Current Fungal Infection Reports最新文献

{"title":"Histopathology Diagnosis of Filamentous Fungi","authors":"S. Challa, Radha Sistla","doi":"10.1007/s12281-021-00428-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12281-021-00428-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10813,"journal":{"name":"Current Fungal Infection Reports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47149165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Central Nervous System Fungal Infections in Paediatric Patients","authors":"D. Palacios-Reyes, Á. Costta-Michuy, Tania M. Vargas-Vázquez, M. V. Martínez-Astudillo, Rafael Oscar Santamaría Vásquez, N. Aguilar-Gómez, Astrid A. Hernandez-Soto, Sofía Fortes-Gutiérrez, Daniel Reyes-Gutierrez, Dania J. Juárez-Padilla, Silvia Fuentes-Soliz","doi":"10.1007/s12281-021-00427-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12281-021-00427-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10813,"journal":{"name":"Current Fungal Infection Reports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49597081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mortality-Related Risk Factors for Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)-Associated Mucormycosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Vahid Reza Ostovan,&nbsp;Reza Tabrizi,&nbsp;Hanieh Bazrafshan,&nbsp;Zahra Bahrami,&nbsp;Hajar Khazraei,&nbsp;Samaneh Khazraei,&nbsp;Afshin Borhani-Haghighi,&nbsp;Mohsen Moghadami,&nbsp;Matthew Grant","doi":"10.1007/s12281-022-00440-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12281-022-00440-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) can increase the susceptibility of individuals to contracting mucormycosis through several mechanisms. Nowadays, coronavirus disease (COVID-19)-associated mucormycosis (CAM) is a serious public health concern, particularly in developing countries. This meta-analysis aims to identify the risk factors that affect the mortality rate of patients with CAM.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>We systematically searched PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Cochrane library, and preprint databases using pertinent keywords and the reference lists of the included relevant articles from inception till October 27, 2021. In order to reduce the effects of small-scale studies, we only selected cross-sectional, case-control, and cohort studies and case series with at least four patients. We identified 26 articles that included 821 patients with CAM. The effect size (ES) of mortality rate was 28% (95% confidence interval (CI) 20%-38%; I² =82.28%; p for Cochran Q<0.001). The CAM patients with a history of comorbidities other than diabetes (malignancies, transplant, or renal failure), mechanical ventilation due to COVID-19, pulmonary and cerebral mucormycosis, and those who only received medical treatment for mucormycosis had the highest mortality rate.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)-associated mucormycosis (CAM) is a major public health problem, particularly in developing countries. Severe COVID-19 infection, history of mechanical ventilation, early CAM, comorbidities other than diabetes (malignancies, transplant, or renal failure), pulmonary and rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis, and delivering only medical treatment for mucormycosis were the worst prognostic factors in CAM patients. Identifying the mortality-related risk factors in CAM patients may help reduce the mortality rate by implementing optimized treatment approaches.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12281-022-00440-2.</p>","PeriodicalId":10813,"journal":{"name":"Current Fungal Infection Reports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9366801/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40617132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pathogenesis and Pathology of COVID-Associated Mucormycosis: What Is New and Why.","authors":"Bishan Radotra, Sundaram Challa","doi":"10.1007/s12281-022-00443-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12281-022-00443-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>There is global increase in the incidence of mucormycosis. However, a sudden increase in the COVID-associated mucormycosis (CAM) was noted, particularly in India, during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. The interplay of factors involved in the pathogenesis is complex. In this review, the influence of pre-existing disease, exaggerated risk factors, altered milieu due to COVID-19 itself and the consequences of its treatment on the host pathogen interactions leading to the disease and morphology of the fungus will be highlighted.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Hyperglycemia, acidosis, available free iron, lowered host defenses, and the fungal virulence factors promote the growth of Mucorales. There is a high background prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) in India. Uncontrolled or undiagnosed DM, COVID-19 itself, and inappropriate administration of corticosteroids in high doses and for prolonged periods result in hyperglycemia. