Current Medical Mycology最新文献

{"title":"Antifungal properties of carvone and linalool against <i>Malassezia</i> species: Preliminary Screening Study.","authors":"Somayeh Yazdanpanah, Aida Iraji, Solmaz Mirzamohammadi, Kamiar Zomorodian","doi":"10.22034/cmm.2024.345248.1547","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22034/cmm.2024.345248.1547","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and purpose: </strong>By harnessing the power of nature, researchers can potentially discover new therapeutic options that are safe, effective, and sustainable for the management of diseases. Recently, natural products have been extensively studied for the treatment of diseases due to their diverse chemical composition and potential therapeutic properties. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the antifungal activity of carvone and linalool against <i>Malassezia</i> species to find alternative treatments for pityriasis versicolor.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The <i>in vitro</i> antifungal activity of monoterpenes was assessed using a microdilution method, following the guidelines specified in the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute document M27-A3 with modifications, including the use of Christensen's urea broth supplemented with various lipids to optimize the growth condition for <i>Malassezia</i>.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The minimum inhibitory concentration ranges for linalool and carvone were found to be 0.3-5.4 and 0.3-24 mg/mL, respectively. Additionally, the growth of <i>Malassezia</i> species was inhibited at concentrations of 0.001-0.003 and 0.006-0.1 mg/mL for amphotericin B and ketoconazole, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Given the remarkable antifungal properties exhibited by linalool and carvone against <i>Malassezia</i> species, these terpene compounds have the potential to be utilized for the treatment of <i>Malassezia</i> infections, provided that additional research is conducted.</p>","PeriodicalId":10863,"journal":{"name":"Current Medical Mycology","volume":"10 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12050483/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143972654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>In vitro</i> enrichment of trace elements promotes rapid germination of <i>Aspergillus</i> conidia: a clinical concern for immunosuppressed and hyperglycemic patients.","authors":"Aishwarya Nikhil, Atul Kumar Tiwari, Ragini Tilak, Mohit Bhatia, Munesh Kumar Gupta","doi":"10.22034/cmm.2024.345251.1549","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22034/cmm.2024.345251.1549","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and purpose: </strong>This study aimed to examine the effects of essential trace elements, namely iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu), combined with D-dextrose on conidial germination and growth of <i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i> and <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> ATCC strains. Trace elements are vital in metabolic processes, acting as cofactors for various enzymes; however, their precise role in fungal pathogenesis remains poorly understood.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The research involved determining the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu for <i>Aspergillus</i> ATCC strains. Following MIC assessment, optimized concentrations of the trace elements (~140 and 550 pM) and various concentrations of D-dextrose (1-3% w/v) were introduced to assess their effects on fungal growth in RPMI 1640 broth. Growth was measured in terms of optical density, while conidial germination rates were also observed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The MICs for Fe, Mn, and Zn were found to exceed 35 µM, while Cu exhibited lower MICs of 2 and 7.6 µM against <i>A. fumigatus</i> and <i>A. flavus</i>, respectively. At optimized concentrations, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu significantly enhanced fungal growth in both <i>Aspergillus</i> species. Additionally, growth rates increased proportionally with higher D-dextrose concentrations. Notably, the combination of enriched trace elements and D-dextrose resulted in up to 98% conidial germination.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings demonstrate that optimized concentrations of essential trace elements and D-dextrose significantly promote conidial germination and growth of <i>Aspergillus</i> species <i>in vitro</i>. These results suggest that trace element supplementation might have important implications for immunocompromised and hyperglycemic patients. Further studies are warranted to explore the interactions between these micronutrients in fungal physiology and pathogenesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":10863,"journal":{"name":"Current Medical Mycology","volume":"10 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12050485/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143972729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the