{"title":"Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases Associated with PCOS in India: A Review.","authors":"Amandeep Kaur, Ranjeet Kumar, Hardik Kumar, Sonakshi Garg, Abhishek Vijukumar, Dharmendra Kumar","doi":"10.2174/011573403X349035250408050637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011573403X349035250408050637","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the modern world, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is thought to be the most prevalent endocrine condition affecting women. Compared to their normal counterparts, PCOS patients have higher rates of morbidity and death because they are more susceptible to these anomalies from an early age. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and PCOS are prevalent in women. PCOS often results from a combination of hereditary and environmental causes. Insulin resistance (IR) is considered the primary cause of several metabolic risk factors, such as Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), Metabolic Syndrome (MetS), dyslipidemia, obesity, and hypertension (HTN). Additionally, patients with PCOS may also have elevated levels of non-traditional factors, including C-reactive protein (CRP), carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), coronary artery calcification (CAC), as well as endothelial dysfunction, which raises the likelihood of complications from CVD. This review utilizes statistics and data mostly sourced from research in India, offering insight into the nation's distinct PCOS prevalence and related cardiovascular risks. To lessen the impact of PCOS in the modern world, prompt identification and effective management of these warning signs with food, lifestyle changes, and/or medication are crucial. The research that examined the potential impact of PCOS on the most prevalent CVD-hypertension, insulin resistance, obesity, malignancy, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia-is reviewed in this study. Measuring subclinical atherosclerosis, such as coronary artery calcium or carotid plaque, might help inform shared decision-making over the start of statin therapy when CVD risk is unknown.</p>","PeriodicalId":10832,"journal":{"name":"Current Cardiology Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143981817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Post-stroke Arrhythmias: Performance of Brain-heart Crosstalk Networks.","authors":"Longxiao Liu, Bangqi Wu, Jingjie Huang","doi":"10.2174/011573403X363465250407072854","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011573403X363465250407072854","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Stroke and Heart disease are two of the leading causes of the global disease burden. However, modern research has gradually revealed a potential causal link between these two conditions. Most studies have focused on the direct role of arrhythmias in stroke. However, clinical evidence suggests that the incidence of arrhythmias increases after stroke in patients without a history of arrhythmia, and cardiac disease after stroke has become the second leading cause of death after stroke. This article focuses on arrhythmias after stroke and reviews brain-heart crosstalk after stroke. This article examines the potential mechanisms of brain-heart interactions after stroke, including increased catecholamines due to autonomic imbalance, gut microbial dysbiosis, immune response, and systemic inflammation. In addition, this article discusses the impact of arrhythmia on stroke severity and the role of brain injury sites in brain-heart interactions. To address these mechanisms, we propose that post-stroke arrhythmia is a type of stroke-induced disease distinct from primary arrhythmia. We aimed to identify new therapeutic targets and treatments, both pharmacological and non-pharmacological, to achieve targeted treatment and provide guidance for future clinical prevention and treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":10832,"journal":{"name":"Current Cardiology Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143983966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Critical Challenges in Cancer Immunotherapy and Cardiac Health.","authors":"Aftab Alam, Sushma Devi, Sana Hashmi","doi":"10.2174/011573403X353300250407090657","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011573403X353300250407090657","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cancer immunotherapy is based on immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and has brought a revolution in oncology with promising treatment possibilities for diverse cancers. Yet, immune-related adverse events (irAEs) frequently limit the clinical efficacy of ICIs, with cardiotoxicity representing a significant salient consequence. These ICI side-effects underscore the need for well-established models for the assessment of cardiac risk. This review proposes a risk evaluation strategy that uses biomarkers, non-invasive imaging, and individual patient data. The goal is to elucidate the mechanism through which immune-related adverse events affecting the heart might arise, and the need for predictive tools to better tailor treatment regimens to increase both safety and efficacy. Biomarkers play a vital role in the detection and prevention of heart-related side effects, which means adequate intervention while preserving therapeutic outcomes. Moreover, the study discusses the acknowledgement of novel treatment regimens and the ability of integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) to improve the assessment of risk. AI/ML tools are experts at synthesizing heterogeneous datasets to reveal patterns and risk factors, providing clinicians with powerful capabilities to enhance safety and efficacy. This paper aims to develop sound risk assessment models to enhance both the safety and efficacy of cancer immunotherapies by exploring various strategies and interactions in immunotherapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":10832,"journal":{"name":"Current Cardiology Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143971700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Samir Bolivar Gonzalez, César Vásquez Trincado, Karen Patricia Torres Rodríguez, Lizeth Paola Forero Acosta, Maria Fernanda Perez García, Steffy Saavedra Castro, Sara Camila Castiblanco Arroyave, Gerardo Manríquez Higuera, Luis Antonio Díaz Ariza, Héctor Rodríguez Ortiz, Evelyn Mendoza-Torres
