Ecumene (continues as Cultural Geographies)最新文献

{"title":"Critics in the native soil: landscape and conflicting ideals of nationality in imperial Russia","authors":"C. Ely","doi":"10.1177/096746080000700302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/096746080000700302","url":null,"abstract":"Although the native landscape would eventually become an important locus for Russian national sentiment, Russians only came to celebrate the distinct characteristics of their natural environment at a comparatively late date. It was not until the second half of the nineteenth century that a pointedly native school of landscape painting would gain acceptance with the public and the arts establishment. But within a short span of time after its appearance Russian landscape painting came to generate widespread interest and enjoy great success. One of the best ways to help illuminate both the hesitance to embrace landscape painting and the rapidity of its emergence as a significant genre is to explore the critical response to it. In this paper I argue that Russian art critics were torn by landscape painting because it did not comfortably conform to any of the established formal or political frameworks then available for the evaluation of art in Russia. Its popularity nevertheless increased because it offered a new way to envision Russia as a national community in the era of rapid change surrounding the Great Reforms.","PeriodicalId":104830,"journal":{"name":"Ecumene (continues as Cultural Geographies)","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131079966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Book Review: Maps and politics, Maps and history: constructing images of the past","authors":"Jerry Brotton","doi":"10.1177/096746080000700318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/096746080000700318","url":null,"abstract":"Armand Mattelart with reference to the concept of the ‘network’, and by James Corner with reference to the ideas of (among others) Buckminster Fuller and Raoul Bunschoten. The history of vision is a major theme in Lucia Nuti’s study of Renaissance chorography, as it is in Wystan Curnow’s essay on the relation between maps and art (including photographs, ‘installations’ and performance art) since what he describes as the ‘spatial turn’ of the late 1960s. As might have been expected, most of the contributors both use and discuss social and cultural theory. There are references to communication theories, from Norbert Wiener to Roland Barthes and Marshall McLuhan. There are frequent but brief and somewhat tantalizing references to the psychology of mapping, from Freud and Winnicott to Lacan, with a somewhat more sustained discussion of Deleuze. However, the principal theoretical presence in the volume (despite his absence from the index) is surely Foucault, notably in the chapters by Christian Jacob, Michael Charlesworth (on the eighteenthcentury chorography of Kent) and David Matless (on ‘power-knowledge’ in midtwentieth-century Britain). Despite this diversity of theoretical inspiration, Mappings is a coherent volume which achieves its editor’s aim of taking the discussion of the opacity and transparency of maps a stage further and presents its conclusions in a manner accessible to students as well as their teachers in a number of disciplines. The essays by Jacob and Carter in particular are likely to be cited and discussed a great deal in the years to come.","PeriodicalId":104830,"journal":{"name":"Ecumene (continues as Cultural Geographies)","volume":"20 5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126940020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rescaling irrigation in Latin America: the cultural images and political ecology of water resources","authors":"K. Zimmerer","doi":"10.1177/096746080000700202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/096746080000700202","url":null,"abstract":"A pair of scales -local canal-based (or village-based) and basin-scale (or valley-wide) -is featured in the irrigation of the mountain landscapes of Latin America. These scales arose historically through the interplay of cultural images with the political ecologies of agrarian transformation. In the Cochabamba region of Bolivia, long the irrigated breadbasket of the south-central Andes, the Inca state (c. 1495-1539) imposed canal-based irrigation using a powerful concept of rotational sharing (suyu). Valley basins containing local irrigation were a part of the territorial web of Inca state geography known later as verticality. The Spanish empire in Andean South America (1539-1825) was predicated upon a valley-centric colonial geography. Colonial rescaling involved despoliation and usurpation of waterworks, legal actions, and struggles over environmental change. Influence of the two irrigation scales has persisted. Today canal-based irrigation is not a timeless relict of indigenous customs, pace many postcolonial projects. Rather its usefulness, and its remarkable reinvention as a cultural concept and environmental creation, are the products of major modifications. Dismantling of multi-scale linkages in irrigation has reduced indigenous or peasant cross-scale co-ordination. Local containment poses threats to the environmental and socioeconomic sustainability of canal-based irrigation.","PeriodicalId":104830,"journal":{"name":"Ecumene (continues as Cultural Geographies)","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115595929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Book Review: Ecofeminism as politics: nature, Marx and the postmodern","authors":"E. Mawdsley","doi":"10.1177/096746080000700208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/096746080000700208","url":null,"abstract":"undertaken by the author. This said, the wealth of detail on the development of biotechnology across five decades, four countries and two continents here is a significant achievement. The author uses this empirical range to demonstrate the importance of national differences in the ways in which genes have figured in the political fray and how scientific, commercial and policy agencies and practices are interwoven in the fabric of biotechnology. It is this comparative dimension which is the real strength of the book and should make it a useful source of information for researchers, students and practitioners in social science, science and science policy and hence a worthwhile library purchase.","PeriodicalId":104830,"journal":{"name":"Ecumene (continues as Cultural Geographies)","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115380855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Book Review: ‘What nature suffers to groe’: life, labor and landscape on the Georgia coast, 1680-1920","authors":"I. Simmons","doi":"10.1177/096746080000700213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/096746080000700213","url":null,"abstract":"The impressive way in which North American historians, following such luminaries as Donald Worster and Bill Cronon, have started to engage with the land is shown in this book. It chronicles the way in which society and nature interacted in the coastal regions of Georgia over three centuries. That there was considerable change during this period need not be any surprise and between the initial colonization by Europeans and the end of this author’s narrative there were a number of significant re-appraisals and re-workings of the land and the near-shore environments. The way in which these are structured by the author is to separate out a number of distinctive types: the imperialist ambitions of the Georgia Trustees, the plantation culture of rice and cotton by large landowners and their slaves, the more fragmentary uses of lumbermen and truck farmers and promoters of the New South. Though not explicit in the narrative, this has much in common with the structure of sequent occupance developed by Jan Broek in his once-famous and now (I suspect) largely forgotten monograph on the Santa Clara valley. This Georgia narrative is developed in enormous detail and is supported by seventy-nine pages of Notes, plus a twenty-one page bibliography, all produced to a very high standard, though possibly a bit under-illustrated. That the story is of interest goes without saying, provided that you are interested in Georgia. This is not a huge flaw in the book but it does mean that if the region is not your speciality, then there are not many general lessons to be learned from it. One of the blurb writers suggests that Stewart has ‘deconstructed’ the landscape but in essence this is largely what has not happened. Stewart goes to some length at the outset to emplace the study within the canon of historical writing about humannature relations but in the end the product bears none of the detailed linkages to broader ideas that informs the work of, for example, Carolyn Merchant on New England, where each phase was tied to very specific ideological structures in the occupying society: here we have to make do with a more generalized treatment in the Epilogue. There is however the interesting statement that the human-land relations are in latter years much more fragmentary than previously and this is an enticing example of what seems to be a wider phenomenon, namely that the growth of the importance of the individual in western cultures ever since medieval times but accelerating in the nineteenth century has produced with it a spatial fragmentation of land ownership and land uses, including the sequestration of some parts of nature itself into ‘reserves’. As a counter-force, there is much coalescence and Stewart remarks near the end of the book that ‘little remains that is local’. So there are two audiences for this book: the ‘local’, who will be fascinated by the detail of what exactly happened when and to whom, and the wider group, for whom the general conclusions fit int","PeriodicalId":104830,"journal":{"name":"Ecumene (continues as Cultural Geographies)","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115917621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Something straight in our landscapes: looking at the ‘Lemieux effect’ in Quebec nationalism","authors":"C. Desbiens","doi":"10.1177/096746080000700204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/096746080000700204","url":null,"abstract":"The production of the painter Jean Paul Lemieux is examined in the context of Quebec nationalism and its quest to define a Québécois territoriality. Prior to the independence referendum of 1995, the separatist Parti Québécois produced a ‘Declaration of sovereignty’ which was circulated throughout the province both in a text and video format. Focusing on territory rather than ethnicity, the language of the declaration sought to move away from francophone cultural politics to build a more inclusive platform for the nation. This movement toward a territorial nationalism was disrupted by the landscape imagery of the video, which was released simultaneously with the text. Composed almost exclusively of long, static, horizontal shots, the video of the declaration conveys the territory of Quebec as an empty space devoid of people and history. Looking at Jean Paul Lemieux’s use of a similar - yet differently coded - visual language in his own landscapes, I explore the complex process of collective authorship and response that enables the imaging of communities.","PeriodicalId":104830,"journal":{"name":"Ecumene (continues as Cultural Geographies)","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130103130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The African origins of Carolina rice culture","authors":"Judith A. Carney","doi":"10.1177/096746080000700201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/096746080000700201","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the cultural origins of rice cultivation in the United States, arguing that its appearance in South Carolina with settlement of the colony from 1670 is an African knowledge system that transferred across the Middle Passage of slavery. The origins of this wetland farming system are explored in relationship to other ethnic groups found in the colony at the time, the English, French Huguenots and native Americans. Also discussed is the development of scholarship on rice origins in West Africa and why scientific knowledge of this issue remained unexplored until this century. The final section addresses the significance of gendered practices in African rice cultivation and processing, and the role of female knowledge systems in the crop’s diffusion across the Atlantic basin to South Carolina.","PeriodicalId":104830,"journal":{"name":"Ecumene (continues as Cultural Geographies)","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116222995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Book Review: Preserving nature in the National Parks: a history","authors":"Mark