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IF 2.1 3区医学

Cornea Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-21 DOI: 10.1097/ICO.0000000000003937

Giulia Firmani, Christopher Ashton, Scott Hau, Romesh I Angunawela

引用次数: 0

Correlation of Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography and Slit-Lamp Imaging in Infectious Keratitis. 感染性角膜炎前段光学相干断层扫描与裂隙灯成像的相关性研究。

IF 2.1 3区医学

Cornea Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-01-10 DOI: 10.1097/ICO.0000000000003788

Farida Elzawahry, Costanza Rossi, Dalia Said, Harminder S Dua

{"title":"Correlation of Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography and Slit-Lamp Imaging in Infectious Keratitis.","authors":"Farida Elzawahry, Costanza Rossi, Dalia Said, Harminder S Dua","doi":"10.1097/ICO.0000000000003788","DOIUrl":"10.1097/ICO.0000000000003788","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: Anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) is increasingly being used to complement slit-lamp biomicroscopy in the evaluation of corneal infections. Our purpose was to analyze, compare, and correlate the clinical signs elicited by these 2 methods in patients with infectious keratitis (IK).Methods: Slit-lamp photomicrographs (diffuse and slit beam) and AS-OCT scans were obtained from 20 consecutive patients (21 eyes) with IK. AS-OCT horizontal line scans representing the top, middle, and bottom of the lesions were analyzed and compared with findings seen on slit-lamp photographs. Epithelial defects, thickness, irregularity; presence of infiltrate and its depth; corneal edema or melting; vascularization; Descemet membrane detachment; and presence of keratic precipitates were analyzed with both imaging techniques. AS-OCT features included hyperreflectivity, hyporeflectivity, shadowing, and tissue morphology. Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism 8.2.1.Results: AS-OCT was significantly more likely to detect corneal thickening ( P < 0.001), epithelial hyperplasia ( P = 0.027), infiltrate depth ( P < 0.001), presence of inflammatory plaque ( P = 0.0002), DM-endothelial complex undulations ( P < 0.001), keratic precipitates ( P = 0.0006), and Descemet membrane detachment (0.000), than slit-lamp imaging.Conclusions: AS-OCT can be a helpful adjunctive test in the evaluation of patients with IK. AS-OCT complements slit-lamp biomicroscopy and photography in the diagnosis and monitoring of IK and may serve an important role in telemedicine compared with slit-lamp photography alone.","PeriodicalId":10710,"journal":{"name":"Cornea","volume":" ","pages":"1388-1394"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142946216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

An Ex Vivo Model to Study Early Changes in Keratoconus. 圆锥角膜早期病变的离体模型研究。

IF 2.1 3区医学

Cornea Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-03 DOI: 10.1097/ICO.0000000000003903

Pritpal Kaur, Loren Moon, Deepti Sharma, Jiangxia Wang, Akrit Sodhi, Ian Pitha, Charles Eberhart, Uri Soiberman

{"title":"An Ex Vivo Model to Study Early Changes in Keratoconus.","authors":"Pritpal Kaur, Loren Moon, Deepti Sharma, Jiangxia Wang, Akrit Sodhi, Ian Pitha, Charles Eberhart, Uri Soiberman","doi":"10.1097/ICO.0000000000003903","DOIUrl":"10.1097/ICO.0000000000003903","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: To develop an ex vivo model for keratoconus that simulates eye rubbing, a hallmark characteristic of patients with this disease.Methods: Uniaxial stretch (3% strain, 6 h) was applied to human stromal caps placed in stretch chambers, followed by hematoxylin and eosin staining and evaluation of Bowman layer (BL) breaks in stretched corneas compared with unstretched controls. The impact of mechanical strain on corneal epithelium was also assessed by applying similar cyclical strain to mouse eyes, and changes in basal epithelium morphology were examined using F-actin immunostaining. In addition, Wnt10a and Col12a1 mRNA levels were analyzed in full-thickness epithelium.Results: Human corneas subjected to mechanical strain showed a significantly higher number of BL breaks compared with unstretched controls (2.0 ± 1 vs. 0.4 ± 0.53, P = 0.003). In mouse corneas, mechanical strain increased the basal epithelial cell width by 15% (7.16 ± 1.67 vs. 8.25 ± 1.82 μm, P < 0.001), while reducing the apical cell height by 8% (7.88 ± 1.93 vs. 7.30 ± 1.72, P = 0.025). Wnt10a and Col12a1 mRNA levels were reduced in stretched mouse epithelium compared with unstretched controls (67%, P = 0.0312; 65%, P = 0.0312, respectively).Conclusions: Eye rubbing is a well-known risk factor for the development and progression of keratoconus. By simulating eye rubbing using our ex vivo cyclical mechanical strain model reproduces changes that occur in early keratoconus. Specifically, this model recapitulates at least 3 elements of the keratoconus phenotype (BL breaks, enlargement of the basal epithelium, and reduction in transcript levels of Wnt10a and Col12a1 ), which makes it a valuable tool for the development of targeted drug therapies for progressive keratoconus.","PeriodicalId":10710,"journal":{"name":"Cornea","volume":" ","pages":"1410-1416"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144215123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Surgical Considerations for the Human Implantation of the Gore Synthetic Corneal Device. 戈尔人工角膜植入术的外科考虑。