{"title":"Novel Molecules Targeting Metabolism and Mitochondrial Function in Cardiac Diseases.","authors":"Samir Bolivar Gonzalez, César Vásquez Trincado, Karen Patricia Torres Rodríguez, Lizeth Paola Forero Acosta, Maria Fernanda Perez García, Steffy Saavedra Castro, Sara Camila Castiblanco Arroyave, Gerardo Manríquez Higuera, Luis Antonio Díaz Ariza, Héctor Rodríguez Ortiz, Evelyn Mendoza-Torres","doi":"10.2174/011573403X372565250331190001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011573403X372565250331190001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death worldwide, creating the need for new therapeutic strategies targeting the pathological processes involved. Mitochondria, which comprise one-third of cardiac cell volume, maybe a potential therapeutic target for CVD. Known primarily for energy production, mitochondria are also involved in other processes including intermediary metabolism, mitophagy, calcium homeostasis, and regulation of cell apoptosis. Mitochondrial function is closely linked to morphology, which is altered through mitochondrial dynamics, including processes such as fission and fusion, which ensure that the energy needs of the cell are met. Recent data indicate that mitochondrial dysfunction is involved in the pathophysiology of several CVDs, including cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, ischemia/reperfusion injury, and cardiac fibrosis. Furthermore, mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with oxidative stress related to atherosclerosis, hypertension, and pulmonary hypertension. In this review, we first briefly present the physiological mechanisms of mitochondrial function in the heart and then summarize the current knowledge on the impact of mitochondrial dysfunction on CVD. And finally, we highlight the evidence from in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies of the cardioprotective effects of drugs that preserve mitochondrial function in CVD. It is hoped that this review may provide new insights into the need to discover new pharmacological targets with direct actions on mitochondria that may provide combined therapeutic strategies to optimally treat these pathologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":10832,"journal":{"name":"Current Cardiology Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143983964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"From Pregnancy to Postpartum: The Cardiovascular Risks Associated with Gestational Diabetes.","authors":"Ramsha Sharma, Ujjawal Singh, Raj Kamal, Ranjeet Kumar","doi":"10.2174/011573403X354645250329171327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011573403X354645250329171327","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of pregnancy-related mortality, with pregnancy-related cardiovascular issues extending into the postpartum period. Recent studies suggest hyperandrogenism alters sex hormone levels, contributing to gestational cardiovascular disease CVD. Most of the factors behind the onset of CVD in postpartum women remain unknown. Animal studies mimic adverse pregnancy outcomes to explore molecular causes of severe prenatal cardiac events and their role in postpartum cardiovascular disease development. This review will be focused on summarising human and animal research that shows how undesirable pregnancy outcomes, such as obesity in the mother and gestational diabetes (GD), have an impact on postpartum cardiovascular disease and prenatal cardiometabolic dysfunction. We will highlight the adverse effects of gestational hyperandrogenism as a potential biomarker for cardiovascular dysfunction in pregnant women and new mothers. Investigative cardiovascular (CV) risk variables in the early postpartum phase following pregnancy that were impacted by GD was the aim of this study. Current research strongly implies that women with GDM have a higher risk of developing CVD. Finding appropriate, reliable indicators of CVD and specific treatment modalities that can control obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome are critical to reducing the burden of CVD on impacted women. GD and hypertensive disorders are two pregnancy- related illnesses that raise the risk of CVD in the long run. Despite a lack of awareness, early screening, lifelong monitoring, and continuous research to enhance detection and prevention are essential.