Current Medical Mycology最新文献

{"title":"Fatal pulmonary <i>Scedosporium aurantiacum</i> infection in a patient after near-drowning: A case report.","authors":"Roya Ghasemian,&nbsp;Azadeh Bandegani,&nbsp;Firoozeh Kermani,&nbsp;Leila Faeli,&nbsp;Behrad Roohi,&nbsp;Elham Yousefi-Abdolmaleki,&nbsp;Mohammad T Hedayati,&nbsp;Emmanuel Roilides,&nbsp;Tahereh Shokohi","doi":"10.18502/cmm.7.4.8410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/cmm.7.4.8410","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and purpose: </strong><i>Scedosporium</i> spp. is a saprophytic fungus that may cause invasive pulmonary infection due to the aspiration of contaminated water in both immunosuppressed and immunocompetent hosts.</p><p><strong>Case report: </strong>Herein, we report a fatal case of pulmonary infection caused by <i>Scedosporium</i> species associated with a car crash and near-drowning in a sewage canal. <i>Scedosporium aurantiacum</i> isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage was identified by PCR-sequencing of <i>β-tubulin</i> genes. The minimum inhibitory concentration values for amphotericin B, itraconazole, posaconazole, isavuconazole were >16 µg/ml, and >8 µg/ml for anidulafungin, micafungin, and caspofungin. Voriconazole was found to be the most active agent with a MIC of 1 µg/ml.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This report, as the first case of pulmonary scedosporiosis after near-drowning in Iran, highlights the importance of high suspicion in near-drowning victims, prompt identification of <i>Scedosporium</i> spp., and early initiation of appropriate antifungal therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":10863,"journal":{"name":"Current Medical Mycology","volume":" ","pages":"38-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9175145/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40395145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of <i>Allium cepa</i> loaded polyacrylonitrile and polyvinyl pyrrolidone nanofibers on <i>Candida albicans</i> growth and the expression of <i>CDR1</i> and <i>CDR2</i> genes.","authors":"Azam Nademi,&nbsp;Masoomeh Shams-Ghahfarokhi,&nbsp;Mehdi Razzaghi-Abyaneh","doi":"10.18502/cmm.7.4.8408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/cmm.7.4.8408","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and purpose: </strong>This study aimed to assess the effect of <i>Allium cepa</i> ethanolic extract (ACE) loaded polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) nanofibers on <i>Candida albicans</i> (<i>C. albicans</i>) <i>CDR1</i> and <i>CDR2</i> genes expression.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ACE against <i>C. albicans</i> ATCC 10231 and clinical fluconazole (FLC)-resistant <i>C. albicans</i> PFCC 93-902 were determined using the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) protocol (M27-Ed4) at a concentration range of 45.3-5800 µg/ml. The nanofibers containing ACE (60 wt%) were fabricated using the electrospinning technique. The expression of the <i>CDR1</i> and <i>CDR2</i> genes was studied in the fungus exposed to ACE-loaded nanofibers and 0.5×MIC concentration of FLC using the real-time polymerase chain reaction.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>MIC₅₀ and MIC₉₀ of ACE against FLC-resistant <i>C. albicans</i> were 725 and 1450 μg/mL, respectively. The expression of <i>CDR1</i> (4.5-fold) and <i>CDR2</i> (6.3-fold) were down-regulated after the exposure of FLC-resistant <i>C. albicans</i> to ACE-loaded nanofibers (<i>P</i><0.05). Furthermore, the expression of <i>CDR1</i> (2.8-fold) and <i>CDR2</i> (3.2-fold) were up-regulated in FLC-treated <i>C. albicans</i> (<i>P</i><0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results revealed that nanofibers containing ACE interact with drug-resistant genes expressed in <i>C. albicans</i>. Further studies are recommended to investigate the mode of action and other biological activities of ACE-loaded nanofibers against <i>C. albicans</i> and other pathogenic fungi.