Blacknell","doi":"10.1177/096746080000700210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/096746080000700210","url":null,"abstract":"tion and resistance. That this is so is not surprising, because a sense of locality and belonging to place form a fundamental part of ontological security. The self and society are both projects in which locality is brought to bear always resulting in a situated and dynamic politics of place. The role of the anthropologist in an analysis of a politics of land and place is an uncomfortable one, as many of the discussions in this book demonstrate. While modern anthropological theory stresses culture as process in which people are always contextually defining and redefining themselves such a notion may not match the practical desires and wishes of indigenous populations very well. From their point of view culture is much better regarded in the traditional anthropological sense as an unchanging essence in which identity is grounded and safeguarded. In this manner it can be represented as having an aura of authenticity, grounded in the distant past and owing nothing to modernity. Nothing, to them, could be worse than to subscribe to the position that culture is invented, or constructed. This book demonstrates forcefully that culture, politics, identity and attitudes to the land can never be distanciated. There is no point for discussion, or place, outside relations of power. Voices of the land is an excellent book that should be standard reading on any university courses concerned with landscapes, place and social identity.","PeriodicalId":104830,"journal":{"name":"Ecumene (continues as Cultural Geographies)","volume":"2015 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127629624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Book Review: Postmodern wetlands: culture, history, ecology","authors":"D. Demeritt","doi":"10.1177/096746080000700212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/096746080000700212","url":null,"abstract":"perhaps its most intransigent and complex problems. This is an important theme. However, it is equally important for scholars to keep in mind that significant natural processes may dwarf human activity, and that there has to be a careful balance established in the study of the natural and human environments that leads a scholar to a wise understanding of the relative roles of natural processes and human impacts at work that shape environmental patterns and processes. This balance is even more challenging, yet essential for decisionmakers and environmental managers to comprehend as they grapple with and unravel environmental issues of the next millennium. As Sir Crispin Tickell suggests, ‘always see and deal with environmental issues together . . . isolated measures to cope with one of them can sometimes make others worse’. This reader, taken with other references, helps scholars, educators and managers to this realization.","PeriodicalId":104830,"journal":{"name":"Ecumene (continues as Cultural Geographies)","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130825320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Book Review: The human impact reader: readings and case studies","authors":"A. Brazel","doi":"10.1177/096746080000700211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/096746080000700211","url":null,"abstract":"The Human impact reader is a 39-article collage concerned with human impacts on the natural environment, with inferred recursive effects – that is, also how the environmental changes induced by human agents can affect human existence in various regions of the earth. There are five thematic areas presented in the following order: geomorphological and surface impacts, soil impacts, water impacts, climatic and atmospheric impacts and biological impacts, with a concluding ‘elegant overview’ essay (‘Has the human species been a suicidal success?’) by Sir Crispin Tickell, an environmental adviser to successive British prime ministers, a former President of the Royal Geographical Society, and Warden of Green College, Oxford. The editor deems the book worthy of university courses on environmental analysis and management, and the reader may also be used with Goudie’s previous book (4th edn, 1994) on The human impact on the natural environment – a thorough review of the subject. The articles in this 1997 reader were chosen because they were key references when they were published and do not stand today as necessarily the latest word on the subject, by the editor’s own admission. Over half of them were written prior to this decade. Instructors in courses who may use this reader can choose to update the arguments made in the articles presented (global warming updates in the IPCC volumes, counter debates on acid precipitation, the role of dams on the environment, updates on soil erosion equations, follow-ups on modern theories on urban climate, updates on the ozone hole debate, updates on air quality regulations and results by region and city, the emerging urban ecology themes, further theories on desertification, the endangered species acts, etc.). The individual case studies presented in Goudie’s reader span a wide range of topics within the five major themes; and, as would be the case in any selection of articles in a reader, present sometimes too narrow a view and what can seem to a student to be a set of disjointed concepts that beg a large amount of intervention by crafty discussion and editing. This is no criticism of this effort, because students will, indeed, learn well the essence of the environmental impacts mentioned in the reader, especially under instructor guidance and with the use of supplementary books and material such as Goudie’s own. Much has happened in the fields of environmental science and management since the writing of many of the articles that are used in this reader. For example, modern techniques of environmental analysis and management, especially using computer technology and satellite platforms (e.g. GIS and remote sensing), should be embraced by students entering this field. The market of the book, understandably a European one in large part, may suffer somewhat with lack of North American examples in some of the themes. However, a wise course adviser can cope with that deficiency if major concepts are presented and integrated","PeriodicalId":104830,"journal":{"name":"Ecumene (continues as Cultural Geographies)","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125308571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}