Current Ophthalmology Reports最新文献

{"title":"Systemic Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors in Common Ophthalmic Diseases: A Scoping Review from A Clinical Standpoint.","authors":"Shahin Hallaj, Wesam Shamseldin Shalaby, Sapna Sinha, Jonathan S Myers, Reza Razeghinejad","doi":"10.1007/s40135-025-00332-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40135-025-00332-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>This paper provides a detailed overview of systemic carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs) and their application in managing ophthalmic conditions, including glaucoma, cystoid macular edema, and idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Despite their recognized clinical benefits, the potential for severe systemic adverse effects often discourages clinicians from prescribing these agents. By examining the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, safety profile, and clinical indications of systemic CAIs, this review highlights strategies to mitigate treatment challenges, particularly in patients with comorbidities and complex medical backgrounds.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>New insights into the diverse roles and distribution of carbonic anhydrase (CA) isozymes have expanded our understanding of both the mechanisms and clinical implications of systemic CAIs. In the eye, CA-II and CA-IV are key contributors to aqueous humor production and ocular blood flow modulation, with dose-dependent improvements in choroidal perfusion observed upon enzyme inhibition. Beyond mechanism of action, tissue-bound drug concentration is a key factor in achieving maximal intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction. Moreover, some CAIs exhibit activity independent of CA blockade, such as inhibiting aquaporin-4. Clinical data further indicate that despite theoretical risks of systemic toxicity-particularly in individuals with comorbidities-severe adverse events are relatively rare.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>In specific ocular diseases, the use of systemic CAIs is vital for maintaining vision. Although systemic CAIs carry risk of systemic adverse events, with higher risk, the incidence of severe adverse events is low and in some studies were comparable to that of topical therapy. It's important to be aware of potential side effects and ensure the correct usage of oral CAIs, especially in individuals with other systemic diseases. A tailored evaluation of risks and benefits carried out for each individual, particularly in case of prolonged usage, should decrease the risk of adverse events.</p>","PeriodicalId":10836,"journal":{"name":"Current Ophthalmology Reports","volume":"13 1","pages":"9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12238189/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144607748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Subepithelial Lesions of the Ocular Surface: A Review.","authors":"Wisam Najdawi, Wendy J Li, Sofia De Arrigunaga, Mona M Amer, Anat Galor, Carol L Karp","doi":"10.1007/s40135-025-00335-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40135-025-00335-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>Subepithelial lesions of the ocular surface represent a diverse group of pathologies which may be difficult to diagnose clinically. Some of these lesions are relatively uncommon, may result in systemic manifestations, or occur secondary to systemic disease. The purpose of this review is to summarize current approaches to the diagnosis and management of six subepithelial conjunctival lesions.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>The standard for the diagnosis of subconjunctival lesions remains histopathologic evaluation; however, high-resolution anterior segment optical coherence tomography (HR-OCT) is a useful supplemental diagnostic tool that may facilitate diagnosis. Recent advancements in the management of subconjunctival lesions include targeted systemic therapies in conjunctival melanoma and ultra-low dose radiation radiotherapy in conjunctival lymphoma.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>The development of HR-OCT has provided clinicians with valuable supplemental diagnostic information to guide the diagnosis of subepithelial lesions. Additionally, novel treatment modalities may provide an alternative to traditional surgical interventions in some pathologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":10836,"journal":{"name":"Current Ophthalmology Reports","volume":"13 1","pages":"8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12182479/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144474187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emerging Techniques in the Treatment of Conjunctival Melanoma.","authors":"Wendy J Li, Nandini Venkateswaran, Michael Antonietti, Sana Qureshi, Anat Galor, Carol L Karp","doi":"10.1007/s40135-025-00334-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40135-025-00334-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>In this article, we summarize the pathogenesis, diagnostic challenges, current management, and emerging therapeutic strategies for conjunctival melanoma (CM).</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>CM is a deadly disease with rising global incidence. Key mutations, including BRAF, NF1, and TERT, play crucial roles in CM pathogenesis and may serve as targets for therapy. Advanced imaging and histopathological analysis have improved early detection and prognostic assessment. Treatment depends on tumor stage and includes surgical excision with adjuvant chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or orbital exenteration in advanced cases. Systemic workup is always indicated. Immune checkpoint inhibitors, successful in cutaneous melanoma, show promise in CM based off early studies, although more research is needed to confirm their benefit.