{"title":"Multimorbidity in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Literature Review and Future Directions.","authors":"Jonathan Katz, Christie M Bartels","doi":"10.1007/s11926-023-01121-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11926-023-01121-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>To offer a narrative review of literature and an update on rheumatoid arthritis (RA) multimorbidity research over the past five years as well as future directions.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Patients with RA experience higher prevalence of multimorbidity (31-86% vs 18-71% in non-RA) and faster accumulation of comorbidities. Patients with multimorbidity have worse outcomes compared to non-RA multimorbid patients and RA without multimorbidity including mortality, cardiac events, and hospitalizations. Comorbid disease clusters often included: cardiopulmonary, cardiometabolic, and depression and pain-related conditions. High-frequency comorbidities included interstitial lung disease, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cardiovascular disease, fibromyalgia, osteoarthritis, and osteoporosis, thyroid disorders, hypertension, and cancer. Furthermore, patients with RA and multimorbidity are paradoxically at increased risk of high RA disease activity but experience a lower likelihood of biologic use and more biologic failures. RA patients experience higher prevalence of multimorbidity and worse outcomes versus non-RA and RA without multimorbidity. Findings call for further studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":10761,"journal":{"name":"Current Rheumatology Reports","volume":" ","pages":"24-35"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11463754/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138294794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Matthew Sayer, Gavin B Chapman, Matthew Thomas, Neeraj Dhaun
{"title":"Cardiovascular Disease in Anti-neutrophil Cytoplasm Antibody-Associated Vasculitis.","authors":"Matthew Sayer, Gavin B Chapman, Matthew Thomas, Neeraj Dhaun","doi":"10.1007/s11926-023-01123-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11926-023-01123-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>Anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) is a rare, multisystem, autoimmune disease characterised by microvascular inflammation. Over the past 20 years, advances in immunological management have improved short-term patient outcomes. Longer-term patient outcomes remain poor with cardiovascular disease now the leading cause of death in AAV. Here, we examine the potential pathways that contribute to the increased risk of cardiovascular disease in AAV and the current evidence to manage this risk.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>The incidence of cardiovascular disease in AAV exceeds that expected by traditional risk factors alone, suggesting a contribution from disease-specific factors. Similarly, it is unclear how different immunosuppressive therapies contribute to and modify cardiovascular risk, and there is a paucity of data examining the efficacy of traditional cardioprotective medications in AAV. There is a lack of evidence-based cardiovascular risk assessment tools and cardioprotective therapies in patients with AAV which should be addressed to improve long-term outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":10761,"journal":{"name":"Current Rheumatology Reports","volume":" ","pages":"12-23"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10776689/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138444204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Disease and Treatment-Specific Complications of Behçet Syndrome.","authors":"Sinem Nihal Esatoglu, Yesim Ozguler, Gulen Hatemi","doi":"10.1007/s11926-023-01124-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11926-023-01124-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>We aimed to highlight disease-related and treatment-related complications of Behçet syndrome (BS) based on previous and recent studies and our own experience.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>The Behçet's Disease Overall Damage Index is a newly developed instrument to assess damage in BS. Validation studies showed that damage is already present in some patients at diagnosis and continues to progress during the follow-up, mainly related to treatment complications. Nervous system and eye involvement are important causes of long-term disability. Cyclophosphamide seems to be associated with infertility and an increased risk of malignancies among BS patients, prompting the consideration of shortening the treatment duration. Flares in mucocutaneous manifestations have been reported with tocilizumab, and de novo BS manifestations with secukinumab therapy. Earlier diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent disease-related damage in BS. Treatment-related complications seem to be the leading cause of damage during the disease course.</p>","PeriodicalId":10761,"journal":{"name":"Current Rheumatology Reports","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138294793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Synovial Tissue Insights into Heterogeneity of Rheumatoid Arthritis","authors":"Anna Helena Jonsson","doi":"10.1007/s11926-023-01129-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11926-023-01129-2","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose of Review</h3><p>Rheumatoid arthritis is one of the most common rheumatic and autoimmune diseases. While it can affect many different organ systems, RA primarily involves inflammation in the synovium, the tissue that lines joints. Patients with RA exhibit significant clinical heterogeneity in terms of presence or absence of autoantibodies, degree of permanent deformities, and most importantly, treatment response. These clinical characteristics point to heterogeneity in the cellular and molecular pathogenesis of RA, an area that several recent studies have begun to address.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Recent Findings</h3><p>Single-cell RNA-sequencing initiatives and deeper focused studies have revealed several RA-associated cell populations in synovial tissues, including peripheral helper T cells, autoimmunity-associated B cells (ABCs), and NOTCH3<sup>+</sup> sublining fibroblasts. Recent large transcriptional studies and translational clinical trials present frameworks to capture cellular and molecular heterogeneity in RA synovium. Technological developments, such as spatial transcriptomics and machine learning, promise to further elucidate the different types of RA synovitis and the biological mechanisms that characterize them, key elements of precision medicine to optimize patient care and outcomes in RA.