Coronaviruses最新文献

{"title":"In silico Evaluation of Anacyclus pyrethrum Composition for Inhibition of Spike RBD-ACE-2 Interaction to Treat COVID-19","authors":"Anand Kumar Pandey, Jayanti Awasthi, Kislay Chaturvedi, Ayush Mishra, Shivangi Yadav, Soumya Rathore, Preeti Birwal","doi":"10.2174/0126667975280881240102111455","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0126667975280881240102111455","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000The spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2, via its S1-subunit, binds with host\u0000angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) receptors, and its S2-subunit mediates the fusion of the\u0000virus to the host cell. The entry of SARS-CoV-2 inside the host cell can be prevented by inhibition of\u0000the receptor binding domain (RBD) of S1-subunit of the spike. Anacyclus pyrethrum, a native herb\u0000of Algeria, Spain and Morocco has antidepressant, analgesic, antimicrobial, anesthetic, antioxidant,\u0000anti-inflammatory, aphrodisiac, antidiabetic and immunostimulant effects. Still, its antiviral effect\u0000has not been established yet.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The present study deals with ADMET (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion\u0000and Toxicity), molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation based investigation to\u0000evaluate the potential of Anacyclus pyrethrum constituents for effective spike RBD inhibition.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000ADMET analysis revealed that 10 out of 12 significant constituents belongs to toxicity class\u00004 to 6 proving least toxicity of the plant extract with high LD50 values. Molecular docking analysis\u0000of 10 considered compounds revealed that morphinan-6-one, 4,5.alpha.-epoxy-3-hydroxy-17-methyl,\u0000a derivative of morphine (well-known analgesic and anti-inflammatory compound) gave the maximum\u0000negative binding energy of -6.9Kcal/mol in best-docked conformation with spike RBD having\u00002 hydrogen bonds. Molecular dynamic simulation disclosed effective RMSD, RMSF, and Rg values\u0000over the simulation trajectory with significant hydrogen bonding proving stable interaction of the\u0000compound with that of the spike RBD.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Hence, all these outcomes revealed the outstanding potential of the Anacyclus pyrethrum\u0000extract to inhibit the spike RBD of SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, further in-vitro investigation can\u0000develop natural and effective treatments against COVID-19 disease.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10815,"journal":{"name":"Coronaviruses","volume":"80 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140493392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COVID-19 Vaccines: A Comprehensive Review of Development, Action\u0000Mechanisms, and Global Implications","authors":"Sandhya Rajbahadur Yadav, Pushpalata Chougule","doi":"10.2174/0126667975268518240111113733","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0126667975268518240111113733","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000The fast spread of SARS-CoV-2, the coronavirus pandemic virus, across the world presents\u0000a significant population health dilemma. Various protective measures were adopted to address\u0000this worldwide health crisis, and among those, the production of vaccines is of paramount importance.\u0000This review focuses on the prominent vaccines developed against the pandemic virus during\u0000the ongoing worldwide outbreak. The mechanisms of action for each vaccine resemble that of\u0000Pfizer's comirnaty in the United States of America, Moderna vaccine in the United States of America,\u0000and AstraZeneca's adenovirus-based vaccine developed by the UK's Oxford-based university.\u0000The demand for vaccines to counter pandemic corona virus, the pathogen behind COVID-19, is imperative.\u0000These vaccines, including those from Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna, and AstraZeneca, are\u0000poised to play a pivotal role in addressing the urgent global need. This review seeks to offer an allencompassing\u0000perspective of the COVID-19 pandemic, including its epidemiology, transmission,\u0000advancements in treatment, vaccines, as well as the genetic variability and life cycle of the pandemic\u0000coronavirus, relying on the latest research in conjunction with available data.