Current Neuropharmacology最新文献

{"title":"Anticholinesterases Traits Inbuilt in Buxaceae Plant Extracts against Alzheimer's Disease.","authors":"Jiri Patocka, Srishti Sharma, Zdenka Navratilova, Namrata Singh, Romana Jelinkova, Nigar Mehboob, Patrik Oleksak, Eugenie Nepovimova, Kamil Kuca","doi":"10.2174/1570159X23666250326091016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159X23666250326091016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This review provides a comprehensive account of advances in the field of cholinesterase inhibitors isolated from the Buxaceae family. Naturally occurring anticholinesterases derived from plants are considered to be a potential source of new drug candidates for treating Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD is now universally accepted as an irreversible, incurable, and progressive neurological disorder. Initiating with memory impairment, propagating with cognitive deficit, and ultimately leading to death is the general pathway of AD. Lower level of acetylcholine in the brain is characterized as one of the prominent reasons for AD. The cholinergic hypothesis states that elevated levels of acetylcholine in the brain can alleviate symptoms of AD. Steroidal and terpenoidal alkaloids isolated from plants of the Buxaceae family have been reviewed here for their anticholinesterase activity. Most of them have shown in vitro inhibition of horse serum butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE, EC 3.1.1.7) and electric eel acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.8). Although the general consensus has concluded that cholinesterase inhibitors may alleviate AD symptoms but cannot cure the disease, new drugs are still being sought to improve the quality of life of AD patients. Steroidal and terpenoidal anticholinesterase alkaloids can prove to be a promising group of AChE inhibitors.</p>","PeriodicalId":10905,"journal":{"name":"Current Neuropharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143983913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conventional and Emerging Drug Targeting Sites in Alzheimer's Disease and the Role of Translational Informatics in its Diagnosis and Management.","authors":"Kashif Ali Khan, Muhammad Esa, Zul Kamal, Bashir Ullah, George Perry, Shah Kamal, Shujaat Ahmad, Haya Hussain, Abid Ullah, Muhammad Shafique","doi":"10.2174/011570159X361867250313073624","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011570159X361867250313073624","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurodegenerative condition, continues to pose significant challenges to modern medicine due to the limited efficacy offered by current therapeutic modalities. With the complex pathophysiology of AD, which includes tau protein accumulation, amyloid-β plaque formation, neuroinflammation, and synaptic dysfunction, novel drug-targeting sites must be identified. This study presents a thorough evaluation of novel drug targeting sites, with a focus on these pathological characteristics as promising therapeutic targets while providing an explanation of their role in the course of the disease. We investigate in detail how neurotoxicity, resulting in synapse failure and cognitive impairment, is caused by tau proteins and amyloid plaques. In addition, the article discusses the increasing evidence that synaptic dysfunction is a major factor in the disease's progression, as well as the significance of neuroinflammation in the pathophysiology of the condition. The review also covers new drug sites such as amyloid-β plaques, tau proteins, and the inhibition of neuroinflammation mediators, in addition to traditional drug sites, including cholinergic and glutamatergic therapeutic targets. Lastly, we discuss the role of translational informatics involving data modeling, predictive analytics, explainable artificial intelligence (AI), and multimodal approaches for the management and prediction of AD. This article will serve as a guide for future research efforts in the fields of neuroscience, neuropharmacology, drug delivery sciences, and translational informatics.</p>","PeriodicalId":10905,"journal":{"name":"Current Neuropharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143982950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Multifaceted Role of Neuroprotectin D1: Physiological, Pathophysiological, and Pharmacological Insights in Neurodegenerative Diseases.","authors":"Bushra Zia, Mariam Elmeky, Sheikh Azimullah, Niraj Kumar Jha, M F Nagoor Meeran, Shreesh K Ojha","doi":"10.2174/011570159X365720250225080257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011570159X365720250225080257","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neuroprotectin D1 (NPD1) has emerged as an integral lipid mediator with significant implications for maintaining neurological health. Being derived from docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), NPD1 is a specialized pro-resolving lipid mediator (SPM), consisting of a unique structure that attributes potent anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties crucial for maintaining nervous system homeostasis. It exerts its actions through diverse mechanisms, including the inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines, modulation of apoptosis, and promotion of cellular survival pathways. The dysregulation or deficiency of NPD1 has been implicated in the onset and progression of several neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and stroke, underscoring its critical role in maintaining neuronal health and disease prevention. Abnormal NPD1 signalling is associated with neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and neuronal apoptosis, which in turn contribute significantly to the progression of neurological disorders. Understanding these pathways offers insights into potential therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting NPD1 to mitigate neurodegenerative processes and facilitate neural repair. The efforts in developing NPD1 analogs or mimetics are focused on enhancing endogenous NPD1 levels, attenuating neuroinflammation, and preserving neuronal integrity in disease contexts. This review provides a comprehensive exploration of NPD1, encompassing its structural characteristics, biochemical pathways, physiological roles, pathophysiological implications, and potential therapeutic applications in neurological disorders. Further, research into elucidating the precise mechanisms of NPD1 reveals that its clinical efficacy is crucial for harnessing its full potential as a therapeutic tool for neuroprotection and neural repair.