Current Cardiology Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Levosimendan in Severe Renal Insufficiency: Efficacy and Safety from a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Siyu Yang, Guangyan Mu, Zining Wang, Ying Zhou","doi":"10.2174/011573403X444078260713065622","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011573403X444078260713065622","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Levosimendan is a calcium-sensitizing inotropic agent recommended for Heart Failure (HF) treatment but contraindicated in patients with Creatinine Clearance (Ccr) below 30 mL/min. This study aims to systematically evaluate its efficacy and safety in patients with severe renal insufficiency.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library. Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) and cohort studies comparing the efficacy and safety of levosimendan in patients with severe renal insufficiency were included. Studies reporting outcomes only in patients with normal renal function or those with Ccr greater than 30 mL/min were excluded. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 1541 records were identified, and seven studies enrolling 814 patients were included in the meta-analysis. There was no significant difference in all-cause mortality between levosimendan and control groups [odds ratio (OR) 1.13, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.66 to 1.94, p = 0.67, I2 = 23%]. Subgroup analyses showed no significant differences in 30-day mortality [OR 1.17, 95% CI (0.69, 1.99), p = 0.55, I2 = 15%] or 180-day mortality [OR 1.09, 95% CI (0.39, 13.06), p = 0.87, I2 = 57%].</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The absence of mortality benefit may reflect levosimendan's altered pharmacokinetics and competing uremic risks in severe renal insufficiency. However, renoprotective mechanisms have been primarily characterized in populations without renal impairment, and the prolonged half-life of OR-1896 in this setting may potentiate both hemodynamic effects and adverse events.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study found that available evidence from small, heterogeneous observational studies is insufficient to determine whether levosimendan affects mortality in severe renal insufficiency. These findings do not support any clinical recommendation, provide no basis to modify the existing contraindication for Ccr below 30 mL/min, and highlight the need for further RCTs with comprehensive endpoints.</p>","PeriodicalId":10832,"journal":{"name":"Current Cardiology Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148705775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Smoking Cessation as an Effective Component of Secondary Prevention in Patients at Very High Cardiovascular Risk After Acute Coronary Syndrome.","authors":"N M Tereshchenko, Y Y Kovalchuk, V O Shumakov, T V Talaieva, L M Babii, O P Pogurelska, O V Voloshyna, T V Simagina","doi":"10.2174/011573403X456284260713074713","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011573403X456284260713074713","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The study aims to assess clinical, laboratory, and instrumental outcomes depending on smoking status in patients undergoing Cardiac Rehabilitation (CR) after Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The prospective cohort study involved 124 post-ACS patients (aged 28-77 years; Me = 57, IQR: 48-64). Data collection occurred at three stages: during inpatient CR, after 3-6 months, and one year post-ACS. Patients underwent clinical evaluation, smoking status assessment, laboratory tests (complete blood count, lipid profile, PCSK9 levels), and instrumental studies (echocardiography, bicycle ergometry, coronary angiography).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The proportion of smokers decreased by 47.6 ± 10.8% after one year of CR. Smoking patients had significantly higher ESV values [70.0 (61.2,84.0) mL] than non-smokers [52.5 (45.3,61.3) mL] (p = .003). Patients who quit smoking showed no significant difference in ESV or ESVI compared to non-smokers at 3-6 months, suggesting stabilization of remodeling. Nonsmokers and quitters had favorable lipid dynamics: PCSK9 levels decreased after physical exertion (512.0 to 467.5 ng/mL; p = .001) and remained lower throughout the year (p = .036). At one year, total cholesterol was lower in quitters, 3.80 (3.35,4.10) mmol/L, than in smokers, 4.60 (3.73,5.68) mmol/L, p = .03; LDL-C was also lower in quitters, 2.07 (1.55,2.73) mmol/L vs. smokers, 2.71 (2.13,3.96) mmol/L, p = .02.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>These findings may suggest that smoking status could influence recovery patterns after ACS during СR.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In this observational cohort, both smoking cessation during cardiac rehabilitation and the absence of smoking tended to be associated with more favorable echocardiographic parameters and lipid profile, including lower levels of total cholesterol, LDL-C, and PCSK9, in patients after ACS.