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10815,"journal":{"name":"Coronaviruses","volume":"41 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140493783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In silico Designing of a Multi-epitope-based Subunit Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 (Delta Variant) by Exploiting Its Structural Proteins: A Reverse Vaccinomics and Immunoinformatics Approach","authors":"S. Halder, Ashish Ranjan Sharma, Tawsif Al Arian, Samantha Saha, A. Shil, Md. Oliullah Rafi, S. Sarker, Md. Nuhu Alam, Mahbubul Kabir Himel, Md. Ashraful Hasan, Mohammad Mahfuz Ali Khan Shawan","doi":"10.2174/0126667975275429231218052642","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0126667975275429231218052642","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000The continuously emerging novel strains of SARS-CoV-2 remain a menace\u0000to the global population. The vicious delta variant (originated in India) is considered one of the most\u0000infectious/contagious variants of SARS-CoV-2. The transmission frequency of this variant is 225%\u0000higher than other variants, extending its prevalence and causing a massive surge in the COVID-19\u0000pandemic. It is also the most ravenous variant among others.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Though the delta variant has already disappeared, it could re-emerge/come out at any time\u0000with a more powerful strike than earlier. Therefore, to tackle such ferocity, this research is undertaken\u0000with a next-generation vaccine development strategy to design a multi-epitope-based subunit vaccine\u0000against the delta variant of SARS-CoV-2, which might boost the body's immunity.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000In the present investigation, reverse vaccinomics and immunoinformatics\u0000approaches were adopted to create an immune-stimulating prospective vaccine candidate having B\u0000cell, helper T cell (Th)/helper T lymphocyte (HTL), cytotoxic T cell (Tc)/cytotoxic T lymphocyte\u0000(CTL), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) inducing epitopes by exploiting the SARS-CoV-2 (delta variant)\u0000(GenBank: MZ724536.1) structural proteins: envelope glycoprotein (E), nucleocapsid phosphoprotein\u0000(N), surface glycoprotein (S), and membrane glycoprotein (M). The established vaccine construct\u0000was then completed by combining antigenic epitopes with adjuvants and linkers. Subsequently,\u0000the 3D model of the suggested vaccine was created and docked with an immune receptor (Toll-Like\u0000Receptor-4). A molecular dynamics (MD) simulation study was performed to confirm the binding\u0000stability between the vaccine conjugate and TLR4. Later, an immune simulation study was carried\u0000out to predict the in silico immune response of the vaccine candidate. To effectively express the developed\u0000vaccine in a bacterial system (E. coli), in silico codon optimization and cloning were done in\u0000an expression vector to manufacture it on a large scale.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000According to the computational analysis, the vaccine candidate was found to be highly antigenic\u0000while maintaining favorable properties for the human body. Molecular docking and dynamics\u0000simulation study between the suggested vaccine construct and TLR4 immune receptor depicted it as\u0000extremely efficient and stable, ensuring a proper immunological response within the host cell. Eventually,\u0000an in silico immune simulation study of the vaccine candidate demonstrated a robust immune\u0000response to vaccine administration.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000We have hypothesized that the constructed vaccine model is benign, stable, and immunogenic,\u0000making it a promising/potent candidate for immune system stimulation against SARSCOV-\u00002 (DV). Hereof, wet lab-based investigations are needed to justify the competence of the novel\u0000vaccine candidate towards the delta variant along with other variants of SARS-CoV-2.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10815,"journal":{"name":"Coronaviruses","volume":"15 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139596117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immune-endocrine Interactions and Remodelling of Metabolic Homeostasis\u0000of Testicular Cells During SARS-CoV-2 Infection","authors":"Suvendu Ghosh, D. Ghosh, P. Singha","doi":"10.2174/0126667975267329231212043556","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0126667975267329231212043556","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000The testis is the site for the production of sperm and testosterone. There exists a natural\u0000blood-testis barrier in order to maintain the internal metabolic homeostasis of the male gonads. Variation\u0000in metabolic homeostasis may lead to unexplained fertility issues, reduced production of sperm,\u0000production of deformed, non-viable sperm, and hamper the production of testosterone during SARSCoV-\u00002 infection along with physiological systems of the human body in different situations. The\u0000male reproductive system than female is more adversely affected by the immune changes due to viral\u0000infection. There occurs a significant immune–endocrine interaction in the gonads, which can be more\u0000precisely termed an “immune-neuroendocrine interaction”. The “hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal\u0000axis” plays an important role in maintaining the normal metabolic homeostasis of the testis. The net\u0000impact is a change and reordering of the testicular metabolic homeostasis, leading to compromised\u0000male infertility in post-COVID-19 infected individuals. This review is a brief account of the immune\u0000and endocrine interactions that occur in the testis during COVID-19 infection, leading to remodeling\u0000of the testicular metabolic homeostasis by various mechanisms, which ultimately may lead to infertility\u0000in individuals who have been infected by the Coronavirus.