efficacy of novel topical antifungal agents against dermatophytes in North India: A prospective study.","authors":"Tanya Sachan, Prashant Gupta, Swastika Suvirya, Parul Verma, Raj Kumar Kalyan, Gopa Banerjee","doi":"10.22034/cmm.2024.345268.1562","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22034/cmm.2024.345268.1562","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and purpose: </strong>Dermatophytosis, a fungal infection targeting keratinized tissue, is caused by dermatophytes, commonly affecting skin, hair, and nails. Prevalent in tropical regions, such as India, its treatment typically utilizes systemic and topical antifungal medications. Despite ample research on oral antifungals, data on the susceptibility of topical treatments, especially in India, where they are prevalent, remains scarce. This study aimed to investigate the antifungal susceptibility of efinaconazole, tavaborole, luliconazole, and sertaconazole against dermatophytes isolated from cases of dermatophytosis.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Samples of all the clinically diagnosed cases of dermatophytosis were subjected to microscopy and culture. All 204 dermatophytes, namely <i>Trichophyton rubrum</i> (n=90), <i>Trichophyton mentagrophytes/interdigitale</i> (n=69), <i>Trichophyton tonsurans</i> (n=44), and <i>Epidermophyton floccosum</i> (n=1) were subjected to antifungal susceptibility testing for efinaconazole, tavaborole, sertaconazole, and luliconazole per Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute broth microdilution method (M38-A3).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The minimum inhibitory concentration values for efinaconazole, tavaborole, sertaconazole, and luliconazole were within the ranges of 0.008-0.5, 1-2, 0.128-2, and 0.004-0.008 µg/ml, respectively across all dermatophytes. Epidemiological cutoff values (ECVs) were 0.004 µg/ml for luliconazole and 2 µg/ml for tavaborole for all dermatophytes. Sertaconazole ECVs were 2 µg/ml for <i>T. rubrum</i> and <i>T. mentagrophytes/interdigitale</i>, 0.5 µg/ml for <i>T. tonsurans</i>, and 1 µg/ml for <i>E. floccosum</i>. Tavaborole ECVs for <i>T. mentagrophytes/interdigitale</i>, <i>T. tonsurans</i>, <i>T. rubrum</i>, and <i>E. floccosum</i> were 0.5, 0.5, 0.25, and 0.016 µg/ml, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results from the present study on the <i>in vitro</i> performance of newer topical antifungals suggested that they hold significant promise as prospective candidates for advancing the development of new antifungal treatments for dermatophytosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":10863,"journal":{"name":"Current Medical Mycology","volume":"10 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12050482/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143984290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of a newer (1, 3)-β-D-glucan chemiluminescent immunoassay for invasive candidiasis: A study from a tertiary care center.","authors":"Sudesh Gourav, Gagandeep Singh, Lokesh Kashyap, Bhaskar Rana, Swet Raj, Immaculata Xess","doi":"10.22034/cmm.2024.345199.1513","DOIUrl":"10.22034/cmm.2024.345199.1513","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and purpose: </strong>Invasive candidiasis (IC) in the hospitalized population is one of the leading causes of invasive fungal infections (IFIs). Microbiological diagnosis of IC suffers due to poor sensitivity of blood culture and relative inaccessibility to more sensitive modalities. (1, 3)-β-D-glucan (BDG) is a cell wall polysaccharide found in a range of fungi. Various commercial assays are available based on various detection techniques. This study aimed to assess the diagnostic performance of the FungiXpert® Fungus BDG Detection Kit by Genobio Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. (Tianjin, China), based on chemiluminescent method, for diagnosis of candidemia and deep-seated candidiasis.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>In total, 80 patients (34 males and 46 females) were included with a median age of 35 years old. In accordance with EORTC/MSGERC definitions, 39 patients had proven IC. The number of patients within the probable, possible, and no IC (taken as control) groups were 8, 4, and 29, respectively. Blood samples were collected for fungal blood culture and BDG assay.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After exclusion of cases with evidence of concurrent IFI other than IC, median serum BDG was 0.63 ng/ml for proven IC; while it was 0.04 ng/ml for NO IC. Sensitivity, specificity, positive, and negative predictive values were 60.52%, 81.81%, 85.18%, and 54.54%, respectively. Positive likelihood ratio was 3.32. While the assay performed best for <i>Candida tropicalis</i> with median BDG of 1.92 ng/ml and sensitivity of 92.3%, its performance was worst for <i>Candida parapsilosis</i>, with median BDG of 0.04 ng/ml and sensitivity of 44.44%. Overall mortality rate was 65.62% in the BDG positive group, which was significantly higher than that in the BDG negative group (33.33%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The performance of the FungiXpert® Fungus BDG Detection Kit was acceptable for invasive candidiasis in the present resource-limited setup. The major advantages of this assay were the ease of performance in a semi-automated cartridge format, relatively lower cost per test, non-reliance on glucan-free procedures or instruments and minimal hands-on procedure.