</p>","PeriodicalId":10905,"journal":{"name":"Current Neuropharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143802693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Potential Influence of Associated Antidepressants on the Pharmacokinetic Profile of Esketamine in Patients Affected by Treatment-resistant Depression.","authors":"Marika Alborghetti, Luana Lionetto, Ginevra Lombardozzi, Luca Montaguti, Giada Trovini, Daniela Donato, Giuseppe Costanzi, Donatella De Bernardini, Federica Catapano, Michele Surano, Ilaria Pagano, Alessia Ceccherelli, Edoardo Bianchini, Giorgio Di Lorenzo, Maurizio Simmaco, Giovanni Martinotti, Georgios D Kotzalidis, Ferdinando Nicoletti, Sergio De Filippis","doi":"10.2174/011570159X356952241216172603","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011570159X356952241216172603","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction/objective: </strong>Esketamine is administered intranasally in combination with at least another antidepressant in patients with treatment-resistant depression. Some of these antidepressants might affect ketamine's pharmacokinetic profile by inhibiting cytochrome-P450 (CYP450) isoforms. Our aim was to establish how different types of combined antidepressants affect serum and salivary levels of esketamine at the time of maximum plasma concentrations and afterward in TRD patients receiving esketamine in a real-world context.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Serum and salivary samples were collected from 53 patients receiving intranasal esketamine (56 mg) at baseline, after 20 min (roughly corresponding to Tmax), 7 hours (corresponding to the t½ value), 24, and 72 hours. Patients were stratified according to the combined antidepressant medication.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Salivary esketamine levels were several-fold higher than the corresponding serum levels at all time points, and showed high inter-individual variability. Serum 20-min post-esketamine levels and AUC0-72 levels were significantly higher in patients on antidepressants known to inhibit different isoforms of CYP450 (paroxetine, fluoxetine, duloxetine, venlafaxine), with respect to levels detected in patients on sertraline, citalopram, escitalopram, vortioxetine. These changes in the pharmacokinetic profile of esketamine did not affect the clinical outcome of esketamine. However, changes in systolic blood pressure in response to esketamine positively correlated with serum esketamine levels, suggesting a reduction of esketamine dose in patients with cardiovascular comorbidity under treatment with paroxetine, fluoxetine, duloxetine, venlafaxine.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The CYP450-related status of co-administered antidepressants may affect esketamine levels. However, the small sample sizes of the co-administered drug subgroups and multiple prescriptions do not allow for drawing strong conclusions.</p>","PeriodicalId":10905,"journal":{"name":"Current Neuropharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143802694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Age-Dependent Correlation between Immune Parameters and Symptoms in Young Adults with Schizophrenia.","authors":"Cheng Zhu, Xiaoni Guan, Nan Chen, Meihong Xiu, Yuanyuan Huang","doi":"10.2174/1570159X23666250407092539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159X23666250407092539","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a debilitating mental disorder of unknown etiology. It is characterized by both positive and negative symptoms. Increasing evidence reports the role of im- mune abnormalities in the pathogenesis of SCZ.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to examine the potential effect of age on the associations between clinical symptoms and immune parameters in drug-naïve first episode SCZ (DNFES).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 64 young DNFES patients were recruited and divided into younger and older groups according to the median age. Immune parameters, including neutrophil (NEU), lymphocyte (LYM), and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) values, were measured and compared between the younger and older patients to investigate the potential effect of age on the correlations between im- mune parameters and clinical symptoms.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found that NEU and NLR were significantly higher in patients compared to healthy con- trols, with even higher values observed in the younger group than in the older group. In addition, NEU count was correlated with clinical symptoms in older patients, while NLR was correlated with symp- toms in younger patients. Linear regression analysis showed that NEU or NLR values were associated with the clinical symptoms in patients with SCZ after controlling confounders.