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and metabolic acidosis due to hypoxia or renal failure contribute to acidic pH and dissociate bound iron from serum proteins. The host defenses are lowered due to COVID-19-induced immune dysregulation, hyperglycemia itself, and administration of corticosteroids and immune suppressants for the treatment of COVID-19. The altered metabolic milieu in the local microenvironment of nose and paranasal sinuses (PNS) promotes specific interaction of glucose-regulated protein-78 (GRP-78) on host cells with spore coat protein homologue (CotH 3) on Mucorales resulting in rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis (ROCM) as the predominant clinical form in CAM. The pathology is extensive soft tissue involvement with angioinvasion and perineural invasion. Melanized hyphae and sporangia were seen on histopathology, which is unique to CAM. While many factors favor the growth of Mucorales in CAM, hyperglycemia, hyperferritinemia, and administration of hyperbaric oxygen result in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inadequate humidification results in dehydration. Melanization is possibly the adaptive and protective mechanism of Mucorales to escape the unfavorable conditions due to the treatment of COVID-19.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>High background prevalence of DM, inappropriate administration of corticosteroids and immune dysregulation due to COVID-19 favor the growth of Mucorales in CAM. Melanization of Mucorales hyphae and sporangia on histopathology probably represent adaptive and protective mechanism due to the treatment with hyperbaric oxygen with inadequate humidification as well as the metabolic alterations.</p>","PeriodicalId":10813,"journal":{"name":"Current Fungal Infection Reports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9520103/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33487533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Overview of COVID-19-Associated Invasive Fungal Infection.","authors":"Akira A Shishido, Minu Mathew, John W Baddley","doi":"10.1007/s12281-022-00434-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12281-022-00434-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>Invasive fungal infections are a complication of COVID-19 disease. This article reviews literature characterizing invasive fungal infections associated with COVID-19.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Multiple invasive fungal infections including aspergillosis, candidiasis, pneumocystosis, other non-<i>Aspergillus</i> molds, and endemic fungi have been reported in patients with COVID-19. Risk factors for COVID-19-associated fungal disease include underlying lung disease, diabetes, steroid or immunomodulator use, leukopenia, and malignancy. COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) and COVID-19-associated mucormycosis (CAM) are the most common fungal infections described. However, there is variability in the reported incidences related to use of differing diagnostic algorithms.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>Fungal pathogens are important cause of infection in patients with COVID-19, and the diagnostic strategies continue to evolve. Mortality in these patients is increased, and providers should operate with a high index of suspicion. Further studies will be required to elucidate the associations and pathogenesis of these diseases and best management and prevention strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":10813,"journal":{"name":"Current Fungal Infection Reports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9274633/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40600194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sporotrichosis in Children: Case series and Narrative Review.","authors":"Flavio Queiroz-Telles,&nbsp;Alexandro Bonifaz,&nbsp;Regielly Cognialli,&nbsp;Bruno P R Lustosa,&nbsp;Vania Aparecida Vicente,&nbsp;Hassiel Aurelio Ramírez-Marín","doi":"10.1007/s12281-022-00429-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12281-022-00429-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>Pediatric sporotrichosis has not been sufficiently studied; this review aims to evaluate the risk and prognostic factors related to the development of sporotrichosis associated to this age group. Also, we want to evaluate the causes of the increased number of cases of sporotrichosis in the pediatric population such as environmental changes in endemic areas, the biodiversity, and virulence among the pathogenic clade causing sporotrichosis in different areas of the globe, and especially the progression of the zoonotic transmission of infections caused by <i>Sporothrix brasiliensis</i> infections, associated to zoonotic transmission in Brazil and other endemic sporotrichosis countries.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>After evaluating a case series of 40 patients, we found that pediatric sporotrichosis in Mexico is mainly caused by <i>Sporothrix schenckii</i> which prevails in rural areas and is mainly sapronotically transmitted. In Brazil, the longest and largest pediatric sporotrichosis outbreak is caused by <i>Sporothrix brasiliensis</i>, etiologically related to sick cats, directly from lesions containing a high yeast cell burden. When affecting children <i>S. schenckii</i> and <i>S. brasiliensis</i> may cause distinct clinical manifestations especially in the onset of the disease and affected anatomical site. In Mexico, most of the patients are successfully treated with potassium iodide, whereas in Brazil, all patients respond to itraconazole.