Current Medical Mycology最新文献

{"title":"Epidemiology of fungal diseases in Africa: A review of diagnostic drivers.","authors":"Felix Bongomin,&nbsp;Samuel Adetona Fayemiwo","doi":"10.18502/cmm.7.1.6246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/cmm.7.1.6246","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and purpose: </strong>There has been a significant increase in the burden of fungal diseases in the last few decades which has imposed a global threat to the health of humans, animals, and plants. Epidemiology of fungal diseases is not completely understood in Africa. Most of these diseases are under-reported or not reported at all mainly due to the challenges related to the availability of and access to fungal diagnostics and the lack of human resources in clinical and diagnostic mycology across the continent. Therefore, it is imperative to highlight the epidemiology of the endemic and epidemic of emerging and re-emerging fungal diseases as well as their diagnostic challenges in Africa based on the available data. Moreover, it is important to underline the existing gaps in this regard as well.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>For the purposes of the study, Medline and Google Scholar were searched to retrieve articles on these prominent fungal diseases, as well as their etiologies and available diagnostics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>It was found that histoplasmosis and other AIDS-associated mycoses have been reported in Africa, including blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, and paracocci-dioidomycosis. Other reported infections were fungal neglected tropical diseases, especially sporotrichosis, dermatophytosis, mycetoma, and chromoblastomycosis as well as emerging fungal diseases, such as <i>Emergomyces africanus</i>, <i>Candida auris</i>, and <i>Blastomyces emzantsi</i>. In Africa, the major drivers of fungal diseases include human immunodeficiency infection, tuberculosis, and poverty.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Serious fungal diseases are common in Africa; however, the true burden remains unknown.</p>","PeriodicalId":10863,"journal":{"name":"Current Medical Mycology","volume":"7 1","pages":"63-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8443876/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39440666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First fluconazole-resistant <i>Candida auris</i> isolated from fungal otitis in Iran.","authors":"Mojtaba Taghizadeh Armaki,&nbsp;Saeid Mahdavi Omran,&nbsp;Keyvan Kiakojuri,&nbsp;Shaghayegh Khojasteh,&nbsp;Jalal Jafarzadeh,&nbsp;Mahin Tavakoli,&nbsp;Hamid Badali,&nbsp;Iman Haghani,&nbsp;Tahereh Shokohi,&nbsp;Mohammad Taghi Hedayati,&nbsp;Mahdi Abastabar","doi":"10.18502/cmm.7.1.6243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/cmm.7.1.6243","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and purpose: </strong><i>Candida auris</i>, as a new characterized pathogenic yeast, has attracted remarkable attention in the recent decade due to its rapid global emergence and multidrug resistance traits. This unique species is able to cause nosocomial outbreaks and tolerate adverse conditions; however, it has been mostly misidentified by conventional methods.</p><p><strong>Case report: </strong>This report aimed to describe the first fluconazole-resistant case of <i>C. auris</i> otitis in an immunocompetent patient in Iran. The isolate showed minimum inhibitory concentration of ≥ 32 μg/ml for fluconazole; however, the patient was treated with topical clotrimazole and miconazole with no recurrence.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This was the second strain of <i>C. auris</i> isolated from otitis in Iran which was fluconazole-resistant, unlike the first Iranian isolate.</p>","PeriodicalId":10863,"journal":{"name":"Current Medical Mycology","volume":"7 1","pages":"51-54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8443880/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39439730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiological profile and antifungal susceptibility pattern of <i>Trichosporon</i> species in a tertiary care hospital in Chandigarh, India.","authors":"Vibha Mehta,&nbsp;Jagdish Chander,&nbsp;Neelam Gulati,&nbsp;Nidhi Singla,&nbsp;Hena Vasdeva,&nbsp;Raman Sardana,&nbsp;Awadhesh Kumar Pandey","doi":"10.18502/cmm.7.1.6179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/cmm.7.1.6179","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and purpose: </strong><i>Trichosporon</i> species are ubiquitous in nature which are associated with fatal opportunistic invasive infections, especially in immunocompromised patients. The present study aimed to evaluate the epidemiological and clinical details, as well as the antifungal susceptibility pattern of the patients with <i>Trichosporon</i> infections.