</p>","PeriodicalId":10863,"journal":{"name":"Current Medical Mycology","volume":" ","pages":"28-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9175147/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40395146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High incidence of azole resistance among Candida albicans and C. glabrata isolates in Northeastern Iran","authors":"H. Zarrinfar, Z. Kord, A. Fata","doi":"10.18502/cmm.7.3.7801","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/cmm.7.3.7801","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Purpose: Resistance to antifungal drugs is increasing among Candida isolates from patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). Lack of correct diagnosis of Candida causing VVC and the experimental use of antifungal drugs are the main causes of this resistance. This study aimed to determine the susceptibility of antifungal drugs against Candida species isolated from VVC in Northeastern Iran. Materials and Methods: Among women suspected of VVC, 189 vaginal discharge specimens were evaluated. Candida isolates detected by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism were examined by standard antifungal disk diffusion susceptibility testing method for voriconazole, itraconazole, fluconazole, and ketoconazole. The susceptibility pattern of these antifungals was reported as sensitive, susceptible dose-dependent, and resistant. The results were evaluated by SPSS software and analyzed by Pearson chi-squared test. Results: Among the vaginal specimens, 108 out of 189 Candida isolates were identified as C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. kefyr, C. parapsilosis, and C. tropicalis. The susceptibility rates of Candida isolates to voriconazole, ketoconazole, itraconazole, and fluconazole were 92.6%, 90.7%, 68.5%, and 63.9%, respectively. Moreover, the resistance rates to fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, and itraconazole were 15.7%, 8.3%, 1.9%, and 1.9%, respectively. The C. glabrata and C. albicans isolates were resistant to antifungal discs among 93% and 20% of the specimens, respectively. Conclusion: The C. glabrata and C. albicans species showed the highest resistance to antifungal drugs. Furthermore, Candida isolates showed the highest sensitivity to voriconazole and ketoconazole and the lowest sensitivity to fluconazole.","PeriodicalId":10863,"journal":{"name":"Current Medical Mycology","volume":"67 1","pages":"18 - 21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90763627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemical composition and antifungal activities of aromatic water of Zataria multiflora Boiss.","authors":"Ali Arabi Monfared, Maryam Yazdanpanah, Z. Zareshahrabadi, K. Pakshir, Mehdi Ghahartars, D. Mehrabani, Samira Yazdanpanah, A. Iraji, K. Zomorodian","doi":"10.18502/CMM.7.3.7255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/CMM.7.3.7255","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Purpose: In Iranian culture, aromatic waters harboring a slight amount of essential oil have been popularly used for many years as a pleasant non-alcoholic drink with various medicinal properties. In this study, chemical composition of Zataria multiflora Boiss. (ZM) aromatic water was determined and its in vitro and in vivo antifungal properties were investigated. Materials and Methods: Chemical composition of the essential oil extracted from aromatic water (AW) of ZM was analyzed by Gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antimicrobial activity of the AW against Candida species was determined by broth micro-dilution methods. Additionally, biofilm formation inhibition and antioxidant activity of the AW were measured using XTT reduction and DPPH methods, respectively. Antifungal activities of the AW in the prevention and/or treatment of gastrointestinal (GI) candidiasis in animal models were also evaluated. Results: The GC-MS analysis revealed that the major constituents of ZM AW were Carvacrol (46.56%) and Thymol (40.67%). The ZM AW inhibited the growth and biofilm formation of Candida species in the range of 0.25-0.5 V/V. Moreover, ZM AW significantly decreased Candida colonization in therapeutic groups (P<0.05). Conclusion: Given the wide therapeutic potential of ZM AW, including antifungal and antioxidant activities, it might be possible to use it in the management of mucocutaneous or alimentary candidiasis.","PeriodicalId":10863,"journal":{"name":"Current Medical Mycology","volume":"58 1","pages":"29 - 35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80205637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vaginal and oral use of probiotics as adjunctive therapy to fluconazole in patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis: A clinical trial on Iranian women","authors":"Z. Vahedpoor, M. Abastabar, M. Sehat, P. Talebian, Tayebeh Felfelian fini, Zahra Dastanpour, I. Haghani, Ramtin Chelongarian, M. Nazeri","doi":"10.18502/cmm.7.3.7803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/cmm.7.3.7803","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Purpose: Vulvovaginal candidiasis is considered the second most prevalent gynecologic infection among women and one of the main reasons for referring to a gynecologist. During recent decades, probiotic