost bee immunity and suppress bee pathogens and parasites. Finally, we discuss how emerging methods for microbiome engineering and biocontainment could be applied to honey bees and used to address challenges in translating these proof-of-principle achievements into safe and effective technologies for field applications at scale.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11038,"journal":{"name":"Current opinion in insect science","volume":"72 ","pages":"Article 101416"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144793683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Recent advances on hormones and behavior in vertebrates: inspiration for and from invertebrate science","authors":"Luke Remage-Healey","doi":"10.1016/j.cois.2025.101409","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cois.2025.101409","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This review, as part of an introduction to the special issue, has two goals: First, I consider the inspiration that vertebrate neuroendocrinologists continue to draw from foundational discoveries in invertebrate species for understanding neurohormone signaling and action. Second, I lay out select examples of recent advances in understanding hormones and behavior in vertebrates that might provide fodder for new methodological and/or conceptual advances for entomologists and others. Lastly, I provide some examples of recent efforts incorporating computational modeling that can help inspire ways to balance theoretical and empirical approaches to hormone and neuroendocrine science.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11038,"journal":{"name":"Current opinion in insect science","volume":"72 ","pages":"Article 101409"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144667379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Insect sex chromosome evolution: conservation, turnover, and mechanisms of dosage compensation","authors":"Melissa A Toups , Beatriz Vicoso","doi":"10.1016/j.cois.2025.101411","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cois.2025.101411","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sex chromosomes have evolved many times throughout the tree of life, and understanding what has shaped their unusual morphological, sequence, and regulatory features has been a long-standing goal. Most early insights into insect sex chromosome biology came from a few model species, such as the fruit fly <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em>, which limited broad-scale evolutionary inferences. More recently, extensive comparative genomics studies have uncovered several unexpected patterns, which we highlight in this review. First, we describe the conservation of the ancestral X chromosome over 450 million years but also its recurrent turnover (i.e. its reversal to an autosome when a new X chromosome arose) in at least one order. We then summarize classical and more recent findings on how insects modulate the expression of X-linked genes following the degradation of the Y chromosome and how the diverse mechanisms of dosage compensation identified may elucidate important principles of sex chromosome regulatory evolution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11038,"journal":{"name":"Current opinion in insect science","volume":"72 ","pages":"Article 101411"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144636498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Laura C Fricke, Matthew D Villalta, Amelia RI Lindsey
{"title":"Endosymbionts interacting with sex-determining genes and processes","authors":"Laura C Fricke, Matthew D Villalta, Amelia RI Lindsey","doi":"10.1016/j.cois.2025.101410","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cois.2025.101410","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Insects are rich in reproductive diversity and in maternally inherited symbionts. Maternal inheritance has selected for a suite of microbial mechanisms that enhance host fitness and skew sex ratios in favor of females. Recently, there has been significant progress in characterizing the genetic and cellular mechanisms that these maternally transmitted symbionts use to manipulate insect sex. Significant advances include the identification of specific microbial effector proteins that lead to male-killing, parthenogenesis, and feminization in a range of model and nonmodel insects. Many of these effectors target similar host processes, such as dosage compensation and the sex determination cascade that leads to sex-specific splicing of genes, including <em>transformer</em> and <em>doublesex</em>. The independent origins of these endosymbionts and their induced phenotypes facilitate an enhanced understanding of convergent evolution and offer opportunities to investigate the mechanisms driving insect reproductive diversity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11038,"journal":{"name":"Current opinion in insect science","volume":"72 ","pages":"Article 101410"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144636497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Environmentally induced changes on tephritid fly behavior and physiology and their implications for management","authors":"Martín Aluja, Larissa Guillén","doi":"10.1016/j.cois.2025.101408","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cois.2025.101408","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We review literature on the interaction of the environment and the behavior/ecology of tephritid flies and dwell on how this knowledge can be used in their environmentally friendly management. We draw some examples from other insects, as it can serve as a roadmap for future research on fruit flies. We touch on barometric pressure, hormesis, epigenetics, cross-protection interactions, plasticity, chemoreception, host plant relationships, and gut microbiota; on the influence global change/warming is having in geographic and host range expansion; and on the physiological mechanisms flies use to cope with environmental stresses such as desiccation or heat/cold.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11038,"journal":{"name":"Current opinion in insect science","volume":"71 ","pages":"Article 101408"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144625573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Josquin Daron, Alexander Bergman, Louis Lambrechts
