ACM Sigcaph Computers and The Physically Handicapped最新文献

{"title":"Using a cyberlink mental interface for relaxation and controlling a robot","authors":"Eamon P. Doherty, Gary Stephenson, W. Engel","doi":"10.1145/569309.569310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/569309.569310","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses a brain computer interface technology that allows disabled persons with physical and/or mental disabilities to control a computer to play games and communicate at a basic level. It was interesting that a head administrator at the institution where the research took place noted that it was her opinion that the people who took part in the research seemed more relaxed, a little more self confident, and many appeared to really reduce their involuntary movements during game playing. The researcher asked a group of people to relax at the beginning and end of each test session over a period of approximately a year. A data capture program using a FFT (fast fourier transform) averaged the amplitude of EMG (Electromyograph) signal waves over five seconds to measure relaxation. The data was tabulated by and the results are displayed. The Cyberlink target audience was found to be intelligent persons with no other method of operating input devices or controlling their environment. It was discovered during formal interviews and during experiments that quadriplegic persons wished to use the Cyberlink not only for communication and recreation but to also power a robotic arm much as one uses a prosthetic arm.","PeriodicalId":105690,"journal":{"name":"ACM Sigcaph Computers and The Physically Handicapped","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114408126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A pilot study to examine the mobility problems of visually impaired users travelling the web","authors":"S. Harper, C. Goble, R. Stevens","doi":"10.1145/569309.569311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/569309.569311","url":null,"abstract":"The Towel project seeks to find solutions to problems encountered by both visually impaired and sighted users when travelling in the World Wide Web by leveraging solutions found in real-world mobility and applying them to the virtual world. Visually impaired users find mobility on the Web particularly difficult because of the reliance of hypermedia on visual layout and large viewable areas that facilitate and enhance sighted mobility. Hypertext design and usability has traditionally concentrated upon navigation to facilitate this mobility; consequently other aspects of travel are neglected and web mobility has suffered. Similarly, the Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) Guidelines do not take a holistic view of travel and therefore in both these cases a fully rounded view of mobility cannot be formulated. This paper presents the basis for these assertions by drawing analogies between real-world and virtual-world mobility, and then attempts to substantiate these analogies by conducting a pilot study of virtual mobility on a focus group of both sighted and visually impaired web users. Knowledge of the differences in travel between visually impaired and sighted people will enable the design of better user agents and web content for visually impaired users as well as the sighted community.","PeriodicalId":105690,"journal":{"name":"ACM Sigcaph Computers and The Physically Handicapped","volume":"176 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132246320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing nonverbal human computer interaction with expression recognition","authors":"K. Karpouzis, N. Tsapatsoulis, A. Raouzaiou, George Moshovitis, S. Kollias","doi":"10.1145/569244.569245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/569244.569245","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes an integrated system for human emotion recognition, which is used to provide feedback about the relevance or impact of the information that is presented to the user. Other techniques in this field extract explicit motion fields from the areas of interest and classify them with the help of templates or training sets; the proposed system, however, compares indication of muscle activation from the human face to data taken from similar actions of a 3-d head model. This comparison takes place at curve level, with each curve being drawn from detected feature points in an image sequence or from selected vertices of the polygonal model. The result of this process is identification of the muscles that contribute to the detected motion; this conclusion can then be used in conjunction with the Mimic Language, a table structure that maps groups of muscles to emotions. This method can be applied to either frontal or rotated views, as the curves that are calculated are easier to rotate in 3-d space than motion vector fields. The notion of describing motion with specific points is also supported in MPEG-4 and the relevant encoded data can be used in the same context, to eliminate the need to use machine vision techniques.","PeriodicalId":105690,"journal":{"name":"ACM Sigcaph Computers and The Physically Handicapped","volume":"256 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123611623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Designing earcons with musical grammars","authors":"J. Hankinson, A. Edwards","doi":"10.1145/569306.569307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/569306.569307","url":null,"abstract":"Many blind and partially-sighted computer users have come to rely on auditory computer interfaces to interact with their computer. By recognising sounds made by the computer, blind users can extract information from the auditory display which is presented visually to sighted users. Sighted users can also benefit from using an auditory interface in conjunction with their existing visual display.Earcons have evolved as a means of representing concepts in such auditory displays as short sound motives. These motives usually consist of a small number of notes, with a distinct rhythm and dynamic contour. They are constructed according to rules devised by Blattner [1] and developed by Brewster et al. [2, 3]. Although they appear to be musical fragments, many fundamental musical concepts are not taken into account during their design.In fact, many early earcon designers tended restrict the maximum number of notes within an earcon to four, as any longer sequence would have a melodic connotation. The presence of a tune was thought to be distracting and hence the use of musical tensions, etc. was avoided. Instead of shying away from the powerful capabilities music affords, it is postulated here that musical structures should be used to our advantage, to remove the tight restrictions placed upon the design of earcons.It is proposed