IF 2.1 3区医学

Cornea Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-14 DOI: 10.1097/ICO.0000000000003950

Arturo Ramirez-Miranda, Gustavo Ortiz-Morales, Jorge L Domene-Hickman, Daniela Fabregas-Sanchez-Woodworth, Luis Garcia-Padilla, Alejandro Navas, Esen K Akpek, Enrique O Graue-Hernandez

{"title":"Surgical Considerations for the Human Implantation of the Gore Synthetic Corneal Device.","authors":"Arturo Ramirez-Miranda, Gustavo Ortiz-Morales, Jorge L Domene-Hickman, Daniela Fabregas-Sanchez-Woodworth, Luis Garcia-Padilla, Alejandro Navas, Esen K Akpek, Enrique O Graue-Hernandez","doi":"10.1097/ICO.0000000000003950","DOIUrl":"10.1097/ICO.0000000000003950","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: To describe the surgical technique for implantation of a novel flexible, suturable, intrastromal synthetic cornea device.Methods: This report is a description of a novel surgical technique. Adult patients (≥18 years) with corneal edema who met specific inclusion criteria were enrolled. Intraoperative anterior segment optical coherence tomography was used to guide the surgery. The surgical procedure was performed under general anesthesia, utilizing a modified intrastromal pocket technique for secure implantation. First, a 4-mm partial-thickness trephination was created using a hand-held disposable metal trephine, followed by the manual dissection of a 360-degree intrastromal lamellar pocket at midstromal depth. After having completed the full-thickness trephination, the corneal button was removed and the device was carefully inserted into the pocket, rotated for proper positioning with the optical stem extending full thickness within the trephination wound and the skirt secured within the stromal pocket using 16 interrupted 10-0 nylon sutures.Results: A total of 8 surgeries were initiated. The procedure had to be aborted in only one patient because of anterior perforation of the cornea. Seven surgeries were completed satisfactorily without complications. Intraoperative AS-OCT confirmed the correct positioning of the device within the corneal stromal pocket and excellent apposition of the optical stem within the trephination wound.Conclusions: The intrastromal pocket implantation technique provides secure fixation and proper centration of this novel synthetic cornea device. The flexibility and suturability of the device eliminate the need for a carrier donor cornea.","PeriodicalId":10710,"journal":{"name":"Cornea","volume":" ","pages":"1426-1430"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12479059/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144854805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Keratoconus in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Scoping Review. 撒哈拉以南非洲的圆锥角膜：范围审查。

IF 2.1 3区医学

Cornea Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-05 DOI: 10.1097/ICO.0000000000003940

Angeline Rivkin, Haley S D'Souza, Larry Prokop, Ashlie A Bernhisel

{"title":"Keratoconus in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Scoping Review.","authors":"Angeline Rivkin, Haley S D'Souza, Larry Prokop, Ashlie A Bernhisel","doi":"10.1097/ICO.0000000000003940","DOIUrl":"10.1097/ICO.0000000000003940","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: To assess the prevalence, associated conditions, diagnostic and treatment modalities, and provider education regarding the diagnosis and management of keratoconus (KCN) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) based on the currently available body of literature.Methods: Peer-reviewed publications from any year and any language were included. The databases included Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Embase, and Ovid. A separate search of African Journals Online was conducted using the same Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) terms as the database search. Additional publications were identified in the references during full-text extraction. The abstracts of all publications were evaluated by two reviewers. The full text was then examined by one reviewer for inclusion. A data extraction tool was used by a single reviewer to document the findings.Results: Sixty-two publications were included in data extraction. Fourteen countries in SSA were represented. Prevalence was reported in eight SSA countries and ranged from 0% to 2.8%. The highest prevalence of 1.2% was found in a cross-sectional study in Banjul, Gambia. Diagnosis in urban areas is often made using slit lamps, although some sites had access to keratometry and/or topography, whereas rural areas use penlight exams alone. Penetrating keratoplasty was reported as an available treatment in 14 manuscripts, glasses and hard contact lenses in 10, and corneal cross-linking in two. Publications discussing provider education reported a knowledge gap.Conclusions: There is a need for increased data on KCN in SSA to better inform public health policy to improve KCN patients' access to care and quality of life.","PeriodicalId":10710,"journal":{"name":"Cornea","volume":" ","pages":"1440-1449"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144793698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Role of Activating Transcription Factor 3 in Hyperosmotic Stress-Induced Human Corneal Epithelial Cell Damage. 激活转录因子3在高渗应激诱导的人角膜上皮细胞损伤中的作用

