Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Factor Structure and Measurement Invariance Across Sex of the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool Symptom Inventory.","authors":"Bernadette A D'Alonzo, Ian J Barnett, Christina L Master, Roy H Hamilton, Douglas J Wiebe, Andrea L C Schneider","doi":"10.1097/JSM.0000000000001301","DOIUrl":"10.1097/JSM.0000000000001301","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Describe the factor structure of the 22-symptom Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT), using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) for a priori hypothesized symptom domains.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Prospective observational study.</p><p><strong>Setting/participants: </strong>Collegiate student-athletes with concussion.</p><p><strong>Independent variables: </strong>Symptoms were collected via the SCAT symptom checklist.</p><p><strong>Outcome measures: </strong>We created symptom domains based on previous literature, guided by clinical expertise. To determine which symptom grouping best represent the data, we used CFA and compared a single-domain model to 3- and 6-domains. We examined fit statistics to assess relative and absolute model fit. Motivated by differences in the prevalence of some individual symptoms by sex in our study, we also examined model invariance by sex to determine if symptoms were being measured as part of the same underlying construct(s).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 1160 concussions (male, n = 667; female, n = 493) between 2015 and 2020, all 3 symptom structures seemed to fit the data well, with 3- and 6-domains fitting better than 1-domain. The 6-domain structure fit the data best with the following domains: headache, vestibulo-ocular, sensory, cognitive, sleep, and affective. All 3 structures showed configural and metric invariance by sex.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We demonstrate that the SCAT symptom structure is best represented through 6 specific factors; however, the 3-factor model also demonstrated good fit. Key differences between the 3- and 6-domain models may make 1 model more appropriate than the other depending on the research question being addressed. Symptom structures were configurally and metrically invariant by sex, meaning that symptom measures represent symptom domain factors in the same way across sex.</p>","PeriodicalId":10355,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142726579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fasciotomy for Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome of the Deep Posterior Lower Leg Compartment: A Prospective Study.","authors":"Chris van den Heuvel-Weiss, Sari Goossens, Loes Janssen, Percy van Eerten, Rob de Bie, Marc Scheltinga","doi":"10.1097/JSM.0000000000001298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000001298","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Patients with lower leg deep posterior chronic exertional compartment syndrome (dp-CECS) experience exercise-induced calf pain and tightness. Retrospective studies suggest that outcome after a fasciotomy is suboptimal. This prospective case series determined success rates of a fasciotomy and identified factors predicting outcome.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Severity and intensity of pain and tightness were scored at baseline (BL) and 3 and 12 months postoperatively (follow-up [FU]3, FU12). Outcome measures were symptoms, return to sports, and patient-reported success.</p><p><strong>Patients: </strong>Data of patients with dp-CECS (n = 74, 51% males, age 28 ± 12 years) operated between 2013 and 2022 in a single center were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Pain scores during rest and during exercise were greatly attenuated (rest BL: 8 ± 1, FU3: 4 ± 1, FU12: 3 ± 0; exercise BL: 20 ± 1, FU3: 8 ± 1, FU12: 8 ± 1; both P < 0.001). At FU3, rates of success and return to sports were 56% and 63%, respectively. At FU12, success was maintained in 48% and 80% had returned to sports. Length of symptom duration and not opening the flexor hallucis compartment were related to a lower chance of return to sports (P < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Outcome after a fasciotomy for lower leg dp-CECS is successful in approximately half of patients. Long duration of symptoms and not opening the flexor hallucis compartment are risk factors for failure.</p>","PeriodicalId":10355,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142686084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Platelet-Poor Plasma for the Treatment of Acute Hamstring Muscle Injuries in Collegiate Football Athletes: A Cohort Study.","authors":"Ryan C Kruse, Elena Volfson","doi":"10.1097/JSM.0000000000001305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000001305","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate the efficacy of platelet-poor plasma injections for the treatment of acute hamstring muscle strains.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Cohort study.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>Outpatient Sports Medicine Clinic.</p><p><strong>Participants: </strong>Twenty consecutive patients with an acute hamstring muscle injury from 2021 to 2022 were included.</p><p><strong>Interventions: </strong>Platelet-poor plasma injection into the hamstring muscle strain.</p><p><strong>Main outcome measures: </strong>Time (days) until return to full unrestricted participation in sport.