Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine最新文献

{"title":"The Effects of Cycle Ergometer Versus Treadmill Exercise Stress Testing on QTc Interval Prolongation in Patients With Long QT Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.","authors":"Audrey Harvey, Daniel Curnier, Philippe Dodin, Vincent Jacquemet, Maxime Caru","doi":"10.1097/JSM.0000000000001256","DOIUrl":"10.1097/JSM.0000000000001256","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The safest and most effective exercise stress tests (EST) modalities for long QT syndrome (LQTS) are currently unknown. The main objective was to explore the effects of EST on the corrected QT interval (QTc) in patients with LQTS, and to compare the effects of different EST modalities (cycle ergometer vs treadmill).</p><p><strong>Data sources: </strong>Systematic searches were performed in September 2022 in accordance with the PRISMA statement through PubMed, Medline, EBM Reviews, Embase, and Web of Science.</p><p><strong>Main results: </strong>A total of 1728 patients with LQTS, whether congenital or acquired, without any age restrictions (pediatric age ≤18 years and adult age >19 years), and 2437 control subjects were included in the 49 studies. The QT interval data were available for 15 studies. Our analyses showed that the QT interval prolonged in a similar manner using either a cycle ergometer or a treadmill (standardized mean difference [SMD] = 1.89 [95% CI, 1.07-2.71] vs SMD = 1.46 [95% CI, 0.78-2.14], respectively). Therefore, it seems that either modality may be used to evaluate patients with LQTS.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The methodology for the measurement of the QT interval was very heterogeneous between studies, which inevitably influenced the quality of the analyses. Hence, researchers should proceed with caution when exploring and interpreting data in the field of exercise and LQTS.</p>","PeriodicalId":10355,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"474-502"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141619495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Substantiating the Use of Tendotonometry for the Assessment of Achilles and Patellar Tendon Stiffness: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Lotte van Dam, Rosanne Fischer, Mireille Baart, Johannes Zwerver","doi":"10.1097/JSM.0000000000001267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000001267","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To systematically describe the next relevant aspects of tendotonometry in (1) its validity and reliability, (2) differences between populations, (3) the effect of interventions, and (4) differences between healthy and symptomatic Achilles tendon (AT) and patellar tendon (PT).</p><p><strong>Data sources: </strong>Three online databases (PubMed, Embase, and EBSCOhost) were systematically searched on the 10th of October 2023. All scientific literature concerning the use of tendotonometry in assessing tendon stiffness was collected. Articles were eligible if tendotonometry with a myotonometer digital palpation device was used to assess PT or AT stiffness in adults.</p><p><strong>Main results: </strong>Thirty-four studies were included, which were categorized into studies regarding the (1a) reliability and (1b) validity of tendotonometry, (2) differences in stiffness between populations, (3) changes in stiffness due to interventions, (4) stiffness of healthy compared with injured tendons, and (5) other observational studies. The inter-rater and intrarater reliability of tendotonometry appeared to be good in assessing AT and PT stiffness, with only moderate evidence for the AT and inconclusive evidence for the PT. There is high certainty evidence that tendotonometry can detect differences in AT and PT stiffness after training interventions. Inconsistent results were found for the adequacy of tendotonometry to detect differences in AT and PT stiffness between populations.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This review shows a potential role for tendotonometry in measuring tendon stiffness. However, more research is needed for validating the use of tendotonometry in AT and PT and its exact clinical interpretation.</p>","PeriodicalId":10355,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142003764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Two Hydration Strategies on CapillarySodium Concentrations in Runners Participating in 170-km Trail Race: The 2015 UltraTrail du Mont-Blanc Experience.","authors":"Rémy Coulomb, Patrick Basset, Myriam Mezzarobba, Christophe Masseguin, Jean-Yves Lefrant, Thibault Mura, Jason A Roberts, Olivier Mares","doi":"10.1097/JSM.0000000000001266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000001266","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study assessed the impact of 2 hydration strategies on capillary sodium concentrations during Ultra-Trail du Mont-Blanc (UTMB) 2015.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Prospective exposed/nonexposed cohort study.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>Ultra-Trail du Mont Blanc 2015 (170 km).</p><p><strong>Participants: </strong>Thousand five hundred sixty-three registered runners of UTMB 2015 asked to predefine their hydration strategy as either \"drinking to thirst\" or any other mode (\"not drinking to thirst\").