CoatingsPub Date : 2024-08-11DOI: 10.3390/coatings14081018
Dorota Laskowska, Katarzyna Mitura, Błażej Bałasz, Piotr Wilczek, Aneta Samotus, Witold Kaczorowski, Jacek Grabarczyk, Lucie Svobodová, Totka Bakalova, Stanisław Mitura
{"title":"The Evaluation of the Cytotoxicity and Corrosion Processes of Porous Structures Manufactured Using Binder Jetting Technology from Stainless Steel 316L with Diamond-like Carbon Coating","authors":"Dorota Laskowska, Katarzyna Mitura, Błażej Bałasz, Piotr Wilczek, Aneta Samotus, Witold Kaczorowski, Jacek Grabarczyk, Lucie Svobodová, Totka Bakalova, Stanisław Mitura","doi":"10.3390/coatings14081018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14081018","url":null,"abstract":"With the growing interest in additive manufacturing technology, assessing the biocompatibility of manufactured elements for medical and veterinary applications has become crucial. This study aimed to investigate the corrosion properties and cytotoxicity of porous structures designed to enhance the osseointegration potential of implant surfaces. The structures were fabricated using BJ technology from 316L stainless steel powder, and their surfaces were modified with a DLC coating. The studies carried out on porous metal samples with and without DLC coatings demonstrated low cytotoxicity. However, no significant differences were found between the uncoated and DLC-coated samples, likely due to variations in the thickness of the coating on the porous samples and the occurrence of mechanical damage.","PeriodicalId":10520,"journal":{"name":"Coatings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141946280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
CoatingsPub Date : 2024-08-10DOI: 10.3390/coatings14081017
Haitao Liu, Jincan Dong, Shijun Liang, Weiqiang Li, Yong Liu
{"title":"Effect of Trace Elements on the Thermal Stability and Electrical Conductivity of Pure Copper","authors":"Haitao Liu, Jincan Dong, Shijun Liang, Weiqiang Li, Yong Liu","doi":"10.3390/coatings14081017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14081017","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: The impact of introducing trace transition elements on the thermal stability and conductivity of pure copper was examined through metallographic microscopy (OM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and electrical conductivity measurements; the interaction between trace transition element and trace impurity element S in the matrix was analyzed. The results show that the addition of trace Ti and trace Cr, Ni, and Ag elements significantly enhances the thermal stability of the pure copper grain size. After high-temperature treatment at 900 °C/30 min, the grain sizes of Cu, Cu-Ti-S, and Cu-Cr-Ni-Ag-S were measured and found to be 200.24 μm, 83.83 μm, and 31.08 μm, respectively, thus establishing a thermal stability ranking of Cu-Cr-Ni-Ag-S > Cu-Ti-S > Cu. Furthermore, the conductivities of pure copper remain high even after the addition of trace transition elements, with recorded values for Cu, Cu-Ti-S, and Cu-Cr-Ni-Ag-S of 100.7% IACS, 100.2% IACS, and 98.5% IACS, respectively. The enhancement of thermal stability is primarily attributed to the pinning effect of the TiS and CrS phases, as well as the solid solution dragging of Ni and Ag elements. Trace Ti and Cr elements can react with S impurities to form a hexagonal-structure TiS phase and monoclinic-structure CrS phase, which are non-coherent with the matrix. Notably, the CrS phase is smaller than the TiS phase. In addition, the precipitation of these compounds also reduces the scattering of free electrons by solute atoms, thereby minimizing their impact on the alloy’s conductivity.","PeriodicalId":10520,"journal":{"name":"Coatings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141946283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Influence of Rust Layers on Calcareous Deposits’ Performance and Protection Current Density in the Cathodic Protection Process","authors":"Wei Zhang, Xinran Wang, Haojie Li, Zhifeng Lin, Zhiwei Chen","doi":"10.3390/coatings14081015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14081015","url":null,"abstract":"Calcareous deposits are a consequential outcome of cathodic protection in marine environments, exerting significant influence on the cathodic protection process and current density prerequisites. This study investigates the process of calcium deposition and its impact on the cathodic protection current density of carbon steel under the influence of a rust layer in different corrosion periods. This was investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The results demonstrate that the formation processes of calcareous deposits vary after exposure to the corrosive environment for 0, 7, and 30 days. While a longer corrosion period leads to thicker rust layers on the metal surface and a higher initial cathodic protection current, the presence of these rust layers facilitates the deposition of calcium and magnesium ions, resulting in a rapid decrease in cathodic protection current density after a certain period. Meanwhile, long-term cathodic protection facilitates the thickening and densification of the oxide layer, thereby enhancing its protective efficacy, effectively reducing the corrosion rate of the metal surface and stabilizing the cathodic protection current density at a lower level. This study provides theoretical data and experimental evidence to support the maintenance of corroded marine engineering equipment.","PeriodicalId":10520,"journal":{"name":"Coatings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141946281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