</p>","PeriodicalId":10863,"journal":{"name":"Current Medical Mycology","volume":"10 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11688587/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142913903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular identification of yeast communities isolated from nail specimens by PCR-RFLP and PCR-FSP methods.","authors":"Ahmad Jabrodini, Mitra Zaighami, Ali Khodadadi, Keyvan Pakshir, Hasti Nouraei, Hossein Khodadadi","doi":"10.22034/cmm.2024.345237.1539","DOIUrl":"10.22034/cmm.2024.345237.1539","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and purpose: </strong>Onychomycosis is a common fungal infection that affects the nails, caused by various fungal agents. Moreover, yeast onychomycosis has increased in recent years. Yeast isolates might not be identified at the species level by conventional methods, whereas molecular methods can identify yeast isolates more accurately. This study aimed to identify yeast communities isolated from nail specimens by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and PCR- fragment size polymorphism (FSP) methods.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This experimental study was conducted on archival yeast isolates obtained from 269 patients suspected of onychomycosis who referred to the Medical Mycology Laboratory at Shiraz University of Medical Sciences in Shiraz, Iran, between April 2022 and March 2023. Onychomycosis was confirmed through direct examination and culture of nail specimens. The PCR-RFLP and PCR-FSP methods were used to identify yeast isolates.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In total, 78 (28.99%) yeast strains were identified. <i>Candida albicans</i> was the most common species, followed by <i>Candida parapsilosis</i> complex and <i>Candida tropicalis</i>. Uncommon species of yeasts, such as <i>Candida utilis</i>, <i>Candida pararugosa</i>, <i>Candida nivariensis</i>, and <i>Rhodotorula rubra</i> were identified by molecular methods. The PCR-FSP method showed a strong agreement with the PCR-RFLP method in the identification of common yeast agents causing onychomycosis (κ=0.84).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>It seems necessary to use molecular diagnostic tools in addition to conventional methods to identify yeast isolates in clinical laboratories. The rapid and accurate identification of fungal agents causing onychomycosis is useful for the selection of an appropriate treatment strategy.</p>","PeriodicalId":10863,"journal":{"name":"Current Medical Mycology","volume":"10 ","pages":"e2024.345184.1539"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11688582/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142913556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Candida utilis</i> as an emerging rare cause of septicemia among neonates and children in Western Uttar Pradesh: A case series.","authors":"Dharmendra Prasad Singh, Rajesh Kumar Verma, Rajesh Kumar Yadav, Ketan Anant, Anupam Das","doi":"10.22034/cmm.2024.345218.1529","DOIUrl":"10.22034/cmm.2024.345218.1529","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and purpose: </strong><i>Candida utilis</i> is a recently emerging nosocomial fungal pathogen. Candidemia is the fourth most prevalent cause of bloodstream Infections with mortality rates varying from 5-71%.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This was a retrospective study conducted at Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Etawah, India, from September 2023 to February 2024. Rapid identification was performed by VITEK® 2 (BioMérieux, France) and 18 out of 20 <i>C. utilis</i> cases were verified by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (BioMerieux, France). Susceptibility testing was conducted by VITEK® 2 appropriate Card.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong><i>Candida utilis</i> was mainly observed between 0-9-month-old neonates, except one case of 11 years old. The extended Intensive Care Unit stay and prior antibiotic use were common risk factors in all cases. They were pan susceptible to each of the tested antifungal medications, and 6 out of 10 cases showed positive clinical response after antifungal treatment.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Early identification and prompt treatment favors a good clinical outcome. The current research primarily aimed to elaborate on the speciation, incidence, and antifungal susceptibility testing of <i>C. utilis</i> at a tertiary care center.