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong><i>Sporothrix schenckii</i> is the major etiologic agent in Mexico, being sapronotically transmitted, while in Brazil, <i>Sporothrix brasiliensis</i> is only transmitted by cats. In Mexico, the disease prevails in male patients (60%) from rural areas; in Brazil, the disease is more frequent in females (60%) from an urban region. Due to the zoonotic sporotrichosis outbreak in Brazil, the time of evolution seems to be shorter in Brazilian patients than in Mexican patients. Most Brazilian patients presented with facial lesions, including ocular involvement, while in Mexico, most of the children presented upper limbs involvement. In Mexico, treatment with potassium iodide in children was observed to induce faster remission than itraconazole, but controlled studies are lacking to evaluate this versus itraconazole, due to the low number of cases. A comparative study should be designed to evaluate the best and safest antifungal therapy for pediatric sporotrichosis.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12281-022-00429-x.</p>","PeriodicalId":10813,"journal":{"name":"Current Fungal Infection Reports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8902271/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9178690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiology of Invasive Fungal Infections in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients: an Indian Perspective.","authors":"Megha Sharma, Shivaprakash M Rudramurthy, Arunaloke Chakrabarti","doi":"10.1007/s12281-022-00446-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12281-022-00446-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>This review summarizes the available Indian data on epidemiology of invasive fungal infections (IFI) in recipients of solid organ transplants (SOT). The epidemiology is further compared with studies from other parts of the world for each SOT type.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>The available studies on Indian epidemiology of IFI in SOT are scarce, though the number of SOTs performed in India have increased tremendously in recent years. The limited data from India present a distinct spectrum of infection in transplant recipients with high incidence of mucormycosis. During COVID-19 outbreak, IFI rate increased and renal transplant recipients acquired mucormycosis earlier than previous studies.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>Maximum data on IFI was available from renal transplant recipients, wherein mucormycosis was the predominant IFI in Indian patients in contrast to invasive candidiasis in majority countries. The other IFIs had varied spectrum. With the increasing number of SOTs being performed and the already persisting high burden of IFI in India, there is an urgent need of larger prospective studies on epidemiology of IFI in transplant recipients.</p>","PeriodicalId":10813,"journal":{"name":"Current Fungal Infection Reports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9582387/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40568920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of Fungal Drug Resistance in COVID-19 Infection: a Global Meta-analysis.","authors":"Adrina Habibzadeh,&nbsp;Kamran B Lankarani,&nbsp;Mojtaba Farjam,&nbsp;Maryam Akbari,&nbsp;Seyyed Mohammad Amin Kashani,&nbsp;Zeinab Karimimoghadam,&nbsp;Kan Wang,&nbsp;Mohammad Hossein Imanieh,&nbsp;Reza Tabrizi,&nbsp;Fariba Ahmadizar","doi":"10.1007/s12281-022-00439-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12281-022-00439-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Secondary bacterial or fungal infections are one of the most important medical complications among patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) candida can cause many problems such as treatment failure, adverse clinical outcomes, and even disease outbreaks. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to investigate the prevalence and outcomes of fungal drug-resistant in COVID-19 patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases were searched for peer reviewed-articles published in English up to May 20, 2021. Heterogeneity across studies was evaluated using Cochrane's Q test and the I² index. The pooled point prevalence and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were considered to estimate the prevalence of fungal drug resistance infection in COVID-19 patients.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Eight eligible articles were included in our meta-analysis. The number of COVID-19 patients with fungal co-infection varied from 5 to 35 among selected studies. The overall pooled prevalence of fungal drug resistance among patients with co-infections of fungal and COVID-19 was 69% (95% CI: 37%, 94%) by using a random-effects model. In terms of specific species, the pooled meta-analysis for Candida Auris was estimated to be 100% (95%CI: 98%, 100%; I² = 0%), for Multi-Candida 59% (95%CI: 38%, 79%; I² = 12.5%), and for Aspergillus 15% (95%CI: 0%, 42%; I² = 0%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our study shows the high prevalence of fungal drug resistance in COVID-19 patients and emphasizes the need to strengthen antimicrobial stewardship programs, close monitoring for treatment failure, and the emergence of resistance upon treatment.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12281-022-00439-9.