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>In total, 50 clinical isolates of <i>Trichosporon species</i> from various samples were included in this study. The samples were isolated over a period of 18 months from patients in a tertiary hospital in North India. The isolates were characterised phenotypically with Vitek MS (bioMérieux, France). <i>Trichosporon</i> spp. were isolated from urine (30%), nail (30%), tissue (16%), pleural fluid (14%), and sputum (5%). In total, majority of the isolates were of <i>Trichosporon asahii</i> (92%), followed by <i>Trichosporon mucoides</i> (6%), and <i>Trichosporon ovoides</i> (2%). It is noteworthy that most of the reported cases were from intensive care unit (34%).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Intravenous catheters, antibiotics, and antifungal uptake were significantly associated risk factors with <i>Trichosporon</i> infection. All invasive isolates were observed to be resistant <i>in vitro</i> to caspofungin and exhibited high minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values against amphotericin B, fluconazole, and 5-flucytosine. The MICs for voriconazole and posaconazole were low.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Trichosporonosis is being increasingly reported all around the world, including India. The results of this study highlighted the importance of early detection and treatment for this emerging yeast and also added to the ongoing surveillance for the antifungal susuceptibility pattern for this fungus.</p>","PeriodicalId":10863,"journal":{"name":"Current Medical Mycology","volume":"7 1","pages":"19-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8443878/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39439725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of <i>Allium cepa</i> on LAC1 gene expression and physiological activities in <i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i>.","authors":"Seyed Afzal Musavinasab-Mobarakeh,&nbsp;Masoomeh Shams-Ghahfarokhi,&nbsp;Mehdi Razzaghi-Abyaneh","doi":"10.18502/cmm.7.1.6241","DOIUrl":"10.18502/cmm.7.1.6241","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and purpose: </strong>This study aimed to investigate the effects of <i>Allium cepa</i> ethanolic extract (EAC) on <i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i> biological activities and <i>LAC1</i> gene expression.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of EAC was determined based on the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute M27-A4 method at a concentration range of 125-4000 µg/ml. The EAC synergism activity was determined in combination with fluconazole (FCZ) as an antifungal azole. Laccase activity, melanin production, and cell membrane ergosterol content of <i>C. neoformans</i> were assessed at the 0.5× MIC concentration of EAC (1000 μg/ml) and FCZ (64 μg/ml) by approved methods. The expression of the <i>LAC1</i> gene was studied in the fungus exposed to 0.5× MIC concentration of EAC and FCZ using the real-time polymerase chain reaction.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Based on obtained results, MIC of EAC and FCZ were 2000 and 128 μg/ml, respectively. A combinatory effect was reported for FCZ and EAC by a fractional inhibitory concentration index of 0.25. The cell membrane ergosterol content was inhibited in EAC- and FCZ-treated <i>C. neoformans</i> by 58.25% and 49.85%, respectively. The laccase activity and melanin production were reduced in EAC-treated <i>C. neoformans</i> by 45.37% and 51.57%, and in FCZ-treated fungus by 54.64% and 53.68%, respectively. The expression of fungal <i>LAC1</i> at messenger RNA (mRNA) level was measured 0.46 and 0.58 folds and significantly decreased in both EAC- and FCZ-treated <i>C. neoformans</i> at the 0.5×MIC concentration, respectively (<i>P</i><0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings revealed that EAC contains inhibitory compounds which interact with biological activities in <i>C. neoformans</i> and thereby, it could be considered as a potential source for the development of novel antifungal drugs.