usage has been defined as one of the therapeutic regimens for vaginal candidiasis management, but these findings were controversial. The current study was conducted to determine the effect of fluconazole plus vaginal and oral probiotics supplementation on clinical and mycological improvement of vaginal candidiasis concomitant with antifungal susceptibility of Candida species to fluconazole. Materials and Methods: This double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial was conducted on 76 women with vaginal candidiasis admitted to Naghavi and Imam Reza Gynecology Clinics in Kashan, Central Iran, from July 2017 to March 2020. Patients were diagnosed according to vaginal candidiasis symptoms and positive culture for Candida species. The patients were divided into two groups; one of them received fluconazole plus vaginal and oral probiotics, while the other one received fluconazole with placebo. The clinical and mycological findings were recorded before and after the treatment. In vitro, the fluconazole susceptibility test was determined by the microdilution method according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (M27-A3) for the baseline Candida isolates. Conclusion: Based on the findings, 35 days after the intervention, a significant reduction was reported in vaginal candidiasis symptoms in the probiotics supplementation group. Although probiotics supplementation therapy was a better mycological cure, compared to the fluconazole with the placebo group, this difference was not significant (68.4% vs. 46.9%, P=0.184). Exclusion of resistant and susceptible dose-dependent strain in the regression model demonstrated a significant reduction in positive culture probiotics in the supplementation group. Results: Oral and vaginal supplementation with probiotics for 4 weeks played a significant role in the elimination of vaginal candidiasis symptoms. Adjustment of clinical and mycological responses with drug resistance patterns of patients could open a promising horizon for probiotics consumption as a complementary treatment.","PeriodicalId":10863,"journal":{"name":"Current Medical Mycology","volume":"39 1","pages":"36 - 43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90933497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular identification of Malassezia species isolated from neonates hospitalized in Neonatal intensive care units and their mothers","authors":"K. Zomorodian, Maryam Naderibeni, H. Mirhendi, Mostajab Razavi Nejad, S. M. Saneian, M. Mahmoodi, M. Kharazi, H. Khodadadi, K. Pakshir, M. Motamedi","doi":"10.18502/cmm.7.3.7800","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/cmm.7.3.7800","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Purpose: Given the important role of Malassezia spp. in skin diseases and other associated infections in neonates, this study aimed to investigate the presence and frequency of Malassezia spp. in the skin of neonates hospitalized in neonatal intensive care units and their mothers using culture and accurate molecular-based methods. Materials and Methods: In total, 205 samples were collected from 130 neonates (>4-day-old) and 75 mothers. Isolation of Malassezia spp. from the skin was performed using Leeming-Notman agar and modified Dixon agar media. To compare the Malassezia microflora on the skin of the neonates and their mothers, a polymerase chain reaction-sequencing method was performed for spp. identification of 92 isolates obtained from neonates and their mothers. Moreover, possible associated risk factors for the colonization of Malassezia spp. on the skin were recorded. Results: Cultures from 62.3% of neonates and 77.3% of mothers were positive for Malassezia spp. growth. Malassezia globosa was the most prevalent isolated spp. found in the skin of the study population. It is noteworthy that a rare Malassezia spp., Malassezia arunalokei, was isolated from the skin of one neonate. There was a 76% similarity between the mother-neonate isolate sequences results. The statistical analysis showed that the type of feeding is a significant (P<0.001) associated factor for Malassezia skin colonization. Conclusion: The findings support the hypothesis that the colonization of Malassezia in neonates is significantly influenced by that of the mother, and this may be associated with breastfeeding.","PeriodicalId":10863,"journal":{"name":"Current Medical Mycology","volume":"41 1","pages":"13 - 17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88479461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular identification of Candida species isolated from candiduria and its risk factors in neonates and children","authors":"Fariba