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10815,"journal":{"name":"Coronaviruses","volume":"54 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139599397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antiviral Medications: Unravelling their Significance in Context to COVID-19","authors":"Rishabh Chalotra, Amanjot Singh, Shivani Chib, Swati Gautam, M. Amanat, Kakul Chaudhary, Manish Kumar, Randhir Singh","doi":"10.2174/0126667975280977231224175043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0126667975280977231224175043","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Viruses represent a significant health menace due to their rapid transmissibility and\u0000potential to cause worldwide pandemics, resulting in substantial loss of human life. Antiviral agents\u0000play a pivotal role in mitigating the impact of viral infections. Nonetheless, treating viral infections is\u0000a multifaceted process due to the inherent characteristics of viruses, such as their capacity to undergo\u0000mutations and rapid evolution. Consequently, the effectiveness of current antiviral therapies can be\u0000impeded. This review encompasses the diverse manners in which viruses, emphasizing COVID-19,\u0000affect the human body and elucidates the challenges encountered in formulating efficacious antiviral\u0000treatments. Moreover, the limitations of conventional antiviral therapies are underscored.\u0000Additionally, a comprehensive compendium of 41 antiviral drugs is presented, detailing their\u0000mechanisms of action and routes of administration. Subsequently, the discussion includes 9 drugs\u0000repurposed for treating COVID-19, delineating their primary use as well as any accompanying side\u0000effects. In conclusion, while antiviral drugs remain pivotal in the battle against viral infections, the\u0000obstacles associated with their development and usage warrant careful consideration. Ongoing\u0000research is imperative to devise more potent and less toxic antiviral interventions against COVID-19\u0000infection.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10815,"journal":{"name":"Coronaviruses","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139599335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Use of COVID-19 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Among\u0000Healthcare Workers in Teaching Hospitals of Khorramabad, Iran","authors":"Mehdi Zibaei, Shahnaz Halimi, Faranak Rezaei, S. Soroush, P. Shakib","doi":"10.2174/0126667975275539231228072614","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0126667975275539231228072614","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000In light of the pivotal role played by personal protective\u0000equipment (PPE) in mitigating the transmission of the novel coronavirus, this study aimed to investigate\u0000the utilization of personal protective equipment in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic\u0000among medical personnel and students affiliated with Lorestan University of Medical Sciences in the\u0000year 2019.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000This cross-sectional, descriptive research study collected essential data, encompassing\u0000personal characteristics and inquiries concerning the use of personal protective equipment, the extent\u0000of their utilization, training regarding proper equipment use, and adherence to health guidelines, including\u0000hand hygiene and disinfectant usage. Data were gathered through a questionnaire developed\u0000in accordance with international standards, specifically the PPE Safe Survey. The questionnaire was\u0000administered to medical staff, including physicians, nurses, and medical students, working in\u0000healthcare facilities that admitted COVID-19 patients within the Lorestan University of Medical\u0000Sciences, situated in Khorramabad.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Our investigation involved a total of 201 participants, comprising 82 (40.8%) males and 119\u0000(59.2%) females. The average age of the participants was 32 years, with an average daily duration of\u0000personal protective equipment utilization amounting to 8.9 hours. Notably, 44 (21.9%) participants\u0000worked in emergency wards, 63 (31.3%) in general medical wards, 12 (6.0%) in administrative departments,\u000014 (7.0%) in surgical units, 11 (5.5%) in anesthesiology, 17 (8.5%) in intensive care units,\u0000and 40 (19.9%) in miscellaneous contexts.