{"title":"The moderating role of reporting quality","authors":"Christine Cuny, Svenja Dube","doi":"10.1111/1911-3846.12991","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1911-3846.12991","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper examines whether the sensitivity of local government credit ratings to external signals about the local economy varies with the quality of the governments' financial reports. We find the credit ratings of local governments that are required to comply with GAAP are less sensitive to changes in local home values than similarly affected governments that are not required to comply with GAAP. Further, we show that GAAP's moderating role increased after Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) 34 substantially improved the quality of GAAP-compliant governments' financial reports, which helps to attribute the main findings to reporting quality. To understand the mechanism, we study positive and negative economic signals separately. The results are pronounced when the change in home values is negative, consistent with reporting quality decreasing the rating agency's uncertainty about local governments' preexisting likelihood of default. We conclude that credit rating agencies are less sensitive to local economic signals when the local government's financial reports are of higher quality.</p>","PeriodicalId":10595,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Accounting Research","volume":"42 1","pages":"94-120"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143646236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Deferred compensation, managerial retirement, and the stewardship perspective of financial accounting","authors":"Ulrich Schäfer, Christoph Pelger","doi":"10.1111/1911-3846.12993","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1911-3846.12993","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Deferred compensation is often proposed as an instrument to prevent managerial myopia. However, empirical studies show that its practical use is limited when it comes to managerial retirement. We study the optimal design of accounting-based deferred compensation for retiring managers. While deferred compensation is useful in establishing long-term incentives, it causes contracting frictions in subsequent periods. Deferred bonuses of retiring managers imply inefficiently weak incentives for incoming managers. This down-scaling effect renders deferred compensation less useful in providing long-term incentives. We also find that the down-scaling effect has implications for the desirability of accounting timeliness—that is, the timely recognition of future cash flows in current accounting earnings—from a stewardship perspective. If managers' long-term actions are sufficiently important, higher timeliness can cause more myopic managerial incentives.</p>","PeriodicalId":10595,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Accounting Research","volume":"42 1","pages":"70-93"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1911-3846.12993","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143646244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Raising the stakes: How progressive tax rates affect risk-taking by pass-through businesses","authors":"Duke Ferguson, Trent J. Krupa, Rick C. Laux","doi":"10.1111/1911-3846.12992","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1911-3846.12992","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We examine how progressive individual tax rates affect risk-taking by pass-through businesses (PTBs). PTBs generate over 60% of US business income and make up roughly 95% of business tax returns, yet there is limited research on how progressive tax rates affect project selection. We study PTBs using the setting of thoroughbred racing and examine how progressive tax rates affect the decision to enter a risky stakes race or a less risky allowance race. This setting provides a unique opportunity to observe the choice between two mutually exclusive projects that differ only in expected payoffs and risk. Using a difference-in-differences design surrounding the reduction in progressivity under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, we find that investment in stakes races increases in the United States relative to Canada. We find further evidence of a negative relation between progressive tax rates and risk-taking using a plausibly exogenous shock in progressivity in California and exploiting cross-sectional variation in the progressivity of state tax rates. Overall, our findings should be of interest to policy-makers considering changes to progressive rates. Results indicate that increases to progressive tax rates may discourage risk-taking by the small businesses that drive economic growth.</p>","PeriodicalId":10595,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Accounting Research","volume":"42 1","pages":"39-69"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1911-3846.12992","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143646243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A narrative analysis of the justifications and excuses of serious employee fraud offenders","authors":"Paul Andon, Clinton Free","doi":"10.1111/1911-3846.12985","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1911-3846.12985","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Most fraud research in accounting has focused on controls rather than offenders' subjective experience, meaning that our understanding of motive in fraud (defined as linguistic devices employed to justify, interpret, or excuse actions) remains underexplored. This is particularly the case for employee fraud, which has been largely neglected relative to top management fraud or financial statement fraud. To provide a richer understanding of how fraud offenders make sense of their offending, we interviewed 30 serious employee fraud offenders to better investigate their typal vocabularies of motive. We focus on holistic narrative accounts to provide insights into the common justifications and excuses presented by employee fraud offenders. We develop a taxonomy of narrative constructions based on the explanatory locus of the accounts offered by offenders. We identify three common justifications, (1) inconsequentiality motives, (2) permission motives, and (3) unfair treatment motives, and three common excuses, (4) personal crisis motives, (5) addiction motives, and (6) appeasement motives. We draw implications for researching fraud, organizational control, and ethics in accounting education.</p>","PeriodicalId":10595,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Accounting Research","volume":"42 1","pages":"7-38"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143645845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elizabeth Demers, Fabio B. Gaertner, Asad Kausar, Heather Li, Logan B. Steele
{"title":"Aggregate tone and gross domestic product","authors":"Elizabeth Demers, Fabio B. Gaertner, Asad Kausar, Heather Li, Logan B. Steele","doi":"10.1111/1911-3846.12996","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1911-3846.12996","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We examine whether the change in earnings announcement textual tone, aggregated across individual publicly traded firms, helps predict gross domestic product (GDP) growth. The literature finds that changes in aggregate accounting earnings do help predict GDP growth, but only when aggregate earnings changes are negative. Because conservative accounting rules limit managers' ability to communicate positive news promptly, we examine the tone of quarterly corporate earnings announcements as a possible source of timely positive information provided by firms. We find that the change in aggregate tone in the earnings announcements from the same quarter in the previous year predicts one-quarter-ahead GDP growth, but only when the change is positive. Our study contributes to the literature by investigating the relation between aggregate corporate disclosure tone and macroeconomic outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":10595,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Accounting Research","volume":"41 4","pages":"2574-2599"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1911-3846.12996","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142764135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jeremy Douthit, Zhiping (Kyle) Mao, Patrick Martin