</p><p><strong>Intervention: </strong>One hundred \"drinking to thirst\" participants were randomly selected and paired (sex and age) with 96 \"not drinking to thirst\" participants. Participant weight and capillary sodium concentrations were measured before and after the race.</p><p><strong>Main outcome measures: </strong>Variations of capillary sodium concentrations and weight during the trail according to predefine hydration strategy as either \"drinking to thirst\" or \"not drinking to thirst.\" Adverse events were recorded. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 196 participants, 88 (62 finishers) \"drinking to thirst\" and 87 (64 finishers) \"nondrinking to thirst\" participants were analyzed, respectively. There was no difference in the change in capillary sodium concentrations prerace to postrace between the groups (1.5 ± 4.4 vs 1.5 ± 4.7 mEq/L, P = 0.98). The change in participant weight was also not different (P = 0.3877). Hypernatremia or hyponatremia were reported in 19 of 88 (21.6%) and 24 of 87 (27.6%) in \"drinking to thirst\" and \"non-drinking to thirst\" participants, respectively (P = 0.20). The incidence of adverse events was not different between the groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study observed no impact of hydration strategy on the change in capillary sodium concentrations before and after UTMB 2015.</p>","PeriodicalId":10355,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141999501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New-Onset Gaze Palsy in a Sports-Related Concussion.","authors":"Hilary Howard, P Patrick Mularoni","doi":"10.1097/JSM.0000000000001259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000001259","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Concussions are a common injury in pediatric sports medicine clinics. Occasionally, a patient presenting for concussion will demonstrate abnormal neurologic findings, but in this case, a gaze palsy was witnessed during the initial 2 weeks following closed head injury with subsequent complete resolution of symptoms. There are limited available studies or case reports demonstrating this atypical presentation; thus, this case study aims to provide sports medicine physicians a reference for future similar atypical presentations.</p>","PeriodicalId":10355,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141874299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Practical Management of Rhinitis in Athletes.","authors":"Hesham Khalid, Joanna E Tait, Alexander S North, Raj Lakhani","doi":"10.1097/JSM.0000000000001263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000001263","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Exercise-induced rhinitis (EIR) is a poorly understood condition that can have a massive impact within elite sport. This was epitomized in 2019 when British cyclist and Tour de France winner Chris Froome lost control of his bike at 37 mph while wiping his nose, resulting in an admission to intensive care. We aim to produce a comprehensive resource to guide the assessment and management of rhinitis in athletes.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Rhinitis is a common condition which can be broadly divided into allergic rhinitis (AR) and non-AR (NAR), a subset of which is known as vasomotor rhinitis. Exercise-induced rhinitis is an important but understudied subcategory of NAR. The pathophysiology of the disease is broadly believed to be an imbalance of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, leading to symptoms of watery rhinorrhea, nasal congestion, and paroxysmal sneezing. Up to 50% of people suffer from some degree of EIR, which impedes their nasal breathing and affects performance. The assessment of the athlete with rhinitis requires consideration of both allergic and vasomotor contributions to ensure optimal management is introduced. There is no clear guidance for the management of EIR, with uncertainty regarding the most effective pharmaceuticals and optimizing the timing of treatment to enable peak performance.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>N/A.</p><p><strong>Patients/participants: </strong>N/A.</p><p><strong>Interventions: </strong>N/A.</p><p><strong>Main outcome measures: </strong>N/A.</p><p><strong>Results and conclusions: </strong>Based on expert clinical experience in a busy ear, nose, and throat center and a systematic review of current literature, this article proposes a step-wise, incremental approach to the management of EIR symptoms. In an industry where marginal gains give athletes a competitive edge, optimal management of EIR is crucial.</p>","PeriodicalId":10355,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141792084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multilevel Spontaneous Spinal Epidural Hematomas in a Recreational Weight Lifter.","authors":"Wonjae Sung","doi":"10.1097/JSM.0000000000001261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000001261","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma (SSEH) is a nontraumatic condition that potentially compresses the spinal cord by accumulating blood in the epidural space. We report a case of multilevel SSEH in a 27-year-old male recreational weight lifter, presenting with acute lower back pain and bilateral leg weakness after deadlifts. Initial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed subacute epidural hematomas with distinct signal intensities. The hematomas spanned multiple thoracic and lumbar levels without any predisposing medical conditions. Conservative management, including strict bed rest and pain management, led to marked improvement, with follow-up MRI indicating reduced hematoma size and expanded dural sac dimension. This case highlights the rare possibility of long-extending SSEH from weight lifting in individuals without risk factors and underscores the effectiveness of conservative treatment for multilevel spinal epidural hematomas.