</p>","PeriodicalId":10832,"journal":{"name":"Current Cardiology Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148683742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associated Factors with Fatigue and Health Locus of Control in Greek Patients with Cardiorespiratory Problems.","authors":"Paraskevi Theofilou, Dimitra Katsafara","doi":"10.2174/011573403X480620260714062848","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011573403X480620260714062848","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Understanding the relationship between health beliefs and other variables, such as physical and mental fatigue, is extremely important for the implementation of a patient-centered therapeutic approach. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the physical and mental fatigue and health beliefs of patients with cardiorespiratory problems.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>The sample consisted of 100 patients with cardiorespiratory problems, and the research was conducted at the General Hospital of Argolis, using a questionnaire. The distribution of the questionnaires took place during the period October 2024 - November 2024, and the statistical analysis was performed with the SPSSv24 program.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>On average, patients with cardiorespiratory problems who participated in this study presented moderate levels of physical fatigue, very low levels of mental fatigue, fairly high levels of internal health control, low levels of attribution of health control to chance, extremely high levels of attribution of health control to physicians, and moderate levels of attribution of health control to significant others. Various demographic characteristics, such as age, educational level, type of employment, and length of time of treatment of various cardiorespiratory problems, but not the type and number of cardiorespiratory problems, seemed to have a significant effect.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Physical, mental, and overall fatigue were significantly and negatively correlated with internal control, attributing health control to chance, and attributing health control to physicians.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Sociodemographic and clinical factors are associated with fatigue and health locus of control in Greek patients suffering from cardiorespiratory problems.</p>","PeriodicalId":10832,"journal":{"name":"Current Cardiology Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148683756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Percutaneous Coronary Intervention to Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction: A Case Report Highlighting the Impact of Ineffective Secondary Prevention.","authors":"Pandey Pratima, Anit Kumar Sinha, Pramil Tiwari, Basant Kumar","doi":"10.2174/011573403X452831260716041019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011573403X452831260716041019","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a leading cause of mortality worldwide, with long-term outcomes heavily dependent on secondary prevention. Poor adherence to guideline-directed therapy and unhealthy dietary practices significantly increase the risk of recurrent ischemic events, restenosis, and heart failure. Long-term success after percutaneous coronary intervention depends heavily on continuous adherence to medical therapy and lifestyle modification.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>This study reports the case of a 63-year-old Indian male with diabetes and hypertension who previously underwent percutaneous coronary intervention in 2014 for myocardial infarction. In 2018, the patient stopped taking both dual antiplatelet therapy and statins and changed to a completely open dietary plan with a large amount of saturated fat in his diet. By 2025, he had unstable angina, which was ultimately diagnosed as a non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction. During coronary angiography, he was found to have significant triple-vessel disease, including in-stent restenosis and a left ventricular ejection fraction of 25% to 35%. As a result, after revascularization, he was treated with a combination of dual antiplatelet therapy, a high-intensity statin, sacubitril/valsartan, and a sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 Inhibitor. While initially all medications were successfully managed, the patient was ultimately found to have irreversible myocardial dysfunction due to prolonged nonadherence with proper management and lifestyle modifications.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This case highlights the potential long-term consequences of discontinuing prescribed cardiac medications and neglecting dietary advice after revascularization. Although multiple factors such as progression of diabetes, metabolic disturbances, and recurrent ischemia may contribute to ventricular dysfunction, prolonged interruption of guideline-directed therapy and periodic assessment of therapeutic targets likely played an important role in the progression of coronary disease and development of heart failure.</p>","PeriodicalId":10832,"journal":{"name":"Current Cardiology Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148600076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cardiovascular Mortality among Tuberculosis Patients.","authors":"Bheesham Kingrani, Amer Hayat Khan, Sabariah Noor Harun, Irfhan Ali Hyder Ali, Azfar Athar Ishaqi, Irfanullah Khan","doi":"10.2174/011573403X453535260718061445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011573403X453535260718061445","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction: &lt;/strong&gt;Tuberculosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are significant health concerns in developing countries. Evidence indicates a link between tuberculosis infection and CVD development. The immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, involving monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, and cytokines, promotes atheroma formation and atherosclerosis, leading to cardiovascular complications. This study aimed to assess mortality patterns among tuberculosis patients due to CVD, describe the proportion and types of CVD-related deaths in a Malaysian tertiary care facility, and examine associated demographic and clinical characteristics.