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All patients were male collegiate football athletes, with an average age of 20 (±1.6) years old. The most commonly injured muscle was the semitendinosus (65%). After treatment with platelet-poor plasma, patients on average returned to full, unrestricted participation in sport at 29.4 (±7.2) days postinjury, with a statistically significant improvement in pain as early as 2 weeks postinjection. No recurrent injuries to the affected hamstring muscles were seen within 12 months.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>PPP may be a safe and effective treatment for acute hamstring muscle strains and may potentially expedite time to return to play.</p>","PeriodicalId":10355,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142686085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sport-Related Cutaneous Infections: A Narrative Review.","authors":"Breanna N Santoso, Abraham M Korman, Mark A Bechtel, Michael R Baria","doi":"10.1097/JSM.0000000000001308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000001308","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Bacterial and viral cutaneous infections pose a great risk of serious complications in combat athletes and contribute to a significant amount of time lost in practice and competition. Although these infections can be treated with standard antimicrobials, the rise in resistance of Staphylococcus aureus and dermatophytes calls for updated treatment recommendations. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is becoming a highly prevalent culprit of impetigo, folliculitis, and cellulitis and must be managed correctly to eradicate infection effectively. In addition, the increased prevalence of tinea incognito and terbinafine-resistant Trichophyton tonsurans makes dermatophyte infections difficult to handle. Limited studies provide evidence for a nuanced approach when treating athletes who engage in weight cycling or rapid weight loss, but adjusted dosing and treatment guidelines remain important.</p>","PeriodicalId":10355,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142945783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Musculoskeletal Soreness Location and Intensity in Soccer Athletes Across Multiple Seasons.","authors":"Brett S Pexa, Malia N M Blue, Nikki E Barczak-Scarboro, Jeffrey B Taylor, Christopher D Johnston, Kevin R Ford","doi":"10.1097/JSM.0000000000001294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000001294","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To compare soreness location and intensity between male and female soccer athletes across 2 competitive seasons.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Descriptive Cohort Study.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>Collegiate Sports Medicine Facility.</p><p><strong>Participants: </strong>Forty male and 42 female collegiate soccer athletes.</p><p><strong>Intervention: </strong>Season-long soccer trainings and games.</p><p><strong>Main outcome measures: </strong>Athletes reported perceived soreness location and intensity daily. χ2 analysis and linear mixed effect models were used to compare soreness locations and intensities by sex.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Male and female soccer athletes reported similar number of soreness instances, but male soccer athletes reported soreness more frequently at the ankle, foot, hip, pelvis, and posterior thigh. Female soccer athletes reported soreness more frequently at the anterior leg, anterior thigh, and knee. There was no significant difference in soreness intensity between sexes at any body location (P = 0.86). When collapsed across sex, the frequency of anterior thigh soreness was higher at preseason (7.49%, CI: 5.46-9.52) than at midseason (4.55%, CI: 2.52-6.57; t = -2.94, P = 0.023) and at postseason (3.00%, CI: 0.76-5.23; t = -3.74, P < 0.001). There was also a significant difference in hip soreness frequency between the preseason (2.35%, CI: 1.32-3.33) and the postseason time points (0.52%, CI: -0.73% to 1.67%; t = -2.68, P = 0.023).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Male and female athletes differ in the locations of their lower extremity soreness. However, lower extremity soreness intensity does not differ between sexes. Soccer athletes report soreness more frequently during the preseason and midseason than during the postseason. With tools to measure daily soreness location and intensity, clinicians could create targeted interventions to reduce soreness and limit its negative affect.</p>","PeriodicalId":10355,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142675340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social Demographic and Clinical Predictors of Time to Clinic Presentation After a Sport-Related Concussion.","authors":"Amad Amedy, Kristen Williams, Olivia L Prosak, Trevor Anesi, Scott L Zuckerman, Douglas P Terry","doi":"10.1097/JSM.0000000000001290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000001290","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate the associations between clinical risk factors, social demographic and time to concussion clinic presentation after sports-related concussion in young athletes.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Retrospective cohort study.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>Multidisciplinary regional concussion center.</p><p><strong>Patients: </strong>Athletes ages 12 to 18 years who sustained a SRC from November 2017 to April 2022.</p><p><strong>Independent variables: </strong>Independent variables included social demographic factors (ie, race, ethnicity, public vs private school, public vs private insurance), patient medical history, family medical history, acute concussion characteristics, and initial presentation elsewhere.