Shirvani, M. Fattahi","doi":"10.18502/cmm.7.3.7799","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/cmm.7.3.7799","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Purpose: The present study was performed to raise attention on the frequency of Candida spp. and evaluation of risk factors of candiduria in neonates and children. Materials and Methods: In total, 60 urine samples were collected from the suspected neonates and children. Identification of Candida at species level was performed using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism approach. Results: The restriction fragment length polymorphism fingerprint analysis revealed that Candida parapsilosis (n=17; 28.33 %) is the most prevalent isolated species followed by Candida albicans (n=9; 15%), Candida tropicalis (n=4; 9.52%), and C. glabrata (n=2; 4.76%). All of the C. albicans and C. parapsilosis complex strains were identified as C. albicans with HWP1 gene primers and using the NlaIII restriction enzyme activity, respectively. In this study, none of the mentioned factors was the cause of infection, but they could be considered risk factors. The mean hospital stay was 21 days (range: 7-21 days). More than 90% of the patients had a urinary catheter, and about 26% of them received antibiotics. Regarding the risk factors, there was no significant difference between the two groups of candidiasis in terms of C. albicans and non-albicans Candida (P<0.01). Conclusion: Candiduria has always been a challenging issue, especially in children admitted to hospitals. Outcome of candiduria in patients with generally healthy is little.","PeriodicalId":10863,"journal":{"name":"Current Medical Mycology","volume":"42 1","pages":"9 - 12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88686318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isolation and molecular characterization of clinical and environmental dematiaceous fungi and relatives from Iran","authors":"G. Shokoohi, H. Badali, B. Ahmadi, Kazuo Satoh, S. Nouripour‐Sisakht, M. Nikaeen, Mohsen Gramishoar, N. Jalalizand, Sahar Kianipour, H. Mirhendi, K. Makimura","doi":"10.18502/cmm.7.3.7798","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/cmm.7.3.7798","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Purpose: The frequency and genetic diversity of black fungi in environmental and clinical settings have not been fully studied in Iran. This study aimed to identify and evaluate intra- and inter-species DNA sequence variation and also understand the phylogenetic relationships of melanized fungi and relatives isolated from different geographical regions of Iran. Materials and Methods: In total, 111 clinical and environmental strains of dematiaceous fungi were isolated, and their internal transcribed spacer ribosomal DNA (rDNA) regions were sequenced and analyzed. Results: An inter-species nucleotide sequence diversity rate of 1 to 464 nucleotides was observed between the species. Intra-species differences were found in the strains of Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Alternaria tenuissima, Curvularia spicifera, Aureobasidium pullulans, Curvularia hawaiiensis, Neoscytalidium dimidiatum, Alternaria terricola, Alternaria chlamydospora, Didymella glomerata, and Drechslera dematioidea by 0–59, 0–22, 0–4, 0–4, 0–3, 0–2, 0–2, 0–2, 0–2, 0–1, and 0–1 nucleotide, respectively. Conclusion: The internal transcribed spacer rDNA is useful for the discrimination of several taxa of dematiaceous fungi. However, a better understanding of the taxonomy of species of Alternaria requires a larger rDNA region or a library of other gene sequences.","PeriodicalId":10863,"journal":{"name":"Current Medical Mycology","volume":"11 1","pages":"1 - 8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75008476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proven pulmonary aspergillosis in a COVID-19 patient: A case report.","authors":"Sadegh Khodavaisy,&nbsp;Nasim Khajavirad,&nbsp;Seyed Jamal Hashemi,&nbsp;Alireza Izadi,&nbsp;Seyed Ali Dehghan Manshadi,&nbsp;Alireza Abdollahi,&nbsp;Amir Aliramezani,&nbsp;Elahe Sasani,&nbsp;Mahsa Abdorahimi,&nbsp;Reyhaneh Sadat Kiyaeie,&nbsp;Zohre Khosravany,&nbsp;Muhammad Ibrahim Getso,&nbsp;Mohammadreza Salehi","doi":"10.18502/cmm.7.2.7031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/cmm.7.2.7031","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and purpose: </strong>Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a significant clinical challenge in healthcare settings all over the world. Critically ill COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome may be at increased risk of co-infection with pulmonary aspergillosis. This study aimed to describe a clinical case of proven pulmonary aspergillosis caused by <i>Aspergillus tubingensis</i> in a 59-year-old man with a history of hospitalization due to COVID-19 infection.