</p>","PeriodicalId":10863,"journal":{"name":"Current Medical Mycology","volume":"7 1","pages":"38-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8443871/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39439728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and antifungal drug resistance of nosocomial <i>Candida</i> species isolated from two university hospitals in Egypt.","authors":"Amira M El-Ganiny,&nbsp;Nehal E Yossef,&nbsp;Hend A Kamel","doi":"10.18502/cmm.7.1.6181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/cmm.7.1.6181","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and purpose: </strong>There is a significant rise in morbidity and mortality of infections caused by <i>Candida</i>. <i>Candida</i> spp. infections are currently ranked fourth among nosocomial infections which are difficult to diagnose and refractory to therapy. Given the differences in susceptibility among various spp., identification of <i>Candida</i> spp. is an important step that leads to the selection of a suitable antifungal.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A prevalence study was conducted on 122 <i>Candida</i> isolates. The <i>Candida</i> spp. were identified using Chromogenic agar and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The antifungal susceptibility (AFS) of <i>Candida</i> spp. to amphotericin B, fluconazole, voriconazole, and caspofungin was determined by the disc diffusion method.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In total, 122 <i>Candida</i> clinical isolates were investigated in this study. <i>Candida albicans</i> with 57.4% (70 isolates) had the highest prevalence rate, while 52 isolates (42.6%) were non-<i>albicans</i> <i>Candida</i> species (NAC). The NAC include <i>Candida krusei</i> (20.4%), <i>Candida tropicalis</i> (6.5%), <i>Candida parapsilolsis</i> (5.7%), <i>Candida dubliniensis</i> (4.9%), and <i>Candida glabrata</i> (4.9%). The AFS showed that the resistance rates of <i>Candida</i> spp. to fluconazole and voriconazole were 13.1% (16 isolates) and 9.8% (12 isolates), respectively. Moreover, only five isolates (4.1%) were resistant to caspofungin. Furthermore, there was no resistance against amphotericin B. The spp. that showed the highest resistance were <i>C. glabrata</i> and <i>C. tropicalis</i>, while the lowest resistance was observed in <i>C. albicans</i> and <i>C. dubliniensis</i>.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In conclusion, rapid identification of clinical <i>Candida</i> isolates and standard AFS are essential procedures for controlling the rise of resistant NAC spp. in clinical settings. Usage of fluconazole should be restricted, especially in patients with recurrent <i>Candida</i> infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":10863,"journal":{"name":"Current Medical Mycology","volume":"7 1","pages":"31-37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8443875/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39439727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First report of chronic invasive fungal rhinosinusitis in a patient with ovarian cancer caused by <i>Didymella pedeiae</i> and successful treatment with voriconazole: A case report.","authors":"Omid Raiesi,&nbsp;Seyed Jamal Hashemi,&nbsp;Muhammad Ibrahim Getso,&nbsp;Pegah Ardi,&nbsp;Mojtaba Mohammadi Ardehali,&nbsp;Vahid Raissi,&nbsp;Sina Shamsaei,&nbsp;Zeinab Borjian Boroujeni","doi":"10.18502/cmm.7.1.6244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/cmm.7.1.6244","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and purpose: </strong><i>Didymella pedeiae</i> is a dematiaceous fungus that belongs to the Coelomycetes class. While species within this class are known to cause human infection,  <i>D. pedeiae</i> had previously only been known as phytopathogens and had never been isolated from a human sample.</p><p><strong>Case report: </strong>A 51-year-old Iranian female patient with ovarian cancer was admitted with unilateral lesions in paranasal sinuses and a five-month history of nasal obstruction, headache, postnasal drainage, swelling on the left side of the face, and orbital pain. Paranasal sinus computerized tomography scan revealed a soft tissue mass that filled the left nasal cavity, ethmoid, sphenoid, and frontal sinuses with more involvement in the maxillary and ethmoid sinuses. Antifungal treatment was simultaneously initiated with itraconazole+prednisolone 15 mg/day, and levofloxacin. Due to poor clinical response, IV voriconazole and amphotericin B were added to the treatment as well. The patient recovered completely after 10 weeks of therapy.