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Summary</h3><p>This review recaps the findings of those recent studies and puts our current knowledge and future challenges into scientific and clinical perspective.</p>","PeriodicalId":10761,"journal":{"name":"Current Rheumatology Reports","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139064234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"How to Use Janus Kinase Inhibitors in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis? A Clinical Assessment of Risks and Benefits","authors":"Fatima K. Alduraibi, Jasvinder A. Singh","doi":"10.1007/s11926-023-01122-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11926-023-01122-9","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose of Review</h3><p>To provide an updated understanding of risks and benefits of Janus kinase inhibitors (JAKi) versus biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) in the management of rheumatoid arthritis (RA).</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Recent Findings</h3><p>Shared decision-making is needed in choosing between JAKi and bDMARDs. Cardiovascular disease, malignancy, and thromboembolic events guide this choice. In patients with active RA despite methotrexate use, tumor necrosis factor inhibitor is conditionally favored over JAKi for low-cardiovascular-risk patients and strongly favored in those with pre-existing cardiovascular disease or multiple cardiovascular risk factors. Suboptimal treatment of treatment-refractory RA patients may pose a greater absolute cardiovascular risk than with JAKi use. Use of aspirin and statin may be considered to reduce cardiovascular risk.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Summary</h3><p>New safety data on JAKi has redefined the treatment approach in RA. JAKi remains an important oral medication option in active RA despite treatment with bDMARDs, especially in those with low cardiovascular risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":10761,"journal":{"name":"Current Rheumatology Reports","volume":"71 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138689424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Possible Role of Dysbiosis of the Gut Microbiome in SLE.","authors":"F Naz Cemre Kalayci, Seza Ozen","doi":"10.1007/s11926-023-01115-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11926-023-01115-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>The resident gut microbiota serves as a double-edged sword that aids the host in multiple ways to preserve a healthy equilibrium and serve as early companions and boosters for the gradual evolution of our immune defensive layers; nevertheless, the perturbation of the symbiotic resident intestinal communities has a profound impact on autoimmunity induction, particularly in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Herein, we seek to critically evaluate the microbiome research in SLE with a focus on intestinal dysbiosis.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>SLE is a complex and heterogeneous disorder with self-attack due to loss of tolerance, and there is aberrant excessive immune system activation. There is mounting evidence suggesting that intestinal flora disturbances may accelerate the formation and progression of SLE, presumably through a variety of mechanisms, including intestinal barrier dysfunction and leaky gut, molecular mimicry, bystander activation, epitope spreading, gender bias, and biofilms. Gut microbiome plays a critical role in SLE pathogenesis, and additional studies are warranted to properly define the impact of gut microbiome in SLE, which can eventually lead to new and potentially safer management approaches for this debilitating disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":10761,"journal":{"name":"Current Rheumatology Reports","volume":" ","pages":"247-258"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41108228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Role of Environmental Factors in the Development of Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies: a Narrative Review.","authors":"Shintaro Yamamoto, Akira Yoshida, Takahisa Gono, Masataka Kuwana","doi":"10.1007/s11926-023-01120-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11926-023-01120-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>This review aims to evaluate recent findings on the role of environmental factors in the development and clinical presentation of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs).</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>A targeted literature review was conducted to identify reports relevant to the association between environmental factors and IIMs published over the past three years. There has been an increasing number of publications dealing with the association of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection or vaccination with the development of IIMs, highlighting the significant role of the antiviral immune response in the pathogenesis of the disease. Traditional environmental factors associated with the pathogenic process of IIM subclassifications included drugs such as statins and immune checkpoint inhibitors, ultraviolet radiation, smoking, air pollutants, and vitamin D deficiency. Correlations of seasonality and residence with the onset of certain IIM subtypes suggest a potential role of environmental triggers in the pathogenic process. An interplay between genetic predisposition and various environmental factors might contribute to the development of IIMs as well as the heterogeneous clinical and serological presentation of IIMs. The growing evidence on the role of environmental factors in the development of IIMs provides important clues to elucidate the pathophysiology of these disease entities. The mechanisms underlying the interactions between genetic predisposition and environmental factors should be investigated in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":10761,"journal":{"name":"Current Rheumatology Reports","volume":" ","pages":"264-275"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136396627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carly Conran, Jason Kolfenbach, Kristine Kuhn, Christopher Striebich, Larry Moreland