</p>","PeriodicalId":10355,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141792127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Pain With Ultrasound-Guided Intra-Articular Hip Injections With and Without Prior Subcutaneous Local Anesthesia.","authors":"Rondy Michael Lazaro, Joshua M Smith, Nicholas Bender, Ankit Punreddy, Nathan Barford, Jennifer H Paul","doi":"10.1097/JSM.0000000000001260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000001260","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To compare pain levels of intra-articular hip steroid injections performed with and without prior subcutaneous local anesthesia (LA) injection.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Randomized prospective study.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>University-based musculoskeletal clinic.</p><p><strong>Participants: </strong>Forty-one adult patients undergoing a first-time ultrasound-guided unilateral intra-articular hip steroid injection.</p><p><strong>Interventions: </strong>Subjects were randomized into 1 of 2 groups: intra-articular hip injection with prior subcutaneous LA with 2 mL of lidocaine 1% (With LA) or hip injection without prior subcutaneous LA (Without LA). Visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores (0-100) were collected before and after each injection.</p><p><strong>Main outcome measures: </strong>Visual analog scale pain score for the intra-articular hip injection.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 41 total subjects, 18 were randomized to the Without LA group and 23 to the With LA group. There was no significant difference in baseline (preprocedure) VAS scores between the Without LA (mean ± SD = 39.2 ± 27.2) and With LA (41.2 ± 24.0) groups (P = 0.864). The mean ± SD VAS score for the subcutaneous LA injection in the With LA group was 20.4 ± 16.1. There was no significant difference in VAS scores for the intra-articular hip injection between the Without LA (48.5 ± 27.7) and With LA (39.5 ± 25.7) groups (P = 0.232).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Subcutaneous injection of lidocaine before an intra-articular hip injection did not significantly decrease pain from the intra-articular hip injection. Providers may perform intra-articular hip injections with a 22-gauge 3.5-inch spinal needle without the need for an extra subcutaneous LA injection.</p>","PeriodicalId":10355,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141751271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"History of Multiple Allergies and Gradual Onset Running-Related Injuries in Distance Runners: SAFER XXXV.","authors":"Chanel van Vreden, Martin Schwellnus, Dimakatso Ramagole, Sonja Swanevelder, Esme Jordaan, Nicola Sewry","doi":"10.1097/JSM.0000000000001245","DOIUrl":"10.1097/JSM.0000000000001245","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To determine if any gradual onset running-related injury (GORRI) was associated with any allergies, multiple allergies (allergies to animals, plants, medication), and allergy medication use.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Cross-sectional descriptive study.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>Two Oceans Marathons (56 km, 21.1 km), South Africa.</p><p><strong>Participants: </strong>A total of 76 654 race entrants (2012-2015).</p><p><strong>Independent variables: </strong>The prevalence (%) and prevalence ratios (PR; 95% confidence intervals) for history of (1) any allergies, (2) multiple allergies to broad categories of allergens (animal material, plant material, allergies to medication, and other allergies), and (3) allergy medication use.</p><p><strong>Main outcome measures: </strong>Using a compulsory online screening questionnaire, the outcome was a history of any GORRIs, and subcategories of GORRIs (muscle, tendon) in the past 12 months and history of GORRIs (and subtypes of GORRIs) were reported.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In 68 258 records with injury and allergy data, the following were significantly associated with reporting any GORRIs: a history of any allergy (PR = 2.2; P < 0.0001), a history of allergies to broad categories of allergens (animal, plant, medication allergy, other) (P < 0.0001), and the use of allergy medication (P < 0.0001). A history of any allergies (PR = 2.4; P < 0.0001), all broad categories of allergies, and allergy medication use were significantly associated with muscle (P < 0.0001) and tendon injuries (P < 0.0001). The risk of reporting a GORRI increased as the number of reported categories of allergies increased (P < 0.0001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A novel finding was the cumulative risk effect with a history of multiple allergies. Further studies should aim to determine the underlying mechanism relating allergies and GORRIs.