{"title":"Dynamics and evolution of transposable elements in mosquito genomes","authors":"Josquin Daron, Alexander Bergman, Louis Lambrechts","doi":"10.1016/j.cois.2025.101406","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cois.2025.101406","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Decoding mosquito genomes is essential for understanding their role as vectors of human pathogens. Transposable elements (TEs), once considered ‘junk DNA’, are now recognized as key drivers of genomic plasticity and evolution. These mobile DNA fragments are more abundant in culicine than anopheline mosquitoes, influencing their genome size and complexity. TEs may contribute to mosquito adaptation, influencing traits such as insecticide resistance and habitat expansion. Recent advances in long-read sequencing technologies and functional assays are uncovering TE dynamics, but challenges remain in measuring and manipulating their activity, which is critical to demonstrate their phenotypic effects. Further research into the environmental and biological conditions that activate TEs in mosquitoes, as well as the host mechanisms of TE regulation, such as small RNA pathways, will significantly enhance our understanding of mosquito biology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11038,"journal":{"name":"Current opinion in insect science","volume":"71 ","pages":"Article 101406"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144526781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marlène Goubault , Alice Roux , Mathieu Bussy , Elizabeth A Tibbetts
{"title":"Neuroendocrine control of insect aggression: do environmental stressors modulate aggressive behavior?","authors":"Marlène Goubault , Alice Roux , Mathieu Bussy , Elizabeth A Tibbetts","doi":"10.1016/j.cois.2025.101407","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cois.2025.101407","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aggressive behavior is crucial for survival and reproductive success across the animal kingdom, enabling individuals to secure resources and protect against natural enemies. Aggressive behavior is also highly plastic, with animals quickly adjusting their aggression level in response to environmental and social context. Neuroendocrine systems govern this regulation. While the neuroendocrine mechanisms of aggression have been extensively studied in vertebrates, they remain underexplored in insects. Recent advances in analytical techniques have provided new opportunities to investigate these mechanisms with greater precision. This research is particularly timely as insects face an increasing number of environmental stressors, including anthropogenic factors, which disrupt their neuroendocrine systems. This review aims to highlight the roles of hormones (juvenile hormone, ecdysteroids) and biogenic amines (dopamine, tyramine, octopamine, serotonin) in regulating insect aggression, emphasizing recent advances. We further discuss how environmental stressors impact neuroendocrine pathways and the resulting implications for aggression, population stability, and ecosystem services.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11038,"journal":{"name":"Current opinion in insect science","volume":"71 ","pages":"Article 101407"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144526782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The dose makes the poison: plant toxin concentrations and herbivore immunity against pathogens and parasitoids","authors":"Paul J Ode , Enakshi Ghosh","doi":"10.1016/j.cois.2025.101405","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cois.2025.101405","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hormesis, the phenomenon in which low doses of toxins promote beneficial biological responses and higher doses compromise these responses, offers an underexplored framework for understanding herbivore eco-immunology. Here, we explore how insect herbivores might exploit plant secondary metabolites to enhance immune function. We propose that herbivores experience a ‘window of enhanced immunity,’ where toxins confer immune benefits at low concentrations, but suppress immune responses at higher concentrations. This concept bridges the interplay between bottom-up (plant defense) and top-down (natural enemy) pressures, providing insights into how herbivores balance challenges posed by exposure to plant toxins and exposure to their natural enemies. We discuss how both generalist and specialist herbivores navigate this balance, highlighting the evolutionary adaptations that influence their strategies. We suggest that the immune systems of specialist and generalist herbivores may both exhibit hormetic responses to plant toxins, although the shape of this relationship likely differs depending on their ability to detoxify and sequester plant toxins.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11038,"journal":{"name":"Current opinion in insect science","volume":"71 ","pages":"Article 101405"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144511663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}