</p>","PeriodicalId":10832,"journal":{"name":"Current Cardiology Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143976827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Cardiovascular Disease Risk Prediction: An Updated Review on Current Understanding and Future Research.","authors":"Angad Tiwari, Purva C Shah, Harendra Kumar, Tanvi Borse, Anjali Raj Arun, Manognya Chekragari, Sidhant Ochani, Yash R Shah, Adithan Ganesh, Rezwan Ahmed, Ashish Sharma, Maneeth Mylavarapu","doi":"10.2174/011573403X351048250329170744","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011573403X351048250329170744","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cardiovascular disease (CVD) Continues to be the leading cause of mortality worldwide, underscoring the critical need for effective prevention and management strategies. The ability to predict cardiovascular risk accurately and cost-effectively is central to improving patient outcomes and reducing the global burden of CVD. While useful, traditional tools used for risk assessment are often limited in their scope and fail to adequately account for atypical presentations and complex patient profiles. These limitations highlight the necessity for more advanced approaches, particularly integrating artificial intelligence (AI) into cardiovascular risk prediction. Our review explores the transformative role of AI in enhancing the accuracy, efficiency, and accessibility of cardiovascular risk prediction models. The implementation of AI-driven risk assessment tools has shown promising results, not only in improving CVD mortality rates but also in enhancing quality of life (QOL) markers and reducing healthcare costs. Machine learning (ML) algorithms predicted 2-year survival rates after MI with improved accuracy compared to traditional models. Deep Learning (DL) forecasted hypertension risk with a 91.7% accuracy based on electronic health records. Furthermore, AI-driven ECG (Electrocardiography) analysis has demonstrated high precision in identifying left ventricular systolic dysfunction, even with noisy single-lead data from wearable devices. These tools enable more personalized treatment strategies, foster greater patient engagement, and support informed decision-making by healthcare providers. Unfortunately, the widespread adoption of AI in CVD risk assessment remains a challenge, largely due to a lack of education and acceptance among healthcare professionals. To overcome these barriers, it is crucial to promote broader education on the benefits and applications of AI in cardiovascular risk prediction. By fostering a greater understanding and acceptance of these technologies, we can accelerate their integration into clinical practice, ultimately aiming to mitigate the global impact of CVD.</p>","PeriodicalId":10832,"journal":{"name":"Current Cardiology Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143967858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cardiotoxicity of Microplastics: An Emerging Cardiovascular Risk Factor.","authors":"Bhanu Duggal, Ghanshyam Kumar","doi":"10.2174/011573403X366030250404105925","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011573403X366030250404105925","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The widespread use of plastics and improper disposal have resulted in the ubiquity of microplastics in the environment, from uninhabited polar regions to terrestrial ecosystems. This ubiquity poses significant health concerns for our environment and health. Various in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo studies have indicated microplastic toxicity in humans' respiratory, digestive, neurological, reproductive, and developmental health. Recent studies have pointed out that these microplastics also have cardiovascular toxicity. Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) are the number one killer in the world, with over 20 million annual deaths worldwide. Hence, microplastics, as a potential risk factor for CVDs, can result in a significant increase in mortality and morbidity because almost everyone is currently exposed to microplastics. This perspective article explores the toxic effects of microplastics on cardiovascular human health. It focuses on various studies that have found microplastics from human arteries/cardiac tissues and their potential role in atherosclerosis and subsequent increases in myocardial infarction, stroke, and mortality. Studies reported the presence of various microplastics, such as polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyamide, and polystyrene, in cardiac tissues and arteries (coronary, aorta, cerebral, and carotid). Studies have suggested a potential negative correlation between microplastics and cardiovascular health, with the presence or increased concentration of microplastics linked to greater severity of health issues. Still, a causal relationship is yet to be established. Future studies, such as cohorts, should focus on deciphering and establishing whether microplastics are a potential cardiovascular risk factor.</p>","PeriodicalId":10832,"journal":{"name":"Current Cardiology Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143972306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Vericiguat: A Promising Drug for the Treatment of Heart Failure.","authors":"Drashti Shah, Alkesh Patel, Dharti Patel, Bhavesh Patel, Ashish Patel","doi":"10.2174/011573403X339474250320034144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011573403X339474250320034144","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The health and survival of people with heart failure is a growing concern due to the associated illness and death. Traditional treatments such as medication, surgery, and lifestyle changes have not significantly improved life expectancy, leading to a search for more effective drug options. A drug that can act on oxidative stress and cardiac inflammatory markers while carrying the benefits of existing therapies is needed. Targeting the soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC)-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) dependent pathway significantly reduces cardiac myocyte death and improves ejection fraction. In 2021, the USFDA approved Vericiguat, a derivative of pyrazolo [3,4-b]pyridine, to decrease the risk of cardiovascular death and hospitalization. This review provides information on the structure, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, clinical status, and treatment