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;This retrospective cohort study used an observational analytic design and descriptive mortality analysis at Penang General Hospital, Malaysia. Medical records of adult tuberculosis (TB) patients who died between January 2015 and December 2022 were reviewed. Patients with pre-existing cardiovascular disease were excluded. Causes of death were determined from clinical records and death certificates, with cardiovascular deaths classified based on clinical, laboratory, and imaging findings. Descriptive statistics were used, and exploratory unadjusted associations were assessed using chi-square or Fisher's exact tests as appropriate.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Of 657 TB patient deaths analyzed, 82 (12.5%) were attributed to cardiovascular causes. Acute coronary syndrome was the most frequent (8.37%), followed by acute pulmonary embolism (1.37%). Exploratory analyses suggested associations between cardiovascular deaths and clinical factors such as anemia and drug resistance.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Discussion: &lt;/strong&gt;These findings align with global evidence that cardiovascular diseases are a leading cause of death among tuberculosis patients. Prior studies support the elevated risk of CVDrelated mortality in this population. This research provides detailed data on specific cardiovascular disorders, particularly acute coronary syndrome as the primary cause of death. Intravenous drug use showed a strong correlation with CVD mortality (p &lt; 0.001), while anemia was a notable comorbidity despite its low prevalence. The lack of significant associations with diabetes and hypertension suggests that inflammatory or infectious processes may play a greater role in CVD development among TB patients. Regional differences in CVD mortality rates highlight the influence of sociodemographic factors and healthcare resources. The study's exclusion of patients with pre-existing CVD allows for a focused assessment of TB's impact on cardiovascular outcomes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;In this tertiary-care cohort, cardiovascular disease represented a significant proportion of deaths among tuberculosis patients, with acute coronary syndrome as the leading subtype. These results reinforce the need for cardiovascular risk awareness in TB care and highlight the importance of prospective stu","PeriodicalId":10832,"journal":{"name":"Current Cardiology Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148600090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ceramide-Mediated Lipotoxicity: A Metabolic Driver of Myocardial Dysfunction in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction.","authors":"Yi Zhang, Yu Cao, Sudan Li, Menghua He, Siyue Kong, Xu Zhao, Yan Shen","doi":"10.2174/011573403X439034260608113057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011573403X439034260608113057","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction/objective: </strong>Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF) is increasingly recognized as a metabolic disorder. This review investigates the role of ceramidemediated lipotoxicity in its pathogenesis, focusing on how aberrant ceramide accumulation drives myocardial dysfunction.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We synthesized and critically evaluated current preclinical and clinical literature from major electronic databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science) up to March 2026. Using a hierarchical evidence classification framework (Level 1: human HFpEF myocardium; Level 2: HFpEF-specific animal models; Level 3: related disease models; Level 4: in vitro studies), we analyzed evidence across calcium handling, apoptosis, autophagy, inflammation, and fibrosis pathways.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Ceramide lipotoxicity represents an important pathological nexus. It directly impairs cardiomyocyte function by disrupting calcium homeostasis and ion channels (SERCA2a, RyR2, Kv4.3). Concurrently, it triggers mitochondrial and death receptor-mediated apoptosis, inhibits autophagic flux via AMPK/mTORC1 dysregulation, and activates pro-inflammatory (NF-κB, IL-6, TNF-α) and pro-fibrotic (TGF-β/Smad3) signaling pathways. These mechanisms collectively lead to diastolic dysfunction and disease progression. Interventions targeting ceramide synthesis (SPT inhibitors) or downstream effects show therapeutic promise in experimental models.