</p>","PeriodicalId":10863,"journal":{"name":"Current Medical Mycology","volume":"10 ","pages":"e2024.345184.1529"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11688595/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142913898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Northwest Iranian dermatophyte isolates: anthropophilic and geophilic.","authors":"Kambiz Diba, Kosar Jafari, Kasra Alizadeh, Narges Aslani","doi":"10.22034/CMM.2024.345232.1535","DOIUrl":"10.22034/CMM.2024.345232.1535","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and purposes: </strong>The fungi known as dermatophytes are a group of keratinophilic agents responsible for superficial infections in humans and animals. Recognition of the species distribution and epidemiology of dermatophytosis may be helpful in the prevention and improve prophylactic measures. The present molecular epidemiology study sought to investigate the incidence of etiological agents causing dermatophytosis.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The morphologic methods and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism using <i>MvaI</i> restriction enzyme were performed to identify dermatophytes isolated from the soil, compost, and clinical samples.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Based on findings, 39 (8.1%) clinical specimens and 10 (8.2%) environmental samples were morphologically and molecularly identified as dermatophytes. In the clinical samples, <i>Trichophyton mentagrophytes</i>/<i>T. interdigitale</i> species complex was isolated with the highest incidence rate. The dermatophytes comprise seven species of the four genera, viz., <i>T. interdigitale</i> (currently <i>T. mentagrophytes</i>, n=15, 40.5%), Microsporum canis (n=10, 27%), <i>T. verrucosum</i> (n=5, 13.5%), <i>T. rubrum</i> (n=4, 10.8%), <i>Myriodontium keratinophilum</i> (n=2, 5.4%), and <i>T. benhamiae</i> (n=1, 2.7%). The geophilic identified species included <i>Nannizzia gypsea</i> (n=5), <i>Arthroderma multifidum</i> (n=2), <i>Afanoascus flavisence</i> (n=2), and <i>Nannizzia fulva</i> (n=1).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The current study provides a diverse overview of dermatophytes in the northwest of Iran to improve their surveillance. The present investigation of clinical specimens revealed that <i>Myriodontium keratinophilum</i>, as a species rarely detected with keratolytic properties, emerged as a causative agent of dermatophytosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":10863,"journal":{"name":"Current Medical Mycology","volume":"10 ","pages":"e2024.345184.1535"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11688585/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142913653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Candida glabrata</i> meningitis in a patient with newly diagnosed acquired immunodeficiency syndrome from Sikkim, India.","authors":"Sunu Hangma Subba, Tara Devi Sharma, Yeshi Palden Dopthapa, Ugen Gyatso N Bhutia, Rekha Sharma","doi":"10.22034/CMM.2024.345242.1542","DOIUrl":"10.22034/CMM.2024.345242.1542","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and purpose: </strong><i>Candida</i> infections in India have shifted, with an increase in the incidence rate of invasive candidiasis, particularly due to non-<i>albicans</i> species. The central nervous system infections by <i>Candida glabrata</i> are sparsely reported and more understanding and research is needed regarding these infections.</p><p><strong>Case report: </strong>This study reported an unusual case of <i>C. glabrata</i> meningitis in a middle-aged female with pulmonary tuberculosis and newly diagnosed acquired immunodeficiency syndrome with a low cluster of differentiation 4 count (12 cells/mm³). Initially, the patient was treated with fluconazole. Subsequently, the patient underwent therapy involving amphotericin B and flucytosine. The cerebrospinal fluid cultures eventually grew <i>C. glabrata</i>, confirmed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight analysis. Despite switching to amphotericin B and flucytosine, the conditions of the patient deteriorated, leading to her death.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong><i>Candida glabrata</i> candidemia requires meticulous and vigilant management due to its high mortality rate and relatively higher resistance to azoles, particularly fluconazole. This case underscored the severe and pressing challenges in the management of <i>C. glabrata</i> meningitis, particularly in immunocompromised patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":10863,"journal":{"name":"Current Medical Mycology","volume":"10 ","pages":"e2024.345242.1542"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11688584/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142913897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Dorema kopetdaghense</i> Pimenov: A potent antifungal medicinal plant.","authors":"Abolfazl Shakeri, Aliakbar Mashhadi Esmaeilabadi, Vahid Soheili, Javad Mottaghipisheh, Seyed Ahmad Emami, Javad Akhtari, Zahra Tayarani-Najaran","doi":"10.22034/cmm.2024.345183.1499","DOIUrl":"10.22034/cmm.2024.345183.1499","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and purpose: </strong><i>Dorema</i> species are well-known antifungal medicinal plants. <i>Dorema kopetdaghense</i> (Apiaceae family) is a rarely investigated plant endemic to Iran. The present study aimed to assess the antifungal, antibacterial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities of root extracts of different plants.