CoatingsPub Date : 2024-08-10DOI: 10.3390/coatings14081016
Alina Ruxandra Caramitu, Romeo Cristian Ciobanu, Mihaela Aradoaei, Magdalena Valentina Lungu, Nicoleta Oana Nicula, Eduard Marius Lungulescu
{"title":"Endurance to Multiple Factors of Water-Based Electrically Conductive Paints with Metallic Microparticles","authors":"Alina Ruxandra Caramitu, Romeo Cristian Ciobanu, Mihaela Aradoaei, Magdalena Valentina Lungu, Nicoleta Oana Nicula, Eduard Marius Lungulescu","doi":"10.3390/coatings14081016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14081016","url":null,"abstract":"The paper describes the innovative adaptation of some specific environmental tests from general organic coatings towards newly developed water-based composite paints with metallic particles (Al and Fe), with a high content of metal (10% and respectively 20%) for electromagnetic shielding applications. Electrical conductivity is the most affected dielectric parameter under both by UV radiation and thermal exposure. The paints with 20% metallic powder are more sensitive to environmental factors, and the influence of metal type could also be emphasized in relation to the dielectric feature evolution vs. exposure time. The action of mold significantly decreases the dielectric features of paints, but the weathering aging effect is much more enhanced if the samples are cumulatively submitted to thermal aging and respectively UV exposure, along with the action of mold. The potential application of the study is related mainly to the development of new autonomous electric cars, which need special conditions of electromagnetic shielding, under the circumstances that the conductive paint layers are normally very sensitive to environmental factors, affecting the equipment performance and security.","PeriodicalId":10520,"journal":{"name":"Coatings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141946282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
CoatingsPub Date : 2024-08-09DOI: 10.3390/coatings14081013
Ye Zhu, Ying Wang, Xiaoxing Yan
{"title":"Effect of Microcapsules of Chitosan-Coated Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam Extracts on the Surface Coating Properties of Poplar Wood","authors":"Ye Zhu, Ying Wang, Xiaoxing Yan","doi":"10.3390/coatings14081013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14081013","url":null,"abstract":"Using chitosan as the shell material and Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam extract as the core material, microcapsules of chitosan-coated Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam extracts were prepared. The microcapsules were added to waterborne topcoats to investigate the effects of different content and MToddalia asiatica(L.) Lam extracts:Mchitosan (MT:MC) on the performance of waterborne coatings on poplar surfaces. Under different MT:MC of microcapsules, the content of microcapsules in the coating was negatively correlated with the glossiness, reflectivity, and adhesion of the coating. The addition of microcapsules reduced the liquid resistance of the coating to citric acid and improved the ethanol and cleaning agent resistance of the coating. The hardness, impact resistance, and roughness of the coatings increased gradually with the increase in microcapsule content. The content of microcapsules was positively correlated with the Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus antibacterial performance of coatings, and the coatings had a slightly higher antibacterial rate against Staphylococcus aureus than Escherichia coli overall. The poplar surface coating with 5.0% microcapsules and MT:MC of 4.0:1 was excellent: the gloss was 5.30 GU, the light loss rate was 62.22%, the color difference ΔE was 22.93, the hardness was HB, the impact resistance was grade 3, the adhesion was grade 2, the roughness was 2.022 µm, the resistance to ethanol and cleaning agent was grade 2, and the resistances to Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were 74.21% and 82.01%, respectively. The results of the study provide a technical reference for the application of antibacterial waterborne coatings on wood surfaces.","PeriodicalId":10520,"journal":{"name":"Coatings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141946286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
CoatingsPub Date : 2024-08-09DOI: 10.3390/coatings14081010
P. Terek, L. Kovačević, Vladimir Terek, Zoran Bobić, A. Miletić, B. Škorić, Miha Čekada, A. Drnovšek