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our study suggests that young adult patients had abnormal immune parameters. Further- more, age mediated the relationships between immune parameters and symptom severity. This study provides further evidence that abnormal immune parameters, particularly an increased innate immune response, may be involved in the pathophysiology of SCZ.</p>","PeriodicalId":10905,"journal":{"name":"Current Neuropharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143802673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparing STRATIFY JCV™ DxSelect™ and IMMUNOWELL™ JCV IgG Tests in RRMS to Assess PML Risk.","authors":"Aurora Zanghì, Fabiana Marinelli, Paola Sofia Di Filippo, Carlo Avolio, Emanuele D'Amico","doi":"10.2174/011570159X372688250226110925","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011570159X372688250226110925","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The risk of developing progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a rare but potentially fatal opportunistic infection of the Central Nervous System caused by the J.C. virus (JCV), remains a primary concern associated with natalizumab therapy in the clinical management of patients diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS).</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This study compared two tests, STRATIFY JCV™ DxSelect™, and IMMUNOWELL ™ JCV IgG, for assessing the risk of PML in patients diagnosed with relapsingremitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) who had received disease-modifying therapy (DMT) with branded natalizumab (Tysabri®). The main objective was to determine the comparability of these tests in classifying PML risk. Eligible patients were selected from a database, and all specimens for the STRATIFY JCV™ DxSelect™ and IMMUNOWELL™ JCV IgG tests were collected on the same day. Patients were classified into three risk categories (low, intermediate, or high) based on threshold values for each test.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The analysis showed 85.5% agreement between the two tests for risk classification. Ten discordant cases were identified, mainly between intermediate- and high-risk categories. Compared to STRATIFY JCV™ DxSelect™, IMMUNOWELL™ tended to categorize more patients as higher risk. No significant association was found between discordance and prior use of immunosuppressant drugs and >24 doses of natalizumab. The agreement between tests, assessed with the weighted Kappa coefficient, was moderate (κ=0.6222).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Compared to the STRATIFY JCV™ DxSelect™, the IMMUNOWELL™ JCV test tends to place more patients in higher risk categories. Further, longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate the clinical impact of these differences in PML risk assessment.</p>","PeriodicalId":10905,"journal":{"name":"Current Neuropharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143802676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of Glycerophospholipid Metabolism in Epilepsy.","authors":"Zijian Li, Zhen Liang, Jing Zhang, Songyan Liu","doi":"10.2174/011570159X374966250319050052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011570159X374966250319050052","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Epilepsy is a prevalent and severe neurological condition characterized by recurring seizures. It impacts over 70 million individuals worldwide, posing a substantial challenge to public health and placing a heavy burden on society. Glycerophospholipids are an essential component of neuronal cell membranes. Their metabolism is strictly regulated, and maintaining their homeostasis is crucial for the optimal function of the nervous system. Research indicates that disruptions in glycerophospholipid metabolism are commonly detected in patients with epilepsy and animal models. However, the precise molecular mechanisms behind these disruptions remain unclear. Existing evidence indicates that neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, genetic mutations, and ion channel dysfunction are crucial factors contributing to glycerophospholipids imbalance and epilepsy. Further, therapeutic interventions targeting these pathological processes, such as regulating neuroinflammation and oxidative stress or restoring the balance of glycerophospholipid metabolism, may provide new avenues for epilepsy treatment. This review aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the potential mechanisms underlying the relationship between glycerophospholipid metabolism disorders and epilepsy, exploring potential therapeutic targets and diagnostic biomarkers.</p>","PeriodicalId":10905,"journal":{"name":"Current Neuropharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143802678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synaptic Plasticity Linked to Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors After Nicotine Exposure.","authors":"Aqsa Kazmi, Eun Sang Choe","doi":"10.2174/011570159X365159250311142852","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011570159X365159250311142852","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tobacco dependence is a chronic, relapsing disorder with significant socioeconomic and health impacts that lead to considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide. Nicotine is the primary component responsible for the initiation and continuation of tobacco use. Nicotine exposure causes multiple alterations in the structure and function of the brain's reward system. Evidence shows that synaptic plasticity, a key event that modifies neural circuit structure and function, is largely influenced by changes in glutamatergic neurotransmission in the forebrain's reward pathways. It is now widely accepted that α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (AMPARs) modify