</p><p><strong>Main outcome measures: </strong>Descriptive statistics were employed to assess for group differences. Mann-Whitney U tests, Spearman rank order correlations, and linear regressions were performed to explore associations between each independent variable and the main outcome, days to concussion clinic presentation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 945 athletes we included (age 15.8 ± 1.61, 33.7% female). Hispanic/Latino background, (P = 0.009), public insurance status (U = 47 377.0, P = 0.002), amnesia (U = 57 738.0, P = 0.002) at time of injury, family psychiatric (U = 35 091.0, P < 0.001) or migraine (U = 59 594.5, P < 0.001) histories, and personal psychiatric (U = 30 798.0, P = 0.004) or migraine (U = 34 133.5, P = 0.011) histories were associated with longer time to concussion clinic presentation. A multivariable linear regression found that initial presentation elsewhere (β = 0.37, P < 0.001), family migraine history (β = 0.18, P < 0.001), public insurance status (β = 0.09, P = 0.024), and history of learning disability (β = 0.09, P = 0.032) were the only predictors of longer time to concussion clinic presentation.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Variables that predicted longer time to concussion clinic presentation included initial presentation elsewhere, public insurance status, positive family migraine history, and history of learning disability. Further research is needed to elucidate these findings and determine how they impact concussion seeking behavior.</p>","PeriodicalId":10355,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142616072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does Equestrian Helmet Type Affect Head Injury? A Study on Equestrian Helmet Use Among Collegiate Athletes.","authors":"Sara Gould, Anna E Crawford, Lauren Picken, Devon Serrano, Fernanda Gabriel, Gerald McGwin, Avinash Chandran, Kevin Schrum","doi":"10.1097/JSM.0000000000001297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000001297","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To characterize helmet use, head injury risk, and to examine rider-related factors that influence these variables.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Cross-sectional study.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>The University of Alabama at Birmingham Equestrian Sports Medicine Collaborative.</p><p><strong>Patients or participants: </strong>In total, 357 equestrians competing at the collegiate level participated in this study.</p><p><strong>Interventions or assessment of risk factors or independent variables: </strong>χ2 tests were used to evaluate potential associations between a rider's experience level, riding style, and use of helmet designed with MIPS with number of falls, past head injuries, and helmet use frequency.</p><p><strong>Main outcome measures: </strong>Data regarding helmet use and equestrian-related injuries were collected. χ2 analysis was used to determine potential associations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>More than 50% of athletes reported falling off a horse during the course of 1 year. Head injuries occurred with high frequency. Concussion was the most frequently reported type. More than 50% of athletes with self-reported concussion denied receiving medical treatment. The risk of head injury was similar across helmet brands, and between helmets with Multi-Directional Impact Protection System (MIPS) and those without. Riders with the most experience were less likely to report sustaining a head injury than those with less experience. Contrary to current safety guidelines, 78% of equestrians said that they would not replace their helmet after every fall.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Collegiate equestrians have a high risk of fall-related traumatic head injury. Despite this risk, they report helmet use practices that are not in line with current recommendations regarding helmet replacement.  This suggests that many of the athletes are using protective equipment that does not adequately protect against head injury. Neither helmet brand nor liner type was associated with lower rate of head injury.</p>","PeriodicalId":10355,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142567076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COVID-19 Infection in Ultramarathon Runners: Findings of the Ultrarunners Longitudinal TRAcking Study.","authors":"James R Jastifer, Ethan J Jastifer, Martin D Hoffman","doi":"10.1097/JSM.0000000000001252","DOIUrl":"10.1097/JSM.0000000000001252","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Ultramarathon runners are a unique patient population who have been shown to have a lower rate of severe chronic medical conditions. This study aimed to determine the effect that COVID-19 infection has had on this population and their running behavior.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>The Ultrarunners Longitudinal TRAcking (ULTRA) Study is a large longitudinal study of ultramarathon runners. Questions on health status, running behavior, and COVID-19 infection were included in the most recent survey.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>Community survey.</p><p><strong>Participants: </strong>Seven hundred thirty-four ultramarathon runners participated in the study.</p><p><strong>Interventions: </strong>None.</p><p><strong>Main outcome measures: </strong>Personal, exercise, and COVID-19 infection history.