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>CM remains a significant clinical challenge and requires a multidisciplinary approach to diagnosis and treatment. Incorporating genetic profiling and targeted therapies is crucial to improving patient outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":10836,"journal":{"name":"Current Ophthalmology Reports","volume":"13 1","pages":"7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12162382/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144301265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insight into the Brain: Application of the Retinal Microvasculature as a Biomarker for Cerebrovascular Diseases through Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography","authors":"Liang Wang, Serena M Shah, C. N. Llaneras, R. Goldhardt","doi":"10.1007/s40135-023-00320-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40135-023-00320-z","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10836,"journal":{"name":"Current Ophthalmology Reports","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139219845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Management of Surgically-Induced Necrotizing Scleritis: Case Series and Review of the Literature","authors":"Pablo Larco, Carolina Mercado, Stephanie P. Chen, Guillermo Amescua","doi":"10.1007/s40135-023-00319-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40135-023-00319-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10836,"journal":{"name":"Current Ophthalmology Reports","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135635249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus-Related Factors on Glaucoma: a Comprehensive Review","authors":"Aliya Abbas Rizvi, Mohammad Abbas, Asma Imran Ansari, Shrikant Verma, Sushma Verma, Luxmi Singh, Farzana Mahdi","doi":"10.1007/s40135-023-00318-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40135-023-00318-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10836,"journal":{"name":"Current Ophthalmology Reports","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136154338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomaterials for Glaucoma Surgery","authors":"Maya Ramachandran, Maxwell Court, Haochen Xu, Madelyn Stroder, Aaron D Webel","doi":"10.1007/s40135-023-00317-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40135-023-00317-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10836,"journal":{"name":"Current Ophthalmology Reports","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135436789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New Concepts in Steroid Glaucoma","authors":"A. Levin, E. Sieck","doi":"10.1007/s40135-023-00316-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40135-023-00316-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10836,"journal":{"name":"Current Ophthalmology Reports","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44456408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conjunctival Nevus","authors":"Jaxon J. Huang, Elyana V T Locatelli, Alberto Chocron, Matthew R. Camacho, Sander Dubovy, C. Karp, A. Galor","doi":"10.1007/s40135-023-00315-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40135-023-00315-w","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10836,"journal":{"name":"Current Ophthalmology Reports","volume":"82 1","pages":"104 - 112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139357497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experience of therapeutic eyelid hygiene products use in patients with anophthalmia after eyeball injury","authors":"N. A. Baranova, Irina A. Senina, O. A. Frolov","doi":"10.17816/ov321442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17816/ov321442","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND: One of the purposes of ocular prosthetics is to prevent the progression of pathological processes in the eyelids and conjunctiva of the anophthalmic socket. \u0000AIM: The aim of this study is to assess the effectiveness of therapeutic eyelid hygiene products: Blepharowipe, Blepharogel cleansing (Geltek-Medica, Russia), used in the late postoperative and long-term rehabilitation periods, in patients with anophthalmia who lost the eyeball as a result of an injury. \u0000MATERIALS AND METHODS: For the study, 3 main (50 patients) and 3 corresponding control groups (50 patients) were created. The examination of patients included: complaints, medical history; biomicroscopy of the eyelids, the conjunctiva of the anophthalmic socket, and the surface of the ocular prosthesis. In the main groups, therapeutic eyelid hygiene products were used for 8 weeks in combination with regular ocular prosthesis care. In the control groups, eyelid hygiene products were not used. Assessment and analysis of the effectiveness of the products was carried out after 1, 2 and 4 weeks in group I and after 4 and 8 weeks in groups II and III based on the dynamics of patient complaints and objective examination indicators. \u0000RESULTS: In the main groups I and II, there was a positive dynamics: normalization of the state of the eyelids and the conjunctiva of the anophthalmic socket; increasing comfort of an ocular prosthesis wear. In the main group III and in all control groups, no significant positive dynamics was noted. \u0000CONCLUSIONS: The results of using the products included in the course of therapeutic hygiene of the eyelids: Blepharowipe, Blepharogel cleansing showed high efficiency, and give reason to recommend them in late postoperative and long-term rehabilitation periods in patients with anophthalmia.","PeriodicalId":10836,"journal":{"name":"Current Ophthalmology Reports","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81693072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}