{"title":"Tend to one's own house: The effect of firm CSR on employee effort","authors":"Jeremy Douthit, Zhiping (Kyle) Mao, Patrick Martin","doi":"10.1111/1911-3846.12987","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1911-3846.12987","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We examine whether a firm's corporate social responsibility (CSR) actions that benefit external parties can cause the firm's employees to reduce their effort. We expect employees will reduce their effort in response to their firm's external CSR actions when they perceive that they are treated poorly by the firm <i>and</i> that the firm's external CSR actions use resources that could have been readily transferred toward improving employee treatment. We expect that, when employees hold both of these perceptions, they will react negatively to the firm's CSR actions due to heightened feelings of unfairness. Results support our expectations and theory. We find that employees respond negatively to CSR only when they perceive that they are treated poorly by their firm <i>and</i> that CSR uses transferable resources. Further, we find these effects are driven by employees' perceptions of the fairness of their firm's actions toward employees. Our study suggests that firms should consider how employees perceive their treatment by the firm and the transferability of the resources used for CSR actions that benefit external parties.</p>","PeriodicalId":10595,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Accounting Research","volume":"41 4","pages":"2488-2513"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142764481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Public enforcement through independent directors","authors":"Xiaoxi Li, Pingui Rao, Yong George Yang, Heng Yue","doi":"10.1111/1911-3846.12989","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1911-3846.12989","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We examine how public enforcement and private enforcement interact to contain self-dealing activities in emerging markets. Using data from China, we find that firms receiving comment letters concerning related party transactions (RPTs) from stock exchanges significantly reduce their RPTs in subsequent years. We further find that (1) the subsequent reduction in RPTs is more pronounced when independent directors have higher career or reputation concerns and (2) independent directors are more likely to dissent or resign if their firms do not significantly reduce RPTs after receiving RPT comment letters, especially if they have high reputation concerns. Our study sheds light on a within-firm mechanism through which public enforcement takes effect. Our empirical findings also illustrate how “sunshine enforcement”—maintaining timely transparency of the enforcement process—can significantly enhance the effectiveness of regulatory programs.</p>","PeriodicalId":10595,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Accounting Research","volume":"41 4","pages":"2514-2545"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142764482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Auditor distraction: The case of outside job opportunities for external auditors and audit quality","authors":"Matthew Ege, Young Hoon Kim, Dechun Wang","doi":"10.1111/1911-3846.12994","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1911-3846.12994","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Public accountants are in high demand by non-accounting firms. While this demand attracts high-quality accountants to public accounting, it can negatively impact audit quality by distracting auditors. We find that the number of metropolitan statistical area–level busy season job postings for public accountants by non-accounting firms is positively associated with misstatements. Results are most pronounced (1) when outside job opportunities are from non–publicly traded companies, which likely provide better work-life balance, and (2) when auditors are under a heavier workload, as captured by higher audit fee-to-auditor ratios and increased job postings by audit offices leading into the busy season. Results also suggest that accounting firms that provide large pay increases before the busy season can mitigate the negative audit-quality effects of busy season job postings for public accountants. These results suggest that accounting firms are not immune to negative effects of auditor distraction from outside job opportunities despite accounting firms knowing that their auditors are highly sought after by non-accounting firms.</p>","PeriodicalId":10595,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Accounting Research","volume":"41 4","pages":"2546-2573"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142764483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Discretionary dissemination on Twitter","authors":"Richard M. Crowley, Wenli Huang, Hai Lu","doi":"10.1111/1911-3846.12986","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1911-3846.12986","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The study provides large-scale descriptive evidence on the timing and nature of corporate financial tweeting. Using an unsupervised machine learning approach to analyze 24 million tweets posted by S&P 1500 firms from 2012 to 2020, we find that firms are more likely to tweet financial information around significantly negative or positive news events, such as earnings announcements and the filing of financial statements. This convex U-shaped relation between the likelihood of posting financial tweets and the materiality of accounting events becomes stronger over time. Whereas research based on early samples concludes that firms are less likely to disseminate financial information on Twitter when the news is bad and material, the symmetric dissemination behavior we find suggests that these conclusions should be revised. We also show that a machine learning algorithm (Twitter-Latent Dirichlet Allocation) is superior to a dictionary approach in classifying short messages like tweets.</p>","PeriodicalId":10595,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Accounting Research","volume":"41 4","pages":"2454-2487"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1911-3846.12986","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142764436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bank relationship and contractual flexibility: Evidence from covenant enforcement","authors":"Yong Kyu Gam, Chunbo Liu","doi":"10.1111/1911-3846.12984","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1911-3846.12984","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper investigates how banks utilize soft information to provide contractual flexibility in loan covenant enforcement. We find that relationship lenders are significantly less likely than non-relationship lenders to enforce covenants for material violations when borrowers are potentially in breach of financial covenants. The mitigation of information asymmetry by relationship lending, as opposed to alternative explanations, serves as the underlying mechanism. Furthermore, relationship borrowers with potential covenant breaches are less likely to experience increases in loan interest rates after renegotiation, to adopt conservative financial or investment policies, or to file for bankruptcy. Following potential covenant breaches of borrowers, relationship banks are better able to preserve regulatory capital and secure future lending business. Our findings suggest that soft information accumulated during lending relationships is vital for banks to provide contractual flexibility.</p>","PeriodicalId":10595,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Accounting Research","volume":"41 4","pages":"2417-2453"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142764467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}