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>52.7% of study participants reported having been symptomatic from a COVID-19 infection, with 6.7% testing positive multiple times. Participants required a total of 4 days of hospitalization. The most common symptoms included fever (73.6%), fatigue (68.5%), sore throat (68.2%), runny nose (67.7%), and cough (67.4%). Cardiovascular symptoms, which are of particular interest in the running population, included shortness of breath (46.3%), tachycardia (44.7%), chest pain (36.2%), and wheezing (33.3%). A total of 50 subjects (6.8%) reported long COVID (symptoms lasting more than 12 weeks).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Severe COVID-19 infection has been rare in this population of ultramarathon runners, although symptomatic infection that affects running is common. To support the well-being of this group of highly active athletes, clinicians should appreciate that cardiovascular symptoms are common and the long-term significance of these symptoms in runners is unknown.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level 2 prospective study.</p>","PeriodicalId":10355,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"597-602"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141554326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Presence of Additional Pathology in Low-Grade Acromioclavicular Joint Injuries.","authors":"Drew Mulhall, Sheila McRae, James Koenig, Graeme Matthewson, Peter Nemeth, Peter MacDonald","doi":"10.1097/JSM.0000000000001231","DOIUrl":"10.1097/JSM.0000000000001231","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To determine if additional pathology is present in low-grade acromioclavicular (AC) joint injuries.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Prospective case series.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>Patients were assessed by primary care sports medicine physicians at a single institution between 2019 and 2023.</p><p><strong>Patients: </strong>Patients aged 18 to 65 years diagnosed with a type I to III AC injury based on clinical and radiographic evaluation.</p><p><strong>Intervention: </strong>Consenting patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluation within 21 days of injury. All injuries were treated nonoperatively.</p><p><strong>Main outcome measures: </strong>Additional pathologies identified on MRI were reported in a standardized fashion by fellowship-trained musculoskeletal radiologists.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty-nine patients (26 men/3 women) were consented with a mean (±SD) age of 28.6 ± 9.5 years. The mean time from injury to MRI was 8.1 ± 5.9 days. Twenty-three injuries were sport related, and 6 were accidental traumas. Based on MRI, injury type was reclassified in 16 of 29 patients, and 13 remained unchanged. Additional pathologies identified included 14 muscle injuries, 5 rotator cuff tears, 5 labral tears, 1 nondisplaced fracture, and 1 intra-articular body.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>MRI evidence suggests that most AC joint injuries are more severe than clinically diagnosed. Identifying additional pathology may alter diagnostic and treatment guidelines for type I to III AC joint injuries.</p>","PeriodicalId":10355,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"567-571"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141173999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Sport Specialization on Injury Risk in NCAA Athletes: Results From the SAFE Consortium.","authors":"Jared J Lutsic, Seth E Lutsic, David S Ibrahim, Matthew C Augusta, Jason D Robinson, Kevin M Tong, Mathew R Saffarian, Sally E Nogel, Nathan J Fitton","doi":"10.1097/JSM.0000000000001225","DOIUrl":"10.1097/JSM.0000000000001225","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Youth athletes are beginning to specialize in a single sport more often. Previous studies in sports medicine and orthopedics have shown an association between intensity of sport specialization and incidence of injuries. This study is the first of its kind to explore the effects of early sport specialization on injury risk through a multicenter framework with a concentration on NCAA athletics.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Retrospective cohort study.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>SAFE Consortium.</p><p><strong>Participants: </strong>A total of 211 collegiate athletes from the NCAA's 3 levels of competition: Division I, II, and III. Data were collected by the SAFE investigators.</p><p><strong>Intervention: </strong>N/A.</p><p><strong>Main outcome measures: </strong>Participants completed a questionnaire about their demographics, sport participation, specialization status, physical injuries, recovery period, and treatment method. Specialization status was calculated with a previously published 3-point scale: low, moderate, and high. Injuries were categorized as upper extremity injuries (UEIs) and lower extremity injuries (LEIs).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Highly specialized athletes were more likely to report UEIs and LEIs than low specialized athletes ( P < 0.0001). Moderate specialization, in contrast to low specialization, was associated with a higher likelihood of LEIs ( P = 0.03) but not UEIs ( P = 0.052). Highly specialized athletes were more likely to report an injury of any kind.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The SAFE investigators found high specialization was associated with a history of UEIs and LEIs. Return to play was longer for highly specialized athletes versus low specialized athletes (112 days and 85 days, respectively). Highly specialized athletes were more likely to be from Division I and to require surgery.</p>","PeriodicalId":10355,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"578-582"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142016585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}