synaptic strength within the reward circuitry. Dendritic spines, the primary sites of synaptic plasticity, exhibit an array of structural adaptations in size and shape influenced by neural activity, which correlates with alterations in the strength of synaptic connections. Such alterations in dendritic spine morphology largely depend on the remodeling of the underlying actin cytoskeleton. The dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton are regulated by several modulators, including actin-binding proteins, protein kinases, and small GTPases. This review focuses on the restructuring of the dendritic spine machinery and the relevant changes in synaptic strength mediated by AMPARs in key brain areas involved in addiction. However, our understanding of the neural pathways governing the emergence and significance of the structural and functional changes that lead to addiction-like behaviors after prolonged nicotine exposure remains insufficient. Comprehending these essential neural processes could deepen our insight into the progression and maintenance of nicotine dependence.</p>","PeriodicalId":10905,"journal":{"name":"Current Neuropharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143802679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chinese Multidisciplinary Expert Consensus on Orphan/Anticopper Drugs and Other Non-drug Management of Hepatolenticular Degeneration.","authors":"Ren Min Yang, Tao Feng, Wei Cai, Xu-En Yu, Gang Wang, Yong-Zhu Han, Cun-Xiu Fan, Qiang Xia, Hai-Bo Chen, Xiao-Ping Wang","doi":"10.2174/011570159X349587250311072553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011570159X349587250311072553","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study aims to guide the diagnosis and treatment of hepatolenticular degeneration (also named Wilson's disease, WD) and aid multidisciplinary clinicians in making reasonable and personalized treatment regimens.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The authors aim to establish a systemic structure for Chinese Multidisciplinary Expert Consensus on Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatolenticular Degeneration.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We collaborated with experts from relevant branches of the Chinese Medical Association and multiple disciplines, along with statistical experts, to formulate this consensus. It is based on advancements in basic and clinical research on Wilson's disease, both domestically and internationally.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>It mainly consists of clinical manifestations, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, management, and prognosis in the context of Multi-Department treatment (MDT) in China.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This Chinese consensus incorporates four decades of institutional experience with thousands of Chinese Wilson's disease (WD) inpatients, as well as decades of international inpatient cases from East to West. It is hoped that this consensus will garner broader attention from clinicians worldwide.</p>","PeriodicalId":10905,"journal":{"name":"Current Neuropharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143802675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Potential Role of Glutamate Receptors and their Antagonists or Modulators in Migraine Therapy.","authors":"Chih-Hung Tsai, Ming-Chi Lai, Chin-Wei Huang","doi":"10.2174/1570159X23666250403124115","DOIUrl":"10.2174/1570159X23666250403124115","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Glutamate is implicated in playing a crucial role in modulating the complex pathophysiological mechanisms of migraines, including central or peripheral sensitization, cortical spreading depression, and pain transmission. With expanding knowledge over the last three decades, glutamate receptors have become focal points in neurological drug research. Altered plasma glutamate levels during migraines suggest a potential avenue for effective therapies targeting glutamate reduction. Furthermore, glutamate is believed to play a vital role in modulating the complex pathophysiological mechanisms underlying migraines.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aims to provide an overview of the ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonists (NMDA, AMPA, and Kainate receptors) and metabotropic glutamate receptors in the context of migraines. We explore the advantages and disadvantages of these receptor modulators as alternative treatments, considering efficacy, tolerability, and safety.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted comprehensive online searches across various electronic databases, with a primary focus on PubMed and clinicaltrials.gov, to gather the latest treatment approaches and emerging concepts.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 371 articles were identified from PubMed, along with 69 articles from clinicaltrials. gov. After refinement, 113 articles were included. We summarize seven different medications currently in clinical practice for migraines and highlight six items for migraine therapy in preclinical trials and their potential value.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>It's crucial to note that these agents pose certain challenges in specific drug research due to their intricate influence and mechanisms of action within multiple neuronal pathways. Therefore, further studies are warranted to elucidate more specific glutamatergic signaling pathways for migraine therapy while minimizing interference with normal neuronal functions.</p>","PeriodicalId":10905,"journal":{"name":"Current Neuropharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143794924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}