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The methanolic crude extract (MeOH) and its sub-fractions, including petroleum ether (PE), dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), and n-butanol (n-BuOH) were prepared.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results from the antifungal and antibacterial activities of fractions indicated remarkable antifungal effects against <i>Candida albicans</i> with minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration values of 10 µg/mL; however, no cytotoxicity was observed in the case of selected cancer cells. Moreover, methanolic soluble fractions showed good antiradical effects evaluated <i>via</i> DPPH and <i>β</i>-carotene bleaching tests possessing half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of 20.11 and 41.32 µg/mL, respectively, though it was less effective than positive controls ascorbic acid (8.47 and 31.71 µg/mL, respectively) and butylated hydroxytoluene (IC₅₀: 10.29 and 33.55 µg/mL, respectively).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>It can be concluded that strong antifungal and antioxidant activities without notable cytotoxicity, suggest the potential safety of the plant to be used as a natural antifungal remedy as well as a preservative in the food industry.</p>","PeriodicalId":10863,"journal":{"name":"Current Medical Mycology","volume":"10 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11686930/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142913899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Standardization of polymerase chain reaction for detection of fluconazole resistance targeting Y132F mutation in <i>ERG11</i> gene in <i>Candida parapsilosis</i>.","authors":"Kanagasabapathi Karthika, Thayanidhi Premamalini, Thanneru Vijayakishore, Anupama Jyoti Kindo","doi":"10.22034/cmm.2024.345209.1517","DOIUrl":"10.22034/cmm.2024.345209.1517","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and purpose: </strong><i>Candida parapsilosis</i> is the third most commonly isolated species from candidemia patients admitted to Indian intensive care units. Outbreak of infection and emergence of fluconazole resistance associated with this particular species has been increasingly documented since 2018. Worldwide data has documented that Y132F substitution in the <i>ERG11</i> gene is the predominant fluconazole resistance mechanism among <i>C parapsilosis</i>. Hence, this study aimed to detect fluconazole resistance by targeting Y132F mutation in the <i>ERG11</i> gene in <i>C. parapsilosis</i>, by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay with in-house designed primers.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A total of 75 <i>Candida</i> isolates were collected from candidemia patients (Jan-Dec 2023). All the <i>Candida</i> isolates were subjected to phenotypic and genotypic characterization. PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism was performed for identification and confirmation of <i>C. parapsilosis</i> isolates. The antifungal susceptibility testing by broth microdilution method was performed according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines (M27-A3) for all <i>C. parapsilosis</i> against fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, and posaconazole to determine their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values. <i>Candida parapsilosis</i>-specific PCR assay was developed with in-house designed primers to detect Y132F mutation in the <i>ERG11</i> gene.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In this study, among 75 candidemia patients (Jan-Dec 2023), about 24% of the candidemia was caused by <i>C. parapsilosis</i>. Fluconazole resistance among <i>C. parapsilosis</i> was found to be 16.7% with a MIC range of 32-64 µg/ml. The PCR assay successfully identified all three fluconazole-resistant <i>C. parapsilosis</i> with Y132F mutation, thereby confirming the PCR results. Furthermore, validation of the presence and absence of Y132F mutation in resistant and susceptible isolates by DNA sequencing showed that the results were in concordance with our PCR assay.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The developed PCR assay successfully detected the Y132F mutation within 3 h. This assay can be useful for early detection of fluconazole-resistant <i>C. parapsilosis</i> isolates in candidemia patients, which helps the provision of early antifungal treatment for better patient management.</p>","PeriodicalId":10863,"journal":{"name":"Current Medical Mycology","volume":"10 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11686929/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142913661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}