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The study findings underscore the imperative need for healthcare professionals to consistently\u0000employ suitable personal protective equipment, encompassing face masks, eye protection,\u0000gowns, and eye shields. Furthermore, our study highlights the significance of appropriate training\u0000and rigorous adherence to equipment utilization protocols during healthcare tasks, coupled with consistent\u0000hand hygiene practices in healthcare facilities.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10815,"journal":{"name":"Coronaviruses","volume":"84 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139602014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Natural Products as Inhibitors of Coronavirus: An Update","authors":"Ritu Kalia, Sanjay Jachak, Akash Dey","doi":"10.2174/0126667975269930231112093216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0126667975269930231112093216","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000In the past couple of decades, several corona virus infections have alarmed the world\u0000claiming deaths of huge population over the globe. Effective anti-viral agents have been researched\u0000for treatment of COVID-19 infection. Vaccination has come up as an ultimate prevention against\u0000SARS-CoV-2virus as many vaccines have been recommended by WHO to be used for prevention\u0000from COVID-19. Alternative treatment strategies to combat infection include drug repurposing as\u0000well as supportive therapies. Traditional medicines being used from ancient times for different disease\u0000conditions provide a wealth of chemical diversity. Different classes of natural products are being\u0000utilized to study their antiviral properties and contributed in past for different viral diseases. The\u0000aim of current review is to enumerate different secondary metabolites and their pharmacophoric features\u0000against corona viruses that can be further optimized to develop more potent inhibitors specific\u0000to SARS-CoV-2. This review systematically evaluates natural products and their synthetic/ semisynthetic\u0000analogs belonging to terpenoids, polyphenols, saponins, and alkaloids having antiviral activity\u0000against coronaviruses. The information obtained from scope of Indian medicinal plants is also\u0000discussed which may be evaluated in future against SARS-CoV-2. Thus, it is proposed that the natural\u0000products may be used to develop potential inhibitors using the knowledge gained from similar\u0000studies to prevent morbidity and mortalities due to SARS-CoV-2.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10815,"journal":{"name":"Coronaviruses","volume":" 860","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138960344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rosmarinic Acid as a Potential Multi-targeted Inhibitor for SAR-CoV-2:\u0000An In silico Virtual Screening Approach","authors":"Sumit Kumar, Vikash Kumar","doi":"10.2174/0126667975275509231211062032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0126667975275509231211062032","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Rosmarinic acid, a natural compound found in various plants like rosemary\u0000and lemon balm, may have potential as a multi-targeted inhibitor for SARS-CoV-2, a strain of virus\u0000responsible for COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2, a fusion protein of S1 and S2 subunits, has multiple precursors\u0000angiotensin-converting enzyme2 (ACE2), transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2),\u0000papain-like protease (PLpro), and 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro). The chemical interaction\u0000of Rosmarinic acid with SARS-CoV-2 is of major interest reported here.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The quantitative study of Rosmarinic acid with various precursors of SARS-CoV-2 has\u0000been accounted for in detail. Furthermore, the conformational flexibility of Rosmarinic acid has also\u0000been investigated during the interaction with four different precursors of SARS-CoV-2.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000This investigation delves deeply into the analysis of various aspects, including geometric\u0000parameters, atomic charge, the energy gap between the highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular\u0000orbitals, dipole moments, and the analysis of non-covalent interactions (NCI). Furthermore,\u0000the study incorporates molecular docking techniques in conjunction with thorough quantum chemical\u0000calculations to provide comprehensive insights.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Rosmarinic acid shows promise as a versatile inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible\u0000for COVID-19. It can target multiple key precursors of the virus, including TMPRSS2, angiotensin-\u0000converting enzyme2, 3CLpro, and PLpro, found in the fusion protein comprising S1 and S2 subunits.\u0000This study delves into the quantitative analysis of Rosmarinic acid's interactions with these\u0000precursors. Its adaptable structure allows it to engage with them effectively. Various molecular parameters,\u0000including atomic charge, energy gap between molecular orbitals, dipole moment, and noncovalent\u0000interactions, are comprehensively explored.