{"title":"Surface Roughness and Its Effect on Adhesion and Tribological Performance of Magnetron Sputtered Nitride Coatings","authors":"P. Terek, L. Kovačević, Vladimir Terek, Zoran Bobić, A. Miletić, B. Škorić, Miha Čekada, A. Drnovšek","doi":"10.3390/coatings14081010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14081010","url":null,"abstract":"Reports of the influence of surface roughness on the adhesion and tribological performance of contemporary nitride coatings with different layer designs are still scarce in the literature. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the behavior of a single-layer TiAlN, a bilayer TiAlN/CNx, and a nanolayer AlTiN/TiN coating. Coatings were deposited in an industrial magnetron sputtering unit on the substrates of EN 100Cr6 steel, prepared to four degrees of surface roughness (Sa = 10–550 nm). The coatings’ adhesion was determined by scratch tests performed perpendicular and parallel to the machining marks. Dry reciprocating sliding tests in air were employed to evaluate the coatings’ tribological behavior against an Al2O3 ball. Before and after the tests, coating properties were characterized by 3D profilometry, confocal microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy. Deposition of all coatings significantly altered the surface topography and increased the roughness of the samples. No general rule could be established for the effect of surface roughness on tribological behavior and adhesion of different hard coatings. For very fine surface finishes the adhesion and tribological performance of TiAlN and TiAlN/CNx coatings was independent of the surface roughness. For the roughest surfaces, a decrease in adhesion and an increase in the wear rate were observed. The AlTiN/TiN coating exhibited the largest sensitivity of adhesion to roughness and scratching direction. The coefficient of friction and wear rate increased when AlTiN/TiN roughness exceeded Sa ≈ 100 nm.","PeriodicalId":10520,"journal":{"name":"Coatings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141923537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
CoatingsPub Date : 2024-08-09DOI: 10.3390/coatings14081012
Yuming Zou, Yongxin Xia, Xiaoxing Yan
{"title":"Effects of Compound Use of Two UV Coating Microcapsules on the Physicochemical, Optical, Mechanical, and Self-Healing Performance of Coatings on Fiberboard Surfaces","authors":"Yuming Zou, Yongxin Xia, Xiaoxing Yan","doi":"10.3390/coatings14081012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14081012","url":null,"abstract":"Ultraviolet (UV) coatings are widely used because of their good performance. However, the self-healing performance of UV coatings can be further improved. Microcapsule technology can be used to solve this problem. To investigate the effects of the compound use of two UV coating microcapsules on coatings of a fiberboard surface, three kinds of UV primer microcapsules (1#, 2#, and 3# microcapsules) with different contents were added to a UV primer, and a UV top coating was prepared with UV top coating microcapsules at a consistent ratio. The UV coating was used to coat the fiberboard surface by way of a two-primer and two-top coating method. The results show that as the content of the UV primer microcapsules was increased, the self-healing rates of all three groups of coatings increased and later decreased. The color difference ΔE of coatings with the content of the UV primer microcapsules at 4.0% and top coating microcapsules at 6.0% was 3.59, the gloss was 1.33 GU, the reflectance was 21.17%, the adhesion grade was 2, the hardness was 2H, the impact resistance grade was 5, the roughness was 1.085 μm, and the self-healing rate was 30.21%. Compared with the self-healing rate of the blank control group, the increase in the self-healing rate was 10.07%, and the improvement rate was 50.00%. The comprehensive performance of the coating was better. The results provide a technical reference for the application of the UV coating microcapsules in the UV coating on fiberboard surfaces. Incorporating the self-healing UV coating microcapsules into the UV coatings and applying the UV coating microcapsules on the fiberboard surfaces supports the microcapsule technology of self-healing UV coatings, lays the foundation for extending the service life of furniture while improving the furniture’s quality, and promotes the sustainable development of the coating industry.","PeriodicalId":10520,"journal":{"name":"Coatings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141924042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
CoatingsPub Date : 2024-08-09DOI: 10.3390/coatings14081011
Ye Zhu, Ying Wang, Xiaoxing Yan
{"title":"The Effects of Urea–Formaldehyde Resin-Coated Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam Extract Microcapsules on the Properties of Surface Coatings for Poplar Wood","authors":"Ye Zhu, Ying Wang, Xiaoxing Yan","doi":"10.3390/coatings14081011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14081011","url":null,"abstract":"Urea–formaldehyde resin was used as a wall material and Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam extract was used as a core material to prepare urea–formaldehyde resin-coated Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam extract microcapsules (UFRCTEMs). The effects of UFRCTEM content and the mass ratio of core-to-wall material (Mcore:Mwall) on the performance of waterborne coatings on poplar surfaces were investigated by adding microcapsules to the waterborne topcoat. Under different Mcore:Mwall of microcapsules, as the content of microcapsules increased, the glossiness and adhesion of the coatings