{"title":"A Review of Difficult-to-Treat Rheumatoid Arthritis: Definition, Clinical Presentation, and Management.","authors":"Carly Conran, Jason Kolfenbach, Kristine Kuhn, Christopher Striebich, Larry Moreland","doi":"10.1007/s11926-023-01117-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11926-023-01117-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>A subset of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who fail multiple biologic therapies are deemed to have \"difficult-to-treat\" (D2T) RA. In 2021, a European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology (EULAR) task force proposed a clinical definition of D2T RA. Here we review RA phenotypes and clinical assessment of RA, propose a different definition of D2T RA, discuss possible D2T RA risk factors, and summarize existing literature on the management of D2T RA.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>High disease activity at the time of diagnosis or prior to treatment with a biologic is associated with the development of D2T RA. Prolonged time from diagnosis to beginning treatment has been consistently associated with the development of D2T RA. Other clinical factors such as burden of disease, extraarticular disease, obesity, smoking, pain, fatigue, and psychological conditions have inconsistent associations with D2T RA according to current literature. D2T RA is a relatively new concept that represents an area of great need for research regarding the characterization of those with the disease as well as how best to treat the disease. With this gained knowledge, rheumatologists will be able to better identify patients at the time of diagnosis that are likely to develop D2T RA to help guide management.</p>","PeriodicalId":10761,"journal":{"name":"Current Rheumatology Reports","volume":" ","pages":"285-294"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41113427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Syed Obaidur Rahman, Frédérique Bariguian, Ali Mobasheri
{"title":"The Potential Role of Probiotics in the Management of Osteoarthritis Pain: Current Status and Future Prospects.","authors":"Syed Obaidur Rahman, Frédérique Bariguian, Ali Mobasheri","doi":"10.1007/s11926-023-01108-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11926-023-01108-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>This narrative review article comprehensively explains the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis (OA) pain perception, how the gut microbiota is correlated with it, possible molecular pathways involved in probiotics-mediated OA pain reduction, limitations in the current research approaches, and future perspectives.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>The initiation and progression of OA, including the development of chronic pain, is intricately associated with activation of the innate immune system and subsequent inflammatory responses. Trauma, lifestyle (e.g., obesity and metabolic disease), and chronic antibiotic treatment can disrupt commensal homeostasis of the human microbiome, thereby affecting intestinal integrity and promoting leakage of bacterial endotoxins and metabolites such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS) into circulation. Increased level of LPS is associated with knee osteophyte severity and joint pain. Both preclinical and clinical studies strongly suggest that probiotics may benefit patients with OA pain through positive gut microbiota modulation and attenuating low-grade inflammation via multiple pathways. Patent data also suggests increased interest in the development of new innovations that involve probiotic use for reducing OA and joint pain. Recent data suggest that probiotics are attracting more and more attention for OA pain management. The advancement of knowledge in this area may pave the way for developing different probiotic strains that can be used to support joint health, improve treatment outcomes in OA, and reduce the huge impact of the disease on healthcare systems worldwide.</p>","PeriodicalId":10761,"journal":{"name":"Current Rheumatology Reports","volume":" ","pages":"307-326"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10754743/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10186329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eva Vermeer, Renske C F Hebing, Maartje M van de Meeberg, Marry Lin, Tim G J de Meij, Eduard A Struys, Gerrit Jansen, Michael T Nurmohamed, Maja Bulatović Ćalasan, Robert de Jonge
{"title":"Oral Versus Subcutaneous Methotrexate in Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Disorders: an Update of the Current Literature.","authors":"Eva Vermeer, Renske C F Hebing, Maartje M van de Meeberg, Marry Lin, Tim G J de Meij, Eduard A Struys, Gerrit Jansen, Michael T Nurmohamed, Maja Bulatović Ćalasan, Robert de Jonge","doi":"10.1007/s11926-023-01116-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11926-023-01116-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This review aims to critically evaluate the potential benefit of either oral or subcutaneous administration of methotrexate (MTX) in various immune-mediated inflammatory disorders (IMIDs) through analysis of efficacy, toxicity, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of both administration routes.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Recent studies comparing the efficacy of oral versus subcutaneous MTX administration in IMIDs have revealed contradicting results. Some reported higher efficacy with subcutaneous administration, while others found no significant difference. Regarding toxicity, some studies have challenged the notion that subcutaneous administration is better tolerated than oral administration, while others have supported this. Pharmacokinetic studies suggest higher plasma bioavailability and increased accumulation of MTX-polyglutamates (MTX-PGs) in red blood cells (RBCs) with subcutaneous administration during the initial treatment phase. However, after several months, similar intracellular drug levels are observed with both administration routes. There is no conclusive evidence supporting the superiority of either oral or subcutaneous MTX administration in terms of efficacy and adverse events in IMIDs. Subcutaneous administration leads to higher plasma bioavailability and initial accumulation of MTX-PGs in RBCs, but the difference seems to disappear over time. Given the variable findings, the choice of administration route may be based on shared decision-making, offering patients the option of either oral or subcutaneous administration of MTX based on individual preferences and tolerability. Further research is needed to better understand the impact of MTX-PGs in various blood cells and TDM on treatment response and adherence to MTX therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":10761,"journal":{"name":"Current Rheumatology Reports","volume":" ","pages":"276-284"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10754736/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41093793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}