IF 2.1 3区医学

Cornea Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-13 DOI: 10.1097/ICO.0000000000003945

Min Gao, Chen Xing

{"title":"Role of Activating Transcription Factor 3 in Hyperosmotic Stress-Induced Human Corneal Epithelial Cell Damage.","authors":"Min Gao, Chen Xing","doi":"10.1097/ICO.0000000000003945","DOIUrl":"10.1097/ICO.0000000000003945","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: Dry eye disease with ocular surface inflammation leads to corneal epithelial cell damage. This study aims to investigate the role of activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) in hyperosmotic stress (HS)-induced damage in human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells and to identify new targets for dry eye disease treatment.Methods: HCE cells were treated with isotonic or hypertonic (312 and 500 mOsM) culture media for 24 hours and added by 94 mM of NaCl to achieve hyperosmotic conditions. After siRNA-ATF3 transfection, the expression of ATF3, LncRNA nuclear-enriched abundant transcript 1 (NEAT1), human antigen R (HuR), and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) were detected using qRT-PCR and western blot assays. Cell proliferation was analyzed by the CCK-8 assay. LDH, ROS, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels were measured. Cell apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry. ATF3 enrichment on the NEAT1 promoter was analyzed. The binding of ATF3 to the NEAT1 promoter and HuR to NEAT1 and TLR4 was analyzed. TLR4 mRNA stability was measured. Overexpression of NEAT1 or TLR4 combined with ATF3 knockdown was performed to verify the mechanism.Results: HS induced LDH release, ROS production, apoptosis, and inflammation in HCE cells and upregulated ATF3 expression. Knockdown of ATF3 alleviated above cell damage. ATF3 promoted NEAT1 expression, and NEAT1 enhanced the stability of TLR4 mRNA by binding to HuR. Overexpression of NEAT1 or TLR4 partially reversed the protective effect of ATF3 knockdown on HS-induced HCE cell damage.Conclusions: ATF3 promotes HS-induced damage in HCE cells by increasing TLR4 expression through upregulating NEAT1 expression.","PeriodicalId":10710,"journal":{"name":"Cornea","volume":" ","pages":"1400-1409"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144834400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Visual and Orthoptic Development After Descemet Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty for Congenital Hereditary Endothelial Dystrophy in Children Younger Than 8 Years: Case Series and Literature Review. 小于8岁的儿童因CHED而行DSAEK后的视力和正视发育：病例系列和文献回顾。

IF 2.1 3区医学

Cornea Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-01-28 DOI: 10.1097/ICO.0000000000003803

Antje Neugebauer, Caroline Gietzelt, Julia Fricke, Andrea Hedergott, Björn Bachmann, Claus Cursiefen

{"title":"Visual and Orthoptic Development After Descemet Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty for Congenital Hereditary Endothelial Dystrophy in Children Younger Than 8 Years: Case Series and Literature Review.","authors":"Antje Neugebauer, Caroline Gietzelt, Julia Fricke, Andrea Hedergott, Björn Bachmann, Claus Cursiefen","doi":"10.1097/ICO.0000000000003803","DOIUrl":"10.1097/ICO.0000000000003803","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: Congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy (CHED) impairs the sensitive phase of visual development. We examined results of Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) for CHED regarding the critical period for amblyogenic factors.Methods: Retrospective analysis of 11 eyes of 6 consecutive patients with CHED younger than 8 years treated with DSAEK and a PubMed-based literature search on management and optimal timing of the intervention.Results: Our series encompasses 11 eyes of 6 children who received 6 DSAEKs and 5 non- or partial DSAEKs. Mean age at surgery was 3.45 years (0.59-7.44). In 3 eyes, further interventions were necessary, 2 were Re-DSAEKs for early graft failure. At final visit, all 10 transplants with a follow-up >1 month were clear, and 2 corneas showed slight stromal opacification. Final visual acuity was 0.8-0.2 logMAR (mean 0.49) in 9 eyes with sufficient follow-up time in cooperative patients. Mean follow-up was 47 months. Six eyes showed postoperative hyperopia > 5D. We found literature reports on 58 DSAEK/non-DSAEK procedures in 36 children with CHED under 8 years, including 11 children under 2 years. Data show a trend for better visual outcomes of DSAEK in CHED at younger age. Non-DSAEKs seem to be associated with more graft complications.Conclusions: DSAEK for CHED in young children is an option for achieving corneal transparency with a trend toward better outcomes of surgery at younger age. The special features of amblyopia in CHED make studies with follow-up times to reach age for reliable acuity testing and recovery from amblyopia worthwhile.","PeriodicalId":10710,"journal":{"name":"Cornea","volume":" ","pages":"1359-1366"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143058067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Therapeutic Efficacy and Mechanisms of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Exosomes in the Treatment of Ocular Graft-Versus-Host Disease. 间充质干细胞及其外泌体治疗眼部移植物抗宿主病的疗效及机制