gradually decreased, and the color difference value of the coatings gradually increased. The cold liquid resistance, hardness, and impact resistance of the coatings were all improved, and the roughness of the coatings increased. The antibacterial rates of the coatings against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were both on the rise, and the antibacterial rate against Staphylococcus aureus was slightly higher than that against Escherichia coli. When the microcapsule content was 7.0% and the Mcore:Mwall was 0.8:1, the surface coating performance on poplar wood was excellent. The glossiness was 3.43 GU, light loss was 75.55%, color difference ΔE was 3.23, hardness was 2H, impact resistance level was 3, adhesion level was 1, and roughness was 3.759 µm. The cold liquid resistance was excellent, and resistance grades to citric acid, ethanol, and cleaning agents were all 1. The antibacterial rates against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were 68.59% and 75.27%, respectively.","PeriodicalId":10520,"journal":{"name":"Coatings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141923010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
CoatingsPub Date : 2024-08-09DOI: 10.3390/coatings14081014
Paulius Andriūnas, Reda Čerapaitė-Trušinskienė, Arvaidas Galdikas
{"title":"Modeling of Plasma Nitriding of Austenitic Stainless Steel through a Mask","authors":"Paulius Andriūnas, Reda Čerapaitė-Trušinskienė, Arvaidas Galdikas","doi":"10.3390/coatings14081014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14081014","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, 2D simulations of stainless steel nitriding through a mask were performed with two configurations: with and without lateral adsorption under the mask, depending on the strength of the mask adhesion. The stress-induced diffusion and trapping–detrapping process are included as the main mechanisms of nitrogen mass transport. The main focus is on the analysis of the swelling process, which affects the expansion of the material. The surface concentration profiles and topographical profiles along the surface are calculated and compared with experimentally registered ones taken from the literature, and they show a good agreement. This allows for estimation of the values of model parameters. Because nitriding processes takes place in vertical and horizontal directions, the anisotropic aspect of nitriding are analyzed. It is shown that the adherence of the mask significantly influences the topographical profile and the anisotropy of nitriding, because in the case of a weakly adhered mask, a lateral adsorption process takes place under the mask. The influence of swelling and anisotropy in the case of pattern nitriding in small dimensions is discussed.","PeriodicalId":10520,"journal":{"name":"Coatings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141946284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
CoatingsPub Date : 2024-08-08DOI: 10.3390/coatings14081004
L. Montoya, Julio Flores, J. Ramírez, David Rojas, Ángelo Oñate, Katherina Fernández, Andrés F. Jaramillo, Cristian Miranda, M. Meléndrez
{"title":"New Sustainable Intumescent Coating Based on Polyphenols Obtained from Wood Industry Waste","authors":"L. Montoya, Julio Flores, J. Ramírez, David Rojas, Ángelo Oñate, Katherina Fernández, Andrés F. Jaramillo, Cristian Miranda, M. Meléndrez","doi":"10.3390/coatings14081004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14081004","url":null,"abstract":"The global proliferation of Pinus radiata, known for its rapid growth and wood density, has led to an environmental challenge—significant waste production, especially bark, without a clear valorization route. This waste poses ecological concerns, and despite the crucial role of forest resources in structural applications, their limited fire resistance requires the use of coatings. However, traditional coatings lack an eco-friendly footprint. Addressing this challenge, this study aims to develop an intumescent coating with tannins extracted from waste bark, offering a sustainable alternative. This not only repurposes waste on a global scale but also aligns with the imperative for environmentally friendly materials, contributing to sustainable practices in the construction and wood treatment industry. This study achieved an eco-friendly FRR15 (fire resistance ratio 15) fire resistance classification with a 15% equivalence of low-molecular-weight tannins, presenting a sustainable alternative to commercial products. Characterization showed low-molecular-weight tannins comparable to conventional charring agents, with high hydroxyl content and oil absorption, while high-molecular-weight tannins exhibited lower viability. A reference coating achieved FRR30 fire resistance, aligning with commercial strength. The mechanical properties of tannin-based coatings matched commercial standards, with increased abrasion resistance and adhesion and decreased flexibility. Intumescent coatings with higher tannin content significantly reduced wood substrate charring and mass loss in flame response assessments.","PeriodicalId":10520,"journal":{"name":"Coatings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141929231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}