of Vericiguat in heart failure. Riociguat was the first sGC stimulator used in pulmonary hypertension therapy, but its short half-life required multiple dosing, making it unsuitable for cardiovascular diseases. Vericiguat was developed to address this limitation by decreasing metabolism, and both preclinical and clinical investigations have indicated its minimal pharmacokinetic interactions. This makes it appropriate for long-term use in cardiac patients with multiple comorbidities who require several medications. Vericiguat represents a promising new option for heart failure treatment, potentially improving patient outcomes and quality of life. Its compatibility with other heart failure therapies without significant drug-drug interactions further highlights its potential as a cornerstone treatment. Ongoing studies continue to explore its benefits, suggesting that vericiguat may enable more comprehensive and effective management of heart failure, reducing the burden of this debilitating condition.</p>","PeriodicalId":10832,"journal":{"name":"Current Cardiology Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143802654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"RASopathies and Cardiac Complications: Insights into Mechanisms, Diagnosis, and Innovative Treatments.","authors":"Keshav Garg, Shubam Trehan, Fremita Fredrick, Ankur Singla, Kanishk Aggarwal, Aachal Gupta, Rohit Jain","doi":"10.2174/011573403X341624250324164700","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011573403X341624250324164700","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>RAS proteins are critical in cellular signal transduction, influencing cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. While extensively studied for their role in cancer, RAS gene mutations also contribute significantly to cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, pulmonary valve stenosis, and atrial septal defects. Despite their similar primary structures, RAS proteins exhibit distinct functions in cardiac biology: H-RAS regulates cardiomyocyte size, K-RAS governs proliferation, and N-RAS, less associated with cardiac defects, is understudied in cardiac cells. Congenital RAS mutations, collectively known as RASopathies, include syndromes, like Noonan syndrome and cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome, which often lead to severe cardiac complications, including heart failure. Genetic testing and imaging advances have improved the diagnosis and management of these conditions. Recent research has shown promise with MEK inhibitors and other targeted therapies, offering potential improvements in managing RAS-related cardiac conditions. This review explores the role of the RAS subfamily in heart disease, highlighting key concepts and potential therapeutic targets. PubMed database was searched using keywords, such as RASopathies, RAS gene mutations, cardiac hypertrophy, cardiovascular disease, RAS/MAPK pathway, congenital heart disease, and more. Relevant literature up to June 2024 was examined and summarized, consisting of data from various clinical trials, meta-analyses, retrospective/prospective cohort studies, and current guidelines.</p>","PeriodicalId":10832,"journal":{"name":"Current Cardiology Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143771693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kirtivardhan Vashistha, Akshat Banga, Michael Nestasie, Sarumathi Thangavel, Mian Tanveer Ud Din, George Shaw
{"title":"Unveiling the Hidden Culprit: A Case Report on Tachy-Bradyarrhythmias Presenting as Seizure Disorders.","authors":"Kirtivardhan Vashistha, Akshat Banga, Michael Nestasie, Sarumathi Thangavel, Mian Tanveer Ud Din, George Shaw","doi":"10.2174/011573403X344795250304084151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011573403X344795250304084151","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The misdiagnosis of seizure disorders in patients with cardiogenic syncope and tachy-bradyarrhythmias is a significant diagnostic challenge as the differentials for altered mental status and syncope are broad and can mimic other clinical conditions. This case report presents a unique case of an elderly male with life-threatening ventricular arrhythmia, initially misdiagnosed as a seizure disorder associated with syncope and treated with anti-epileptics for a neurogenic cause, before an ambulatory cardiac monitor revealed a sinister cardiogenic etiology.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>An 87-year-old man with ischemic cardiomyopathy (LVEF 20%) and persistent atrial fibrillation presented for implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) evaluation following a ventricular fibrillation (VF) arrest. He had a history of recurrent syncope accompanied by muscle jerking and was initially treated with anti-epileptic drugs. However, further evaluation with mobile telemetry revealed ventricular arrhythmias, including nonsustained VT, VF, and asystole. Anti-epileptic medications were discontinued, and the patient was started on amiodarone. A cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillator (CRT-D) was implanted, which successfully resolved his symptoms. Post-treatment, he remained asymptomatic, with no new VT/VF episodes detected at one week and three months during follow-up device checks.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This case underscores the importance of considering cardiogenic causes in patients with syncope and seizure-like symptoms. Therefore, a multidisciplinary approach is essential for accurate diagnosis and management.</p>","PeriodicalId":10832,"journal":{"name":"Current Cardiology Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143669350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}