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Combining molecular docking and quantum mechanics, the findings suggest Rosmarinic\u0000acid's potential as a multi-targeted SARS-CoV-2 inhibitor.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10815,"journal":{"name":"Coronaviruses","volume":" 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138995187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Women's Sexual Activity Before and After being Infected\u0000with COVID-19","authors":"Zohreh Keshavarz, Naimeh Shariatifar, Malihe Nasiri, Zahra Kiani","doi":"10.2174/0126667975278979231213032637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0126667975278979231213032637","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Sexual activity is one of the main aspects of sexual health, which has been\u0000less considered during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study was conducted to compare the sexual\u0000activity of women before and after being infected with COVID-19.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000This descriptive cross-sectional study included 110 women diagnosed with COVID-19.\u0000The data were collected before and after one month of quarantine in a 24-hour clinic and a 24-hour\u0000referral center for COVID-19 in Pakdasht city, Tehran, Iran. The study was conducted from the\u0000spring of 2020 to the winter of 2022. Demographic characteristics questionnaire and FSFI\u0000questionnaire were used as data collection tools. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS\u0000version 22.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Based on the results, there was a significant difference in the total scores of the women's\u0000sexual activity before and after the infection (P˂0.0001). The scores showed a decrease following the\u0000infection, and the greater the severity of the infection, the more was the decrease. A significant\u0000difference was observed in all domains of the women's sexual activity before and after the infection,\u0000indicating that the pre-infection scores were higher (P˂0.05).\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Given the decreased scores of women's sexual activity after being infected with the\u0000coronavirus, more attention should be paid to this area. Women and their spouses should be educated\u0000during such pandemics and appropriate planning should be done before similar incidences to avoid\u0000long-term negative effects.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10815,"journal":{"name":"Coronaviruses","volume":"5 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138995562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Methodical and Immunological Insights of Prime COVID-19 Vaccines","authors":"Wilson Pearl Evangeline, Sakthivel Nathan Divyasri, Chandrasekaran Akshaya, Sekaran Sruthi, Selvaraj Barathi, Rangasamy Kirubakaran, KN ArulJothi","doi":"10.2174/0126667975275824231213112949","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0126667975275824231213112949","url":null,"abstract":"Vaccines' discovery, manufacturing, and distribution have been on a historic uptick in response to this worldwide COVID-19 pandemic. A handful of vaccines have been approved on an emergency basis after passing minimal clinical trials. There are voids in the existing body of research and the published body of work on phase II and III clinical trial outcomes, efficacy, and recently developed side effects of the approved COVID-19 vaccines. Furthermore, the immunological and methodological insights of successful vaccinations are still unpopular and are not publicly reported. We have attempted to review some major classes of COVID-19 vaccines, namely inactivated viral particle vaccine (BBV152 - Covaxin), mRNA vaccines (BNT162b2 - Pfizer and mRNA-1273- Moderna), viral vector vaccines (Gam-COVID-Vac-Sputnik and ChAdOx1-S-Astrazeneca) and protein subunit vaccine (NVX-CoV2373-Novavax) and discuss their methodological and immunological formulations. This review intends to address the existing literature's gaps and limitations and the vaccine’s safety, efficiency, and effectiveness profiles. This report, by accumulating and comparing the existing publicly available literature and datasheets of the vaccines, concludes that the efficacy of the vaccinations has been found to be 81% for BBV152 (COVAXIN), 94.5% for BNT162b2 (Pfizer), 94.5% for mRNA-1273 (Moderna), 91.6% for Gam-COVID-Vac (Sputnik V), 62–90% for ChAdOx1-S (AstraZeneca), and 96.4% for NVX-CoV2373 (Novavax), demonstrating their efficacy in lowering the severity and frequency of SARS-CoV-2 infection. We conclude that while the commercially approved vaccines have a few limitations regarding clinical trials and side effects, they provide immunity with efficacy ranging from 81% to 96.4% against COVID-19.","PeriodicalId":10815,"journal":{"name":"Coronaviruses","volume":"18 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139173464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}