IF 2.1 3区医学

Cornea Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-03-27 DOI: 10.1097/ICO.0000000000003868

Chenxi Ye, Shuwan Liu, Jing Hong

{"title":"Therapeutic Efficacy and Mechanisms of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Exosomes in the Treatment of Ocular Graft-Versus-Host Disease.","authors":"Chenxi Ye, Shuwan Liu, Jing Hong","doi":"10.1097/ICO.0000000000003868","DOIUrl":"10.1097/ICO.0000000000003868","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: To provide a comprehensive overview of the clinical manifestations, pathophysiology, and current treatments of ocular graft-versus-host disease (oGVHD), and to explore the therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their exosomes (MSC-Exos) as novel treatments.Methods: A literature review was conducted using major databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus) to identify studies published between 2000 and 2024. The focus was on clinical trials, case series, and experimental studies related to oGVHD. Data were synthesized to summarize current knowledge.Results: oGVHD affects 40% to 60% of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation recipients, causing symptoms such as dryness, irritation, and vision impairment. Current treatments often fail to provide long-term relief and may cause significant side effects. MSCs and MSC-Exos offer a promising alternative because of their immunosuppressive and regenerative properties. Preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated their safety and efficacy in improving oGVHD symptoms and promoting corneal health.Conclusions: MSCs and MSC-Exos show promise in treating oGVHD, with potential to improve symptoms and promote tissue repair. Further research is needed to establish their long-term safety and efficacy.","PeriodicalId":10710,"journal":{"name":"Cornea","volume":" ","pages":"1431-1439"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12479065/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143729276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Brittle Cornea Syndrome Type 1 in Siblings: Severe Presentation in One and Misdiagnosis as Primary Congenital Glaucoma in the Other. 兄弟姐妹1型脆性角膜综合征：一例表现严重，另一例误诊为原发性先天性青光眼。

IF 2.1 3区医学

Cornea Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-28 DOI: 10.1097/ICO.0000000000003939

Sonam Yangzes, Anupriya Kaur, Survadeep Mitra, Shivam Garg, Anchal Thakur, Jitender Jinagal, Amit Gupta, Chintan Malhotra

{"title":"Brittle Cornea Syndrome Type 1 in Siblings: Severe Presentation in One and Misdiagnosis as Primary Congenital Glaucoma in the Other.","authors":"Sonam Yangzes, Anupriya Kaur, Survadeep Mitra, Shivam Garg, Anchal Thakur, Jitender Jinagal, Amit Gupta, Chintan Malhotra","doi":"10.1097/ICO.0000000000003939","DOIUrl":"10.1097/ICO.0000000000003939","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: The purpose of this study was to present two cases of brittle cornea syndrome (BCS) in siblings, one with severe corneal perforation and the other misdiagnosed as primary congenital glaucoma, emphasizing clinical, histopathological, and genetic findings.Methods: This was a case report involving a 4-year-old boy and his 8-year-old brother, both presenting with thin, steep corneas. Clinical examination, Pentacam imaging, genetic analysis, systemic evaluation, and corneal histopathology were performed.Results: The younger sibling presented with corneal perforation after trauma, and histopathology revealed a markedly thinned corneal stroma with disrupted collagen architecture. Genetic testing confirmed a zinc finger protein (ZNF)469 mutation, consistent with brittle cornea syndrome type 1 (BCS1). Sanger sequencing of the older sibling, who was previously misdiagnosed with primary congenital glaucoma, identified the same ZNF469 mutation. He exhibited corneal thinning, bluish sclera, and healthy optic discs.Conclusions: These cases highlight the variability in BCS presentations, the risk of misdiagnosis as glaucoma, and the importance of early genetic testing and protective measures. Histopathological findings provide additional insights into the structural abnormalities in BCS corneas.","PeriodicalId":10710,"journal":{"name":"Cornea","volume":" ","pages":"1417-1422"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144728491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Letter Regarding: Investigating Risk Factors for Meibomian Gland Dysfunction and Loss Among Young Medical Trainees. 关于“调查年轻医学培训生眉板腺功能障碍和丧失的危险因素”的信。

IF 2.1 3区医学

Cornea Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-12 DOI: 10.1097/ICO.0000000000003959

Manasi Tripathi, Ashish Markan

引用次数: 0