</p>","PeriodicalId":10813,"journal":{"name":"Current Fungal Infection Reports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9376562/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40713313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spectrum of Mucormycosis Before and During COVID-19: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Current Therapeutic Interventions.","authors":"Sheikh Mansoor,&nbsp;Tousief Irshad Ahmed,&nbsp;Karan Happa,&nbsp;Mehnaz Sultan,&nbsp;Sweeta Manhas,&nbsp;Suhaib Shamas","doi":"10.1007/s12281-022-00438-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12281-022-00438-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>More than half a billion people have been infected and 6.2 million killed by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) since the start of the pandemic in 2019. Systemic glucocorticoids are a double-edged sword, on the one hand, life-saving in treating COVID-19 complications while on the other hand, potentially leading to life-and-limb-threatening opportunistic fungal infections. Mucormycosis (MM) is caused by the mucormycetes family. Although rare, it is characterized by high mortality and significant morbidity. The gross similarities observed with other fungal infections which respond to different treatment regimens have made it all the more imperative to quickly and sensitively diagnose and treat MM. This review discusses the epidemiology of MM before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, associated risk factors, COVID-19-associated MM, diagnosis, and current therapeutic interventions.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>There has been a widespread and worrisome trend of rising in cases of MM, worldwide, but more so in the Indian subcontinent, where it is nicknamed the \"black fungus.\" This upsurge has picked up the pace ever since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Necrosis is secondary to the angio-invasive and pro-thrombotic nature of the mold resulting in extensive lesions presenting mostly as rhino-orbital MM (ROM) and rhino-orbito-cerebral MM (ROCM). Infection is mostly observed in subjects with underlying risk factors such as uncontrolled diabetes, those receiving hematopoietic stem cell transplant, and/or on corticosteroid or immunosuppressive therapy, although it is widely suspected that other factors such as iron and zinc may play a role in the pathogenesis of MM. The \"One world one guideline\" strategy advocates both prophylactic anti-fungal therapy along with aggressive, prompt, and individualized treatment with anti-fungal drugs such as amphotericin B in addition to vigorous surgical intervention. High-risk groups need particularly rapid diagnosis although empirical anti-fungal therapy may not be delayed. Speeding diagnostic turnaround times are essential to institute early therapy, and there is much scope for newer modalities such as PCR, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry, and whole-genome sequencing in such endeavors. The results of strict monitoring of blood glucose levels along with rational and limited use of steroids and immunomodulatory drugs have proven to be a significant preventive measure.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>The significant rise in cases of MM worldwide has necessitated viewing each case with a strong index of suspicion. Adoption of rapid diagnostics, early antifungal therapy, and prompt surgical interventions are essential, while high-risk groups need particular focused care which may include prophylactic anti-fungal therapy, limited steroid use, and meticulous control of the underlying disease. Deve","PeriodicalId":10813,"journal":{"name":"Current Fungal Infection Reports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9364274/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40699404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Updates on Histoplasmosis in Solid Organ Transplantation.","authors":"Jennifer L Saullo,&nbsp;Rachel A Miller","doi":"10.1007/s12281-022-00441-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12281-022-00441-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>Histoplasmosis remains a challenging infection in solid organ transplantation. This review provides a topic update with emphasis on the changing <i>Histoplasma</i> epidemiology, along with new diagnostic and treatment innovations.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Recent years have observed expanding <i>Histoplasma</i> geographic distribution due to climate change, environmental disruption, and host factors. Early clinical experience also suggests a relationship between COVID-19 infection and histoplasmosis, particularly among immunocompromised individuals. Advances in diagnostic methods, such as newer enzyme immunoassays and molecular techniques, have broadened the capability for expedient and highly specific pathogen identification. Novel drug innovations, including the development of new formulations of existing antifungal agents, extended-spectrum azoles and new antifungal drug classes have expanded therapeutic options.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>Advances in organ transplantation have largely outpaced those for histoplasmosis. However, these emerging insights enhance our understanding of this pathogen and management of clinical infection, particularly for transplant recipients with a higher incidence and severity of disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":10813,"journal":{"name":"Current Fungal Infection Reports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9453730/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33463862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}