</p>","PeriodicalId":10355,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141558260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Results From the Big Ten COVID-19 Cardiac Registry: Impact of SARS-COV-2 on Myocardial Involvement.","authors":"Jennifer S Albrecht, Joel T Greenshields, Suzanne Smart, Ian H Law, Larry R Rink, Curt J Daniels, Saurabh Rajpal, Eugene H Chung, Jean Jeudy, Richard Kovacs, Jason Womack, Carrie Esopenko, Philip Bosha, Michael Terrin, Geoffrey L Rosenthal","doi":"10.1097/JSM.0000000000001247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000001247","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>COVID-19 has been associated with myocardial involvement in collegiate athletes. The first report from the Big Ten COVID-19 Cardiac Registry (Registry) was an ecological study that reported myocarditis in 37 of 1597 athletes (2.3%) based on local clinical diagnosis. Our objective was to assess the relationship between athlete and clinical characteristics and myocardial involvement.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Cross-sectional study.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>We analyzed data from 1218 COVID-19 positive Big Ten collegiate athletes who provided informed consent to participate in the Registry.</p><p><strong>Participants: </strong>1218 athletes with a COVID-19-positive PCR test before June 1, 2021.</p><p><strong>Assessment of independent variables: </strong>Demographic and clinical characteristics of athletes were obtained from the medical record.</p><p><strong>Main outcome measures: </strong>Myocardial involvement was diagnosed based on local clinical, cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR), electrocardiography, troponin assay, and echocardiography. We assessed the association of clinical factors with myocardial involvement using logistic regression and estimated the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>25 of 1218 (2.0%) athletes met criteria for myocardial involvement. The logistic regression model used to predict myocardial involvement contained indicator variables for chest pain, new exercise intolerance, abnormal echocardiogram (echo), and abnormal troponin. The area under the ROC curve for these indicators was 0.714. The presence of any of these 4 factors in a collegiate athlete who tested positive for COVID-19 would capture 55.6% of cases. Among noncases without missing data, 86.9% would not be flagged for possible myocardial involvement.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Myocardial involvement was infrequent. We predicted case status with good specificity but deficient sensitivity. A diagnostic approach for myocardial involvement based exclusively on symptoms would be less sensitive than one based on symptoms, echo, and troponin level evaluations. Abnormality of any of these evaluations would be an indication for CMR.</p>","PeriodicalId":10355,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141554330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Head Contact and Suspected Concussion Rates in Youth Basketball: Time to Target Head Contact Penalties for Prevention.","authors":"Christy J Fehr, Stephen W West, Brent E Hagel, Claude Goulet, Carolyn A Emery","doi":"10.1097/JSM.0000000000001249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000001249","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To compare game events, head contact (HC) rates, and suspected concussion incidence rates (IRs) in boys' and girls' youth basketball.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Cross-sectional.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>Canadian club basketball teams (U16-U18).</p><p><strong>Participants: </strong>Players from 24 boys' and 24 girls' Canadian club basketball teams during the 2022 season.</p><p><strong>Assessment of risk factors: </strong>Recorded games were analyzed using Dartfish video analysis software to compare sexes.</p><p><strong>Main outcome measures: </strong>Poisson regression analyses were used to estimate HCs [direct (HC1) and indirect (HC2)], suspected concussion IRs, and IR ratios (IRRs). Game event, court location, and HC1 fouls were reported.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Division 1 HC rates did not differ between boys (n = 238; IR = 0.50/10 player-minutes; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.43-0.56) and girls (n = 220; IR = 0.46/10 player-minutes; 95% CI, 0.40-0.52). Division 2 boys experienced 252 HCs (IR = 0.53/10 player-minutes; 95% CI, 0.46-0.59); girls experienced 192 HCs (IR = 0.40/10 player-minutes; 95% CI, 0.35-0.46). Division 2 boys sustained higher HC1 IRs compared with Division 2 girls (IRR = 1.42; 95% CI, 1.15-1.74). Head contacts, rates did not differ between boys and girls in either Division. Suspected concussion IRs were not significantly different for boys and girls in each Division. Head contacts occurred mostly in the key for boys and girls in each Division. Despite illegality, HC1 penalization ranged from 3.9% to 19.7%. Head contact mechanisms varied across Divisions and sexes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Despite current safety measures, both HCs and suspected concussions occur in boys' and girls' basketball. Despite the illegality and potential danger associated with HC, only a small proportion of direct HCs were penalized and therefore targeting greater enforcement of these contacts may be a promising prevention target.</p>","PeriodicalId":10355,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141554327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}