that the use of a musical grammar during the design of a set of earcons can impose a number of valuable constraints upon the choice of earcon motif. These constraints are advantageous as they allow a basic structure to be built into the surface form of each earcon. This in turn allows only certain combinations of earcons to combine with each other. A grammatical property is therefore imposed upon the interface which provides extra feedback to the user when inappropriate combinations occur.","PeriodicalId":105690,"journal":{"name":"ACM Sigcaph Computers and The Physically Handicapped","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132126257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A real-time assistive computer interface for users with motor disabilities","authors":"A. Barreto, S. Scargle, M. Adjouadi","doi":"10.1145/569270.569272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/569270.569272","url":null,"abstract":"This study introduces the design of an integrated assistive real-time system developed as an alternate input device to computers that can be used by individuals with severe motor disabilities. An assistive technology device as defined by the Assistive Technology Act of 1998 is \"any item, piece of equipment, or product system, whether acquired commercially, modified, or customized, that is used to increase, maintain, or improve the functional capabilities of individuals with disabilities\". The proposed real-time system design utilizes electromyographic (EMG) biosignals from cranial muscles and electroencephalographic (EEG) biosignals from the cerebrum's occipital lobe, which are transformed into controls for two-dimensional (2-D) cursor movement, the Left-Click (Enter) command, and an ON/OFF switch for the cursor-control functions. This HCI system classifies biosignals into \"mouse\" functions by applying amplitude thresholds and performing power spectral density (PSD) estimations on discrete windows of data, Spectral power summations are aggregated over several frequency bands between 8 and 500 Hz and then compared to produce the correct classification. The result is an affordable DSP-based system that, when combined with an on-screen keyboard, enables the user to fully operate a computer without using any extremities.","PeriodicalId":105690,"journal":{"name":"ACM Sigcaph Computers and The Physically Handicapped","volume":"34 5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132761913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incorporating clinical diagnoses in the prediction of performance on computer-based tasks for low vision users","authors":"J. Jacko","doi":"10.1145/569270.569271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/569270.569271","url":null,"abstract":"Researchers focusing on investigations of human-computer interaction are developing a heightened awareness of the challenges that impede universal access to information technologies. Furthermore, researchers are acknowledging that low vision computer users represent a sizeable portion of the computing community for whom information technologies must be made available if we are to claim successful universal access.The low vision computing community represents a vast array of visual capabilities and limitations. Thus, it has been challenging for researchers to characterize this community in a meaningfully empirical way. As a result, research and design to-date have depicted low vision computer users as a single collection of individuals possessing comparable capabilities, limitations and needs. The danger is that researchers and designers overlook the individual differences in low vision computer users that render each of them more or less able to effectively utilize computing technologies.Investigations of human-computer interactions should include clinical profiles that capture the essence of the visual capabilities of the population in question. This will enable adequate representation of the individual differences that exist between low vision computer users. In addition, we must understand (Jacko & Sears, 1998):•• how a person's visual profile drives system configuration choices,• how changes in one's visual profile motivate transitions from one configuration to another, and• how visual profiles drive the interaction strategies that are adopted during task execution.The author, a member of the ACM and Assistant Professor of Industrial Engineering at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, was awarded a five-year, $500,000 Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers (PECASE) to investigate these and related issues in her research titled, \"Universal Access to the Graphical User Interface: Design for the Partially Sighted.\" Jacko was one of twenty National Science Foundation (NSF)-supported researchers to receive the award.The research is a collaborative effort with ophthalmologists from the Bascom Palmer Eye Institute of the University of Miami School of Medicine, the Digital Signal Processing Laboratory at Florida International University, and The Miami Lighthouse for the Blind.","PeriodicalId":105690,"journal":{"name":"ACM Sigcaph Computers and The Physically Handicapped","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130415254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A report on the second meeting and workshop of the international scientific forum “towards an information society for all”","authors":"C. Stephanidis, A. Karshmer","doi":"10.1145/298922.298925","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/298922.298925","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":105690,"journal":{"name":"ACM Sigcaph Computers and The Physically Handicapped","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117002739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic patterns as an alternative to conventional text for the partially sighted","authors":"D. Veal","doi":"10.1145/288076.288078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/288076.288078","url":null,"abstract":"When the partially sighted can no longer read even enlarged conventional text then possible aids include Touch Braille and speech synthesis. Touch Braille has proved to be very useful for those with no vision and also for the partially sighted who can only read with difficulty and hence liable to suffer from early fatigue. However, both of these aids lack any visual feedback useful for those with some residual sight. Visual Braille may also be of use but is limited to a given set of standard patterns. It should be noted that many partially sighted people may still be able to see a few areas of different color which maybe sufficient to allow different combinations of colored elements to represent a useful character set.The authors propose a possible alternative reading aid called Dynamic Pattern System (DPS) where each pattern or series of patterns can represent an ASCII character. Each pattern consists of a number of distinct areas, each of which can assume one of a set number of colors. A particular set of patterns representing a character set is known as a patternset. There are many conditions that can lead to partial sight and hence these patternsets may be individualised to each user thereby making full use of their limited vision. This can be regarded as an interface matching solution.The input or output of a DPS can be read as standard text by conventional text-based word processors, web browsers and other standard IT equipment. Using a DPS it may be possible for some partially sighted users to communicate with each other each using their own individualised patternset. Furthermore a fully sighted person may be able to both send and receive conventional text when communicating with a person using a DPS. An extensive literature search has failed to find any comparable work.Hence the advantages of such a system include:-• Standard PCs (minimum 386, Windows 3.x, 4M RAM) with no special equipment may be used to encourage the full integration of some partially sighted individuals, who are unable to read even enlarged text, into a standard office environment.• A standard PC running DPS may be used by the fully sighted.• DPS is a very small (one floppy disk) and easy to use software driven user interface requiring no special hardware and hence offers a low cost solution.• Individualized patternsets may allow the most effective use of a user's limited vision.","PeriodicalId":105690,"journal":{"name":"ACM Sigcaph Computers and The Physically Handicapped","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122559649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intelligent animated agents for interactive language training","authors":"R. Cole, T. Carmell, Pam Connors, Michael W. Macon, J. Wouters, Jacques de Villiers, Alice Tarachow, D. Massaro, Michael M. Cohen, J. Beskow, Jie Yang, U. Meier, A. Waibel, P. Stone, Alice Davis, Chris Soland, George E. Fortier","doi":"10.1145/288076.288077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/288076.288077","url":null,"abstract":"This report describes a three-year project, now eight months old, to develop interactive learning tools for language training with profoundly deaf children. The tools combine four key technologies: speech recognition, developed at the Oregon Graduate Institute; speech synthesis, developed at the University of Edinburgh and modified at OGI; facial animation, developed at University of California, Santa Cruz; and face tracking and speech reading, developed at Carnegie Mellon University. These technologies are being combined to create an intelligent conversational agent; a three-dimensional face that produces and understands auditory and visual speech. The agent has been incorporated into CSLU Toolkit, a software environment for developing and researching spoken language systems. We describe our experiences in bringing interactive learning tools to classrooms at the Tucker-Maxon Oral School in Portland, Oregon, and the technological advances that are required for this project to succeed.","PeriodicalId":105690,"journal":{"name":"ACM Sigcaph Computers and The Physically Handicapped","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130632598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing prosthetic fitting through the use of information technology","authors":"S. Yager, June Koelker","doi":"10.1145/569295.569296","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/569295.569296","url":null,"abstract":"Information Technology (IT) is a key factor in transforming what consumers once considered goods into services. This transformation has important implications for organizations, changing the measurement of quality from manufacturing-to-specifications terms to meeting and/or exceeding customer expectation terms. Employees in the organization may respond with resistance to attempts to implement a new customer focus, not realizing the service nature of \"information added\" goods. Customer involvement is the overriding concept which is implicit in the difference between goods and services Specifically,• Customers spark the initiation of the production of the service.• Customers shape the service product during its production.• Customers use the service product immediately after its production.• Customer perceptions and expectations provide the measurement criteria for the quality of service.A transformation is defined as a dramatic and sustainable improvement in performance, achieved within an aggressive time frame, involving strategic repositioning, and enterprise-wide culture change -- an entirely new approach to doing business (Anonymous 1994). IT enables companies to transform themselves and their product offerings. A recent study characterized IT as enabling:… a company to pursue new strategies it never thought possible. It can be used by organizations to 'recast' their business processes, frequently in dramatic ways. The proper application of information technology can play an important role in improving the company's operations and enhancing its capability to react to a fast-moving environment … The role of information technology in a business has moved from that of supporting the business, in the form of data processing, to being the change agent, at the heart of strategy and process redesign (Anonymous 1994, 4-5).IT greatly changes the processes involved in providing products. It supports the automation of production facilities, increases the output of workers who manufacture goods, and enhances the ability of those manufacturing goods or those providing services to add information value to their activity. IT systems are so important that many businesses cannot survive without them (Ford 1994); whole fields of service industries now exist due to the presence of IT.Initial implementations of IT computerized manual systems or modified processes to allow for faster levels of activities (Ford 1994). Now IT increasingly adds value to products (Taylor 1986). Historically, IT enabled workers to produce goods more quickly and uniformly through mechanization. Today's IT includes the mechanization of manual processes along with an information value component. This information value component allows individual customization at the time of manufacture. Customers have varying expectations and needs, and no longer do all customers have to purchase the same goods, manufactured to one specification. Earlier IT could not readily accommodate a manufacturing en","PeriodicalId":105690,"journal":{"name":"ACM Sigcaph Computers and The Physically Handicapped","volume":"216 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116527269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}