</p><p><strong>Case report: </strong>The Covid-19 infection was confirmed by positive nasopharyngeal polymerase chain reaction. He had a cavitary lesion measured 20 mm in diameter with intracavitary soft tissue density in the left lung in the first chest computerized tomography scan. After 25 days, he showed two cavitary lesions in both lungs which raised suspicion of fungal infection; hence, the patient underwent a trans-thoracic biopsy of the cavitary lesion. The direct examination and culture of the biopsy material revealed <i>Aspergillus</i> species. To confirm the <i>Aspergillus</i> species identification, the beta-tubulin region was sequenced. The patient was treated with oral voriconazole.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This report underlined the importance of early diagnosis and management of invasive fungal infections in severe COVID-19 patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":10863,"journal":{"name":"Current Medical Mycology","volume":"7 2","pages":"39-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8740855/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39910103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-<i>Candida albicans Candida</i> species: virulence factors and species identification in India.","authors":"Dharmendra Prasad Singh, Rajesh Kumar Verma, Swati Sarswat, Satender Saraswat","doi":"10.18502/cmm.7.2.7032","DOIUrl":"10.18502/cmm.7.2.7032","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and purpose: </strong>The predominant cause of candidiasis was Candida albicans which has recently changed to non-<i>Candida albicans Candida</i> (NCAC) (i.e., <i>Candida</i> spp. other than the <i>C. albicans</i>). The NCAC spp., earlier considered non-pathogenic or minimally virulent, are now considered a primary cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised individuals. Given the NCAC spp.has become more common in clinical cases, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of NCAC spp. in different clinical specimens and assess a few of their virulence factors.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Routine samples for bacterial culture and sensitivity that showed colony characteristics, like <i>Candida</i> on Blood Agar and microscopic features resembling <i>Candida</i> spp., were processed further. <i>Candida</i> isolates underwent tests for chlamydospore formation and biochemical tests, including sugar fermentation and sugar assimilation tests. These were grown at 42oC, and their colony color was identified using HiCrome^TM Candida Differential Agar (HiMedia Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India), Hi<i>Candida</i> ^TM Identification Kit (HiMedia Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India), and VITEK-2® Compact (Biomérieux, France). Virulence factors, such as adherence to buccal epithelial cells (ABEC), biofilm formation, hemolytic activity, and production of coagulase enzyme were also tested.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mean age of the patients was 38.46 years with a male-female ratio of 1.36:1. In total, 137 <i>Candida</i> isolates were recovered; 45.3%, 19.7%, and 13.9% of the isolates were isolated from urine, vaginal swabs, and oropharyngeal swabs, respectively. Moreover, 55 (40.1%) isolates were those of <i>C. albicans</i> and 82 (59.9%) isolates belonged to NCAC spp., with <i>C. tropicalis</i> (23.4%) contributing highest among NCAC species. Furthermore, <i>C. albicans</i> (3; 50%) was the most common spp. in cases of candidemia. Haemolysin production (85.5%) and ABEC (78.2%) were the major virulence factors in <i>C. albicans</i>. <i>C. tropicalis</i> (59.4%) and <i>C. dubliniensis</i> (50%) showed maximum ABEC. Biofilm forming capacity was higher in <i>C. tropicalis</i> (78.1%) than <i>C. albicans</i> (67%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Results of this study suggest varied prevalence and virulence based on geographical locations, even within a subcontinent. It clearly indicates the emergence of the NCAC spp. and their predominance in different body fluids. Identification of <i>Candida</i> to the spp. level should become a routine in all laboratories.</p>","PeriodicalId":10863,"journal":{"name":"Current Medical Mycology","volume":"7 2","pages":"8-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8740851/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39909673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}