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The available evidence is derived predominantly from Level 3 models (diabetic cardiomyopathy, obesity-induced dysfunction) and Level 4 in vitro studies. Direct validation in human HFpEF myocardium (Level 1) and HFpEF-specific animal models (Level 2) remains a critical unmet need. The ceramide-centered hypothesis is most directly applicable to the metabolic/obesity-related phenotype of HFpEF, given the phenotypic heterogeneity of the syndrome. Therapeutic translation faces hurdles, including a lack of tissue selectivity, ceramide species complexity, and unknown long-term safety of inhibiting essential sphingolipid functions.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Ceramide-mediated lipotoxicity constitutes a significant pathogenic mechanism in the metabolic phenotype of HFpEF. However, this conclusion is largely inferred from preclinical models recapitulating metabolic stress. Direct validation in human HFpEF myocardium is urgently needed. Future research must prioritize human tissue lipidomics, development of multifactorial animal models, and targeted clinical trials to translate these findings into effective therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":10832,"journal":{"name":"Current Cardiology Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148600038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent Advances in Understanding the Pathophysiology and Biomarkers of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy in Diabetes Mellitus: A Review.","authors":"Ritu Dahiya, Ankur Goyal, Akriti Singh, Shweta Shrewat, Ebrahim Ahmed Jaber Al Hatef, Parakh Basist, Sradhanjali Mohapatra, Mohammad Daud Ali, Sushmita Sammadar","doi":"10.2174/011573403X444214260606113203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011573403X444214260606113203","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a complex and progressive disorder associated with diabetes (DM), which is a consequence of the impaired cardiac function in the absence of any evidence of coronary artery disease or hypertension. DCM pathophysiology is multifactorial and includes hyperglycaemia, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and metabolic dysfunction. In the early stages, significant alterations occur in the structure and functions of the adipose tissue, including cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, myocardial fibrosis, and diastolic dysfunction. The disease develops up to heart failure, both systolic and diastolic. The leading roles in the process of cardiovascular disease pathologies are played by the enhancement of insulin levels, cardiomyocyte apoptosis, activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), and the production of inflammatory cytokines, which include TNF-α and IL-6. Pro-fibrotic signaling pathways, especially transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), play a key role in the development of myocardial fibrosis. In addition, impaired calcium handling contributes to disturbances in cardiac rhythm. Despite many drugs that help control blood glucose and lipid levels, there are very few pharmacological treatments that directly target cardiac tissue damage. Common cardiac biomarkers such as natriuretic peptides and troponins are also not sensitive for early detection of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM), which highlights the need to identify more specific and reliable biomarkers. Recent studies point out IGFBP7, TGF- beta, and galectin-3 as the potential biomarkers of early DCM and DCM progression. The high rate of DM in the world, especially type 2 diabetes, has indicated the need to screen early and use novel therapies to reduce cardiovascular risks. A clear understanding of the complex pathogenic mechanisms underlying diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) will be pivotal for the development of targeted therapeutics aimed at reversing disease progression and improving the prognosis of patients with diabetes.</p>","PeriodicalId":10832,"journal":{"name":"Current Cardiology Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148560878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gut Microbiota Influences Aortic Dissection Risk via Cortisol: A Mendelian Randomization Study.","authors":"Changbo Zhao, Hongchao Xu, Yi Xu, Xiaowei Sun, Guanhua Xue","doi":"10.2174/011573403X461776260628210313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011573403X461776260628210313","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The association between the gut microbiota and aortic dissection(AD) progression remains to be fully characterized, and current evidence regarding the influence of cortisol on this relationship remains inconclusive. The aim of this study was to determine whether cortisol levels contribute to this association.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A two-sample Mendelian Randomization (MR) approach was implemented, incorporating gut microbiota summary statistics derived from a large-scale genome-wide association meta-analysis (n=18,340) performed by the MiBioGen consortium. Additionally, summary-level data on aortic dissection were obtained from the FinnGen Consortium R10 release, which included 967 cases and 381,977 controls. To investigate causal relationships, the study implemented inverse-variance weighting, a weighted model, a weighted median, MR-Egger, and MRPRESSO. Mediated MR analyses were performed on bacteria identified as causally associated with aortic dissection, along with intermediate metabolites derived from 1,400 blood metabolites, and the metabolites that mediated the relationship between them were identified. The study employed Cochran's Q test to examine heterogeneity in the genetic instruments.