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Here, we report the first case of human <i>D. pedeiae</i> infection in a patient with ovarian cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":10863,"journal":{"name":"Current Medical Mycology","volume":"7 1","pages":"55-58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8443882/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39439731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A rare <i>Fusarium equiseti</i> infection in a 53-year-old male with burn injury: A case report.","authors":"Tang Xuan Hai,&nbsp;Nguyen Thai Ngoc Minh,&nbsp;Do Ngoc Anh,&nbsp;Tran Ngoc Dung,&nbsp;Ngo Thi Minh Chau,&nbsp;Le Tran-Anh","doi":"10.18502/cmm.7.1.6245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/cmm.7.1.6245","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and purpose: </strong>Burn injuries are prone to infection caused by bacteria, fungi, or other pathogens. Fungal wound infection usually has non-specific clinical symptoms. Nevertheless, in some cases, the fungal burden is so substantial that can easily be seen by the naked eyes, but this phenomenon has rarely been reported with <i>Fusarium</i>.</p><p><strong>Case report: </strong>A 53-year-old patient with severe burn injury was admitted to the intensive care unit of the National Hospital of Burn, Ha Noi, Vietnam. His wound was dressed with a traditional herbal product before the hospital admission. On the 5th day after the admission, some white patches suspected of fungal colonies appeared on burn lesions where the herbal medicine was placed. Histological examination (Periodic acid-Schiff) and culture of biopsy samples taken from those lesions revealed fungus that was identified as <i>Fusarium equiseti</i> after analysis of the internal transcribed spacer and D1/D2 region of the large subunit of the 28S rDNA. The isolated strain showed susceptibility to voriconazole but resistance to fluconazole, itraconazole, caspofungin, and amphotericin B <i>in vitro</i>. The patient received aggressive treatment, including IV voriconazole (400 mg daily from day five); however, he could not recover.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong><i>Fusarium</i> should be suspected in burn patients with white patches on lesions. Antifungal susceptibility testing is important since multidrug resistance is common among <i>Fusarium</i> strains.</p>","PeriodicalId":10863,"journal":{"name":"Current Medical Mycology","volume":"7 1","pages":"59-62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8443881/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39440665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the effect of the gold nanoparticles prepared by green ‎chemistry on ‎the ‏treatment of cutaneous candidiasis.","authors":"Hassan Ayad Kareem,&nbsp;Hayder Mahmood Samaka,&nbsp;Wasna'a Mohamed Abdulridha","doi":"10.18502/cmm.7.1.6176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/cmm.7.1.6176","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and purpose: </strong>Mineral nanoparticle synthesis via green chemistry is ‎considered a novel ‏procedure ‎that ‎has been introduced into some ‏‎‎industries and medical fields. This ‎paper aimed to focus on ‏synthesized gold ‎nanoparticles ‎‎‎‎(‎AuNPs‎) prepared via green chemistry and ‎their usage in the ‏treatment of cutaneous ‎candidiasis.‎‎.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This study was performed on the green synthesis of AuNPs using olive leaf extract as a reducing ‎agent‎. The ‎UV‎ visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and atomic force microscopy techniques ‎were used to detect ‏the concentration of the prepared AuNPs‎. ‎The agar gel diffusion method was used to test ‏the ‎antifungal activity of the ‎‎prepared AuNPs <i>in vitro</i>. ‏Antifungal efficacy of the AuNPs <i>in vivo</i> ‎was tested by the ‎induction of‎‎ cutaneous ‎candidiasis in mice‎.‎This research was conducted on four groups of mice‎. Groups 1 and 2 were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the AuNPs suspension ‎and ‏Nystatin ointment in the treatment ‎of clinical infection, respectively. Groups 3 ‎and ‎4 were the infected ‎and the non-infected control groups, respectively.‎.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Based on the findings, the AuNP synthesis using olive leaves was ‎a suitable and ‎secure method. Moreover, it was found that the AuNPs concentration of 40.77 ng‏‏ml represented the minimum ‎inhibitory concentration for the ‎inhibition of the <i>Candida albicans</i>. The prepared AuNPs were more effective than Nystatin ‎in the ‏treatment ‎of cutaneous candidiasis.‎‎.