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Seven gut microbiota species with elevated abundance potentially exerts a protective or negative effect on aortic dissection. In particular, the Ruminococcus gnavus group may have a deleterious effect on aortic dissection via changes in cortisol levels.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study offers novel insights into the involvement of gut microbiota in the prevention of aortic dissection and the complex relationship between them. Additionally, it underscores the significance of randomized controlled trials in determining the association linking gut microbiota with aortic dissection risks.</p>","PeriodicalId":10832,"journal":{"name":"Current Cardiology Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148454950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Genetics of Coronary Artery Disease: Insights from Genome-wide Association Studies.","authors":"Shruti Tomar, Vikas Kumar","doi":"10.2174/011573403X420046251110160035","DOIUrl":"10.2174/011573403X420046251110160035","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a leading cause of mortality worldwide, driven by both environmental and genetic factors. Over the past two decades, our understanding of CAD vulnerability has increased substantially through advancements in genetic investigations. Researchers have extensively examined the genetic basis of CAD through genome-wide association studies (GWAS), identifying numerous loci associated with the disease. The findings have facilitated the early identification of at-risk individuals and the implementation of targeted prevention strategies, while also helping to uncover the pathophysiology of the disease. Despite these advancements, converting genetic discoveries into clinical applications still poses challenges. This review examines the heritable underpinnings of CAD, focusing on the contributions of GWAS to our understanding of the disease. The GWAS methodology, key findings, functional implications, and future prospects are discussed, along with the current status. It highlights how GWAS findings are paving the way for personalized medicine through polygenic risk scores, targeted therapies, and pharmacogenomics-driven interventions for CAD.</p>","PeriodicalId":10832,"journal":{"name":"Current Cardiology Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13656261/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148454947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanostructured Surface Modifications for Cardiac Implants: From Bench to Bedside.","authors":"Nalin D, Vigneshwaran G, Bishop Adhikari, Vivek Puri, Ameya Sharma, D Nagasamy Venkatesh","doi":"10.2174/011573403X438605260626155523","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011573403X438605260626155523","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The growing demand for cardiovascular medical devices (CMDs) has significantly improved the quality of life for patients with heart disease. Despite major technological advances, long-term performance is still hindered by complications arising from interactions between blood and material, such as thrombosis, chronic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, infection, and fibrotic encapsulation. But issues such as thrombosis, inflammation, cytotoxicity, and infection, primarily brought about by poor surface compatibility with biological fluids and tissues, are often the reasons for the inability of these devices to achieve long-term success.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A structured literature review was conducted following PRISMA 2020 guidelines using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar (2020-2025). Studies on surfacemodified cardiac implants (stents, valves, pacemaker leads, and LVADs) evaluating biocompatibility, hemocompatibility, or infection resistance were included, while non-cardiac and unrelated nanocarrier studies were excluded. Extracted data were narratively synthesised to compare coating mechanisms, durability, and translational potential.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Heart valves, stents, pacemakers, and ventricular assist devices, among other CMDs, have seen surface modification and coating technologies evolve as critical instruments to enhance the biocompatibility, hemocompatibility, and functionality of CMDs. A total of 115 screened reference records demonstrated significant evidence of CMD-related bioactive strategies.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>In this paper, a systematic review of a wide range of surface engineering strategies, such as passive and bioactive coatings, proven techniques like heparin immobilisation, albumin functionalization, nitric oxide release systems, and zwitterionic polymers, is provided with specific emphasis. The review also addresses challenges related to device-associated infections, complement activation, and immune responses.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Ultimately, this review aims to be a comprehensive guide for selecting appropriate surface modifications for CMDs and highlights future directions to enhance clinical outcomes through the use of next-generation multifunctional coatings.</p>","PeriodicalId":10832,"journal":{"name":"Current Cardiology Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148454931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}