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Preparation of AuNPs via green chemistry using olive leaves as a reducing ‎agent is a ‏safe ‎and easy procedure that can be performed to produce AuNPs. In this study, the AuNPs ‎displayed antifungal ‏activity ‏both <i>in vitro</i> and in vivo.‎.</p>","PeriodicalId":10863,"journal":{"name":"Current Medical Mycology","volume":"7 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8443874/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39440766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Aflatoxin M1 in human breast milk in Rafsanjan, Iran.","authors":"Somayeh Pourtalebi,&nbsp;Seyyed Amin Ayatollahi Mousavi,&nbsp;Zahra Assadollahi,&nbsp;Seyyed Mahdi Mousavi","doi":"10.18502/cmm.7.1.6177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/cmm.7.1.6177","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and purpose: </strong>Aflatoxins (AFs) are a group of highly toxic mycotoxins present both in the environment and in foodstuffs. The food of infants should be safe and free of various pollutants, including breast milk mycotoxins. This study aimed to measure the mycotoxin of Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in human milk samples obtained from lactating mothers living in Rafsanjan city, Iran.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>In the current cross-sectional study, breast milk samples were collected from 150 lactating mothers in Rafsanjan city from September 2015 to April 2016 using the structured food-frequency questionnaire. The AFM1 was measured by employing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay specific kits. The statistical analysis was performed in SPSS software (version 16).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The AFM1 was detected in 98 mothers (65%) with a mean concentration of 14.69±8.15 ng/kg, ranging from 5.02 to 41.25 ng/kg. The AFM1 concentration exceeded the tolerable and accepted limit promulgated by the European Union and the USA (25 ng/kg) in only 10 milk samples. Moreover, in 59 milk samples, the AFM1 concentration exceeded the limit recommended by Australia and Switzerland (10 ng/kg).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>According to the results of the present study, lactating mothers and their infants are at risk of AFM1 exposure in southern Iran. Accordingly, the examination of AFM1 concentrations in lactating mothers, as a critical postnatal exposure marker of infants to this carcinogenic compound, requires further studies in various seasonal periods and different parts of Iran.</p>","PeriodicalId":10863,"journal":{"name":"Current Medical Mycology","volume":"7 1","pages":"6-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8443883/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39440767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunological response to COVID-19 and its role as a predisposing factor in invasive aspergillosis.","authors":"Mahin Tavakoli,&nbsp;Tahereh Shokohi,&nbsp;Cornelia Lass Flörl,&nbsp;Mohammad Taghi Hedayati,&nbsp;Martin Hoenigl","doi":"10.18502/cmm.6.4.5442","DOIUrl":"10.18502/cmm.6.4.5442","url":null,"abstract":"The world is involved with a pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The clinical manifestations of reported COVID-19-associated pulmonary impairments range from asymptomatic infections to a pneumonia-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome that requires mechanical ventilation. Fungal superinfections complicating the clinical course remain underexplored. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, the receptor for COVID-19 that is mainly expressed in airway epithelia and lung parenchyma, is considered an important regulator of innate immunity. With regard to the viral-cell interaction, imbalanced immune regulation between protective and altered responses caused by the exacerbation of inflammatory responses should be considered a major contributor to secondary pulmonary aspergillosis. In addition, the complex inherited factors, age-related changes, and lifestyle may also affect immune responses. The complication and persistence of invasive aspergillosis have been well described in patients with severe influenza or COVID-19. However, there is a scarcity of information about the immunological mechanisms predisposing patients with COVID-19 to fungal co-infections. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the aforementioned domain.","PeriodicalId":10863,"journal